[Illustration]

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION AND THE DRAMA

A REVISED AMERICAN EDITION OF THE READER'S HANDBOOK

BY

THE REV. E. COBHAM BREWER, LL. D. 

EDITED BY MARION HARLAND

VOLUME I

NEW YORK SELMAR HESS PUBLISHER M D C C C X C I I

Copyright, 1892, bySELMAR HESS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

VOLUME I. 

PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS. 

_Illustration_.................. _Artist_

ICHABOD CRANE (_colored_)....... E. A. ABBEY

CONSTANCE DE BEVERLEY................ TOBY ROSENTHAL

LADY BOUNTIFUL....................... ROB. W. MACBETH

SYDNEY CARTON........................ FREDERICK BARNARD

BERNHARDT AS CLEOPATRA............... _From a Photograph from Life_

ABBÉ CONSTANTIN...................... MADELEINE LEMAIRE

CAPTAIN CUTTLE....................... FREDERICK BARNARD

THE TRUSTY ECKART.................... JULIUS ADAM

ELAINE............................... TOBY ROSENTHAL

 * * * * *

WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES. 

ABELARD.............................. A. GUILLEMINOT

ÆNEAS RELATING HIS STORY TO DIDO.... P. GUÉRIN

ALBERICH'S PURSUIT OF THE NIBELUNGEN RING... HANS MAKART

ALETHE, PRIESTESS OF ISIS............ EDWIN LONG

ALEXIS AND DORA...................... W. VON KAULBACH

ALICE, THE MILLER'S DAUGHTER......... DAVIDSON KNOWLES

ANCIENT MARINER (THE)................ GUSTAVE DORÉ

ANDROMEDA............................ 

ANGÉLIQUE AND MONSEIGNEUR DE HAUTECOEUR... JEANNIOT

ANGUS AND DONALD..................... W. B. DAVIS

ANTIGONE AND ISMENE.................. EMIL TESCHENDORFF

ANTONY AND THE DEAD CÆSAR........... 

ARCHIMEDES........................... NIC BARABINO

ARGAN AND DOCTOR DIAFOIRUS........... A. SOLOMON

ASHTON (LUCY) AND RAVENSWOOD......... SIR EVERETT MILLAIS

ATALA (BURIAL OF).................... GUSTAVE COURTOIS

AUGUSTA IN COURT..................... A. FORESTIER

AUTOMEDON............................ HENRI REGNAULT

BALAUSTION........................... F. H. LUNGREN

BALDERSTONE (CALEB) AND MYSIE....... GEORGE HAY

BAREFOOT (LITTLE).................... F. VON THELEN-RÜDEN

BARKIS IS WILLIN'.................... C. J. STANILAND

BAUDIN (THE DEATH OF)................ J. -P. LAURENS

BAYARD (THE CHEVALIER)............... LARIVIÈRE

BEDREDEEN HASSAN (MARRIAGE OF) AND NOUREDEEN... F. CORMON

BELLENDEN (LADY) AND MAUSE HEADRIGG.. WM. DOUGLAS

BENEDICK AND BEATRICE................ HUGHES MERLE

BIRCH (HARVEY), THE PEDDLER-SPY..... 

BLANCHELYS (QUEEN) AND THE PILGRIM... J. NOEL PATON

BOABDIL-EL-CHICO'S FAREWELL TO GRENADA... E. CORBOULD

BOADICEA............................. THOS. STOTHARD

BONNICASTLE (ARTHUR) AND MILLIE BRADFORD... 

BOTTOM AND TITANIA................... SIR EDWIN LANDSEER

BRABANT (GENEVIÈVE DE)............... ERNST BOSCH

BRÄSIG, LINING AND MINING............ CONRAD BECKMANN

BROOKING'S (JOHN) STUDIO............. A. FORESTIER

CÆSAR (THE DEATH OF)................. J. L. GÉRÔME

CANTERBURY PILGRIMS (THE)............ THOS. STOTHARD; WM. BLAKE

CAREW (FRANCIS) FINDING THE BODY OF DERRICK... HAL LUDLOW

CARMEN............................... J. KOPPAY

CATARINA............................. 

CHARLES IX. ON THE EVE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW... P. GROTJOHANN

CHARLOTTE CORDAY AND MARAT.......... JULES AVIAT

CHATTERTON'S HOLIDAY AFTERNOON....... W. B. MORRIS

CHILDREN (THE) IN THE WOOD........... J. SANT

CHILLON (THE PRISONER OF)............ 

CHRISTIAN ENTERING THE VALLEY OF HUMILIATION... F. R. PICKERSGILL

CINDERELLA AND THE FAIRY GOD-MOTHER.. GUSTAVE DORÉ

CIRCE AND HER SWINE.................. BRITON RIVIÈRE

CLARA (DONNA) AND ALMANZOR........... 

CLARA, JACQUES AND ARISTIDE.......... ADRIEN MARIE

CLAUDIO AND ISABELLA................. HOLMAN HUNT

COLUMBUS AND HIS EGG................. LEO. REIFFENSTEIN

CONSUELO............................. 

COSETTE.............................. G. GUAY

COSTIGAN (CAPTAIN)................... F. BARNARD

COVERLEY (SIR ROGER DE) COMING FROM CHURCH... CHAS. R. LESLIE

CYMON AND IPHIGENIA.................. SIR FREDERICK LEIGHTON

DAPHNIS AND CHLOE.................... GÉRARD

DARBY AND JOAN IN HIGH-LIFE.......... C. DENDY SADLER

D'ARTAGNAN........................... 

DEANS (EFFIE) AND HER SISTER IN THE PRISON... R. HERDMAN

DERBLAY (MADAME) STOPS THE DUEL...... EMILE BAYARD

DIDO ON THE FUNERAL PYRE............. E. KELLER

DOMBEY (PAUL AND FLORENCE).......... 

EGMONT AND CLÄRCHEN.................. C. HUEBERLIN

ELECTRA.............................. E. TESCHENDORFF

ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART............ W. VON KAULBACH

ELIZABETH, THE LANDGRAVINE........... THEODOR PIXIS

ELLEN, THE LADY OF THE LAKE.......... J. ADAMS-ACTON

ELLIE (LITTLE)....................... 

ERMINIA AND THE SHEPHERDS............ DOMENICHINO

ESMERALDA............................ G. BRION

ESTE (LEONORA D') AND TASSO.......... W. VON KAULBACH

EVANGELINE........................... EDWIN DOUGLAS

EVE'S FAREWELL TO PARADISE........... E. WESTALL

 * * * * *

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA. 

AA'RON, a Moor, beloved by Tam'ora, queen of the Goths, in the tragedy of _Titus Andron'icus_, published among the plays ofShakespeare (1593). 

(The classic name is _Andronicus_, but the character of this play ispurely fictitious. )

_Aaron (St. )_, a British martyr of the City of Legions (_Newport_, in South Wales). He was torn limb from limb by order of Maximian'usHercu'lius, general in Britain, of the army of Diocle'tian. Twochurches were founded in the City of Legions, one in honor of St. Aaron and one in honor of his fellow-martyr, St. Julius. Newport wascalled Caerleon by the British. 

 ... Two others ... Sealed their doctrine with their blood; St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv, (1622). 

AAZ'IZ (3 _syl. _), so the queen of Sheba or Saba is sometimes called;but in the Koran she is called Balkis (ch. Xxvii. ). 

ABAD'DON, an angel of the bottomless pit (_Rev_. Ix. 11). The word isderived from the Hebrew, _abad_, "lost, " and means _the lost one_. There are two other angels introduced by Klopstock in _The Messiah_with similar names, but must not be confounded with the angel referredto in _Rev_. ; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, and the otherAbbad'ona, the repentant devil. 

AB'ARIS, to whom Apollo gave a golden arrow, on which to ride throughthe air. --See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_. 

ABBAD'ONA, once the friend of Ab'diel, was drawn into the rebellion ofSatan half unwillingly. In hell he constantly bewailed his fall, andreproved Satan for his pride and blasphemy. He openly declared to theinternals that he would take no part or lot in Satan's scheme for thedeath of the Messiah, and during the crucifixion lingered about thecross with repentance, hope, and fear. His ultimate fate we are nottold, but when Satan and Adramelech are driven back to hell, Obaddon, the angel of death, says--

"For thee, Abbadona, I have no orders. How long thou art permitted toremain on earth I know not, nor whether thou wilt be allowed to seethe resurrection of the Lord of glory ... But be not deceived, thoucanst not view Him with the joy of the redeemed. " "Yet let me see Him, let me see him!"--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xiii. 

ABBERVILLE (_Lord_), a young nobleman, 23 years of age, who has fortravelling tutor a Welshman of 65, called Dr. Druid, an antiquary, wholly ignorant of his real duties as a guide of youth. The youngman runs wantonly wild, squanders his money, and gives loose to hispassions almost to the verge of ruin, but he is arrested and reclaimedby his honest Scotch bailiff or financier, and the vigilance of hisfather's executor, Mr. Mortimer. This "fashionable lover" promisesmarriage to a vulgar, malicious city minx named Lucinda Bridgemore, but is saved from this pitfall also. --Cumberland, _The FashionableLover_ (1780). 

ABBOT (_The_), the complacent churchman in Aldrich's poem of _TheJew's Gift_, who hanged a Jew "just for no crime, " and pondered andsmiled and gave consent to the heretic's burial--

"Since he gave his beard to the birds. " (1881. )

ABDAL-AZIS, the Moorish governor of Spain after the overthrow ofking Roderick. When the Moor assumed regal state and affected Gothicsovereignty, his subjects were so offended that they revolted andmurdered him. He married Egilona, formerly the wife of Roderick. --Southey, _Roderick, etc_. , xxii. (1814). 

AB'DALAZ'IZ (_Omar ben_), a caliph raised to "Mahomet's bosom" inreward of his great abstinence and self-denial. --_Herbelot_, 690. 

He was by no means scrupulous; nor did he think with the caliph Omarben Abdalaziz that it was necessary to make a hell of this world toenjoy paradise in the next. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786). 

ABDAL'DAR, one of the magicians in the Domdaniel caverns, "under theroots of the ocean. " These spirits were destined to be destroyed byone of the race of Hodei'rah (3 _syl_. ), so they persecuted the raceeven to death. Only one survived, named Thal'aba, and Abdaldar wasappointed by lot to find him out and kill him. He discovered thestripling in an Arab's tent, and while in prayer was about to stab himto the heart with a dagger, when the angel of death breathed on him, and he fell dead with the dagger in his hand. Thalaba drew from themagician's finger a ring which gave him command over the spirits. --Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_, ii. Iii. (1797). 

ABDALLA, one of sir Brian de Bois Guilbert's slaves. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Abdal'lah_, brother and predecessor of Giaf'fer (2 _syl_. ), pacha ofAby'dos. He was murdered by the pacha. --Byron, _Bride of Abydos_. 

ABDALLAH EL HADGI, Saladin's envoy. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_(time, Richard I. ). 

ABDALS or _Santons_, a class of religionists who pretend to beinspired with the most ravishing raptures of divine love. Regardedwith great veneration by the vulgar. --_Olearius_, i. 971. 

AB'DIEL, the faithful seraph who withstood Satan when he urged thoseunder him to revolt. 

 ... The seraph Abdiel, faithful found; Among the faithless faithful only he; Among innumerable false, unmoved. Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, v. 896, etc. (1665). 

ABELARD and ELOISE, unhappy lovers, whose illicit love was succeededby years of penitence and remorse. Abelard was the tutor of Heloise(or Eloise), and, although vowed to the church, won and returned herpassion. They were violently separated by her uncle. Abelard entered amonastery and Eloise became a nun. Their love survived the passage ofyears, and they were buried together at _Père la Chaise. --Eloise andAbelard_. By Alexander Pope (1688-1744). 

ABENSBERG (_Count_), the father of thirty-two children. When HeinrichII. Made his progress through Germany, and other courtiers presentedtheir offerings, the count brought forward his thirty-two children, "as the most valuable offering he could make to his king and country. "

ABES'SA, the impersonation of abbeys and convents in Spenser's _FaëryQueen_, i. 3. She is the paramour of Kirkrapine, who used to robchurches and poor-boxes, and bring his plunder to Abessa, daughter ofCorceca (_Blindness of Heart_). 

ABIGAIL, typical name of a maid. --See Beaumont and Fletcher, Swift, Fielding, and many modern writers. 

ABNEY, called _Young Abney_, the friend of colonel Albert Lee, aroyalist. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, the Commonwealth). 

ABON HASSAN, a young merchant of Bag dad, and hero of the tale called"The Sleeper Awakened, " in the _Arabian Nights' Entertainments_. While Abon Hassan is asleep he is conveyed to the palace ofHaroun-al-Raschid, and the attendants are ordered to do everythingthey can to make him fancy himself the caliph. He subsequently becomesthe caliph's chief favorite. 

Shakespeare, in the induction of _Taming of the Shrew_, befouls"Christopher Sly" in a similar way, but Sly thinks it was "nothing buta dream. "

Philippe _le Bon_, duke of Burgundy, on his marriage with Eleonora, tried the same trick. --Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, ii. 2, 4. 

ABOU BEN ADHEM, "awakening one night from a deep dream of peace, " seesan angel writing the names of those who love the Lord. Ben Adhem'sname is registered as "one who loves his fellow-men. " A second visionshows his name at the head of the list. 

_Abou Ben Adhem_. By Leigh Hunt (1784-1859). 

 ABRA, the most beloved of Solomon's concubines. Fruits their odor lost and meats their taste, If gentle Abra had not decked the feast; Dishonored did the sparkling goblet stand, Unless received from gentle Abra's hand; ... Nor could my soul approve the music's tone Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone. 

M. Prior, _Solomon_ (1664-1721). 

AB'RADAS, the great Macedonian pirate. 

Abradas, the great Macedonian pirate, thought every one had a letterof mart that bare sayles in the ocean. --Greene, _Penelope's Web_(1601). 

ABROC'OMAS, the lover of An'thia in the Greek romance of _Ephesi'aca_, by Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian). 

AB'SALOM, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for the dukeof Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. _(David)_. Like Absalom, theduke was handsome; like Absalom, he was beloved and rebellious; andlike Absalom, his rebellion ended in his death (1649-1685). 

AB'SOLON, a priggish parish clerk in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. Hishair was curled, his shoes slashed, his hose red. He could let blood, cut hair, and shave, could dance, and play either on the ribible orthe gittern. This gay spark paid his addresses to Mistress Alison, the young wife of John, a rich but aged carpenter: but Alison herselfloved a poor scholar named Nicholas, a lodger in the house. --_TheMiller's Tale_ (1388). 

ABSOLUTE _(Sir Anthony)_, a testy but warm-hearted old gentleman, whoimagines that he possesses a most angelic temper, and when he quarrelswith his son, the captain, fancies it is the son who is out of temper, and not himself. Smollett's "Matthew Bramble" evidently suggested thischaracter. William Dowton (1764-1851) was the best actor of this part. 

_Captain Absolute_, son of sir Anthony, in love with Lydia Languish, the heiress, to whom he is known only as ensign Beverley. Bob Acres, his neighbor, is his rival, and sends a challenge to the unknownensign; but when he finds that ensign Beverley is captain Absolute, he declines to fight, and resigns all further claim to the lady'shand. --Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775). 

ABSYRTUS, brother of Medea and companion of her flight from Colchis. To elude or delay her pursuers, she cut him into pieces and strewedthe fragments in the road, that her father might be detained bygathering up the remains of his son. 

_Abu'dah_, in the drama called _The Siege of Damascus_, by John Hughes(1720), is the next in command to Caled in the Arabian army set downbefore Damascus. Though undoubtedly brave, he prefers peace to war;and when, at the death of Caled, he succeeds to the chief command, hemakes peace with the Syrians on honorable terms. 

ABU'DAH, in the _Tales of the Genii_, by H. Ridley, is a wealthymerchant of Bag dad, who goes in quest of the talisman of Oroma'nes, which he is driven to seek by a little old hag, who haunts him everynight and makes his life wretched. He finds at last that the talismanwhich is to free him of this hag [_conscience_] is to "fear God andkeep his commandments. "

ACADE'MUS, an Attic hero, whose garden was selected by Plato for theplace of his lectures. Hence his disciples were called the "Academicsect. "

The green retreats of Academus. Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, i (1721-1770). 

ACAS'TO (_Lord_), father of Seri'no, Casta'lio, and Polydore; andguardian of Monimia "the orphan. " He lived to see the death of hissons and his ward. Polydore ran on his brother's sword, Castaliostabbed himself, and Monimia took poison. --Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680). 

ACES'TES (3 _syl_. ). In a trial of skill, Acestes, the Sicilian, discharged his arrow with such force that it took fire from thefriction of the air. --_The Æneid_, Bk. V. 

 Like Acestes' shaft of old, The swift thought kindles as it flies. 

Longfellow, _To a Child_. 

ACHATES [_A-ka'-teze_], called by Virgil "fidus Achates. " The name hasbecome a synonym for a bosom friend, a crony, but is generally usedlaughingly. --_The Æneid_. 

 He, like Achates, faithful to the tomb. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 159. 

ACHER'IA, the fox, went partnership with a bear in a bowl of: milk. Before the bear arrived, the fox skimmed off the cream and drank themilk; then, filling the bowl with mud, replaced the cream atop. Saysthe fox, "Here is the bowl; one shall have the cream, and the otherall the rest: choose, friend, which you like. " The bear told the foxto take the cream, and thus bruin had only the mud. --_A Basque Tale_. 

A similar tale occurs in Campbell's _Popular Tales of the WestHighlands_ (iii. 98), called "The Keg of Butter. " The wolf chooses the_bottom_ when "oats" were the object of choice, and the _top_ when"potatoes" were the sowing. 

Rabelais tells the same tale about a farmer and the devil. Each wasto have on alternate years what grew _under_ and _over_ the soil. Thefarmer sowed turnips and carrots when the _under_-soil produce cameto his lot, and barley or wheat when his turn was the _over_-soilproduce. 

ACHILLE GRANDISSIME, "A rather poor specimen of the Grandissime type, deficient in stature, but not in stage manner. "--_The Grandissimes_, by George W. Cable (1880). 

ACHIL'LES (3 _syl_. ), the hero of the allied Greek army in the siegeof Troy, and king of the Myr'midons. --See _Dictionary of Phrase andFable_. 

_The English Achilles_, John Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury(1373-1453). 

The duke of Wellington is so called sometimes, and is represented bya statue of Achilles of gigantic size in Hyde Park, London, close toApsley House (1769-1852). 

_The Achilles of Germany_, Albert, elector of Brandenburg (1414-1486). 

_Achilles of Rome_, Sicin'ius Denta'tus (put to death B. C. 450). 

ACHIT'OPHEL, "Him who drew Achitophel, " Dryden, author of the famouspolitical satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_. "David" is Charles II. ;his rebellious son "Absalom" is the king's natural son, the handsomebut rebellious James duke of Monmouth; and "Achitophel, " thetraitorous counsellor, is the earl of Shaftesbury, "for close designsand crooked counsels fit. "

 Can sneer at him who drew Achitophel. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 100. 

There is a portrait of the first earl of Shaftesbury (Dryden's"Achitophel") as lord chancellor of England, clad in ash-coloredrobes, because he had never been called to the bar. --E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xviii. 

A'CIS, a Sicilian shepherd, loved by the nymph Galate'a. The monsterPolypheme (3 _syl_. ), a Cyclops, was his rival, and crushed him undera huge rock. The blood of Acis was changed into a river of the samename at the foot of mount Etna. 

Not such a pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did sweetly tune inpraise of his Galatea, but one of true Delft manufacture. --W. Irving(1783-1859). 

ACK'LAND (_Sir Thomas_), a royalist. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, the Commonwealth). 

AC'OE (3 _syl_. ), "hearing, " in the New Testament sense (_Rom_. X. 17), "Faith cometh by hearing. " The nurse of Fido [_faith_]. Herdaughter is Meditation. (Greek, [Illustration], "hearing. ")

 With him [_Faith_] his nurse went, careful Acoë, Whose hands first from his mother's womb did take him, And ever since have fostered tenderly. Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, ix. (1633). 

ACRAS'IA, Intemperance personified. Spenser says she is an enchantressliving in the "Bower of Bliss, " in "Wandering Island. " She had thepower of transforming her lovers into monstrous shapes; but sir Guyon(_temperance_), having caught her in a net and bound her, broke downher bower and burnt it to ashes. --_Faëry Queen_, ii. 12 (1590). 

ACRA'TES (3 _syl_. ), Incontinence personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) by Caro, viz. , Methos(_drunkenness_) and Gluttony, both fully described in canto vii. (Greek, _akrates_, "incontinent. ")

_Acra'tes_ (3 _syl_. ), Incontinence personified in _The Faëry Queen_, by Spenser. He is the father of Cymoch'lês and Pyroch'lês. --Bk. Ii. 4(1590). 

ACRES (_Bob_), a country gentleman, the rival of ensign Beverley, _alias_ captain Absolute, for the hand and heart of Lydia Languish, the heiress. He tries to ape the man of fashion, gets himself up as aloud swell, and uses "sentimental oaths, " _i. E_. Oaths bearing onthe subject. Thus if duels are spoken of he says, _ods triggers andflints_; if clothes, _ods frogs and tambours_; if music, _ods minnums_[minims] _and crotchets_; if ladies, _ods blushes and blooms_. Thishe learnt from a militia officer, who told him the ancients swore byJove, Bacchus, Mars, Venus, Minerva, etc. , according to the sentiment. Bob Acres is a great blusterer, and talks big of his daring, but whenput to the push "his courage always oozed out of his fingers' ends. "J. Quick was the original Bob Acres. --Sheridan, _The Rivals_ (1775). 

 As thro' his palms _Bob Acres_' valor oozed, So Juan's virtue ebbed, I know not how. 

Byron, _Don Juan_. 

Joseph Jefferson's impersonation of Bob Acres is inimitable forfidelity to the spirit of the original, and informed throughout withexquisite humor that never degenerates into coarseness. 

ACRIS'IUS, father of Dan'aê. An oracle declared that Danaê would givebirth to a son who would kill him, so Acrisius kept his daughter shutup in an apartment under ground, or (as some say) in a brazen tower. Here she became the mother of Per'seus (2 _syl_. ), by Jupiter in theform of a shower of gold. The king of Argos now ordered his daughterand her infant to be put into a chest, and cast adrift on the sea, but they were rescued by Dictys, a fisherman. When grown to manhood, Perseus accidentally struck the foot of Acrisius with a quoit, and theblow caused his death. This tale is told by Mr. Morris in _The EarthlyParadise_ (April). 

ACTAE'ON, a hunter, changed by Diana into a stag. A synonym for acuckold. 

 Divulge Page himself for a secure and wilful Actæon [cuckold]. 

Shakespeare, _Merry Wives_, etc. , act iii. Sc. 2 (1596). 

ACTE'A, a female slave faithful to Nero in his fall. It was thishetæra who wrapped the dead body in cerements, and saw it decentlyinterred. 

 This Actea was beautiful. She was seated on the ground; the head of Nero was on her lap, his naked body was stretched on those winding-sheets in which she was about to fold him, to lay him in his grave upon the garden hill. --Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 7. 

ACTORS AND ACTRESSES. The last male actor that took a woman'scharacter on the stage was Edward Kynaston, noted for his beauty(1619-1687). The first female actor for hire was Mrs. Saunderson, afterwards Mrs. Betterton, who died in 1712. 

AD, AD'ITES (2 _syl_. ). Ad is a tribe descended from Ad, son of Uz, son of Irem, son of Shem, son of Noah. The tribe, at the Confusionof Babel, went and settled on Al-Ahkâf [_the Winding Sands_], in theprovince of Hadramant. Shedâd was their first king, but in consequenceof his pride, both he and all the tribe perished, either from droughtor the Sarsar (_an icy wind_). --Sale's _Koran_, 1. 

 Woe, woe, to Irem! Woe to Ad! Death, has gone up into her palaces!.... They fell around me. Thousands fell around. The king and all his people fell; All, all, they perished all. 

 Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_, i. 41, 45 (1797). 

A'DAH, wife of Cain. After Cain had been conducted by Lucifer throughthe realms of space, he is restored to the home of his wife and child, where all is beauty, gentleness, and love. Full of faith and ferventin gratitude, Adah loves her infant with a sublime maternal affection. She sees him sleeping, and says to Cain--

 How lovely he appears! His little cheeks In their pure incarnation, vying with The rose leaves strewn beneath them. And his lips, too, How beautifully parted! No; you shall not Kiss him; at least not now. He will awake soon-- His hour of midday rest is nearly over. 

 Byron, _Cain_. 

ADAM. In _Greek_ this word is compounded of the four initial lettersof the cardinal quarters:

 Arktos, [Greek: _arktos_]. North. Dusis, [Greek: _dusis_]. West. Anatolê, [Greek: _anatolae_]. East. Mesembria, [Greek: _mesaembria_]. South. 

The _Hebrew_ word ADM forms the anagram of A [dam], D [avid], M[essiah]. 

_Adam, how made_. God created the body of Adam of _Salzal_, _i. E. _dry, unbaked clay, and left it forty nights without a soul. The claywas collected by Azrael from the four quarters of the earth, and God, to show His approval of Azrael's choice, constituted him the angel ofdeath. --Rabadan. 

_Adam, Eve, and the Serpent_. After the fall _Adam_ was placed onmount Vassem in the east; _Eve_ was banished to Djidda (now Gedda, on the Arabian coast); and the _Serpent_ was exiled to the coast ofEblehh. 

After the lapse of 100 years Adam rejoined Eve on mount Arafaith[_place of Remembrance_], near Mecca. --D'Ohsson. 

_Death of Adam_. Adam died on Friday, April 7, at the age of 930years. Michael swathed his body, and Gabriel discharged the funeralrites. The body was buried at Ghar'ul-Kenz [_the grotto of treasure_], which overlooks Mecca. 

His descendants at death amounted to 40, 000 souls. --D'Ohsson. 

When Noah, entered the ark (the same writer says) he took the body ofAdam in a coffin with him, and when he left the ark restored it to theplace he had taken it from. 

_Adam_, a bailiff, a jailer. 

Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that Adam that keeps theprison. --Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, act iv. Sc. 3 (1593). 

_Adam_, a faithful retainer in the family of sir Eowland de Boys. Atthe age of fourscore, he voluntarily accompanied his young masterOrlando into exile, and offered to give him his little savings. He has given birth to the phrase, "A Faithful Adam" [_orman-servant_]. --Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598). 

ADAM BELL, a northern outlaw, noted for his archery. The name, likethose of Clym of the Clough, William of Cloudesly, Robin Hood, andLittle John, is synonymous with a good archer. 

ADAMASTOR, the Spirit of the Cape, a hideous phantom, of unearthlypallor; "erect his hair uprose of withered red, his lips were black, his teeth blue and disjointed, his beard haggard, his face scarred bylightning, his eyes shot livid fire, his voice roared. " The sailorstrembled at sight of him, and the fiend demanded how they dared totrespass "where never hero braved his rage before?" He then told them"that every year the shipwrecked should be made to deplore theirfoolhardiness. "--Camöens, _The Lusiad_, v. (1569). 

ADAM'IDA, a planet on which reside the unborn spirits of saints, martyrs, and believers. U'riel, the angel of the sun, was orderedat the crucifixion to interpose this planet between the sun and theearth, so as to produce a total eclipse. 

Adamida, in obedience to the divine command, flew amidst overwhelmingstorms, rushing clouds, falling mountains, and swelling seas. Urielstood on the pole of the star, but so lost in deep contemplation onGolgotha, that he heard not the wild uproar. On coming to the regionof the sun, Adamida slackened her course, and advancing before thesun, covered its face and intercepted all its rays. --Klopstock, _TheMessiah_, viii. (1771). 

ADAMS _(John)_, one of the mutineers of the _Bounty_ (1790), whosettled in Tahiti. In 1814 he was discovered as the patriarch of acolony, brought up with a high sense of religion and strict regard tomorals. In 1839 the colony was voluntarily placed under the protectionof the British Government. 

_Adams (Parson)_, the beau-ideal of a simple-minded, benevolent, buteccentric country clergyman, of unswerving integrity, solid learning, and genuine piety; bold as a lion in the cause of truth, but modest asa girl in all personal matters; wholly ignorant of the world, being"_in_ it but not _of_ of it. "--Fielding, _Joseph Andrews_ (1742). 

His learning, his simplicity, his evangelical purity of mind are soadmirably mingled with pedantry, absence of mind, and the habit ofathletic ... Exercise ... That he may be safely termed one of therichest productions of the muse of fiction. Like Don Quixote, parsonAdams is beaten a little too much and too often, but the cudgellights upon his shoulders ... Without the slightest stain to hisreputation. --Sir W. Scott. 

AD'DISON OF THE NORTH, Henry Mackenzie, author of _The Man of Feeling_(1745-1831). 

ADELAIDE, daughter of the count of Narbonne, in love with Theodore. She is killed by her father in mistake for another. --Robt. Jephson, _Count of Narbonne_ (1782). 

ADELAIDE FISHER, daughter-in-law of Grandpa and Grandma Fisher inSallie Pratt McLean Greene's _Cape Cod Folks_. She has a sweet voiceand an edged temper, and it would seem from certain cynical remarksof her own, and Grandma's "Thar, daughter, I wouldn't mind!" has ahistory she does not care to reveal (1881). 

ADELAIDE YATES, the wife of Steve Yates and mother of Little Moses inCharles Egbert Craddock's _In the "Stranger People's" Country_. Herhusband has been seized and detained by the "moonshiners" in themountains, and the impression is that he has wilfully deserted her. She cannot discredit it, but "She's goin' ter stay thar in her cabinan' wait fur him, " said Mrs. Pettengill. "Sorter seems de-stressin', I do declar'. A purty, young, good, r'ligious 'oman a-settin' herselfter spen' a empty life a-waitin' fur Steve Yates ter kum back!"(1890. )

ADELINE _(Lady)_, the wife of lord Henry Amun'deville (4 _syl_. ), ahighly educated aristocratic lady, with all the virtues and weaknessesof the upper ten. After the parliamentary sessions this noble pairfilled their house with guests, amongst which were the duchess ofFitz-Fulke, the duke of D----, Aurora Raby, and don Juan, "the Russianenvoy. " The tale not being finished, no key to these names is given. (For the lady's character, see xiv. 54-56. )--Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. To the end. 

AD'EMAR or ADEMA'RO, archbishop of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warriorin Tasso's _Jerusalem Delivered_. --See _Dictionary of Phrase andFable_. 

ADIC'IA, wife of the soldan, who incites him to distress the kingdomof Mercilla. When Mercilla sends her ambassador, Samient, to negotiatepeace, Adicia, in violation of international law, thrusts her Samientout of doors like a dog, and sets two knights upon her. Sir Artegalcomes to her rescue, attacks the two knights, and knocks one of themfrom his saddle with such force that he breaks his neck. After thediscomfiture of the soldan, Adicia rushes forth with a knife to stabSamient, but, being intercepted by sir Artegal, is changed into atigress. --Spenser, _Faery Queen_, v. 8 (1596). 

[Illustration] The "soldan" is king Philip II. Of Spain; "Mercilla" isqueen Elizabeth; "Adicia" is Injustice personified, or the bigotry ofpopery; and "Samient" the ambassadors of Holland, who went to Philipfor redress of grievances, and were most iniquitously detained by himas prisoners. 

AD'ICUS, Unrighteousness personified in canto vii. Of _The PurpleIsland_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. He has eight sons and daughters, viz. , Ec'thros _(hatred)_, Eris _(variance)_, a daughter, Zelos_(emulation)_, Thumos _(wrath)_, Erith'ius _(strife)_, Dichos'tasis_(sedition)_, Envy, and Phon'os _(murder)_; all fully described by thepoet. (Greek, _adikos_, "an unjust man. ")

ADIE OF AIKENSHAW, a neighbor of the Glendinnings. --Sir W. Scott, _TheMonastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

ADME'TUS, a king of Thessaly, husband of Alcestis. Apollo, beingcondemned by Jupiter to serve a mortal for twelve months for slaying aCyclops, entered the service of Admetus. James R. Lowell has a poem onthe subject, called _The Shepherd of King Admetus_ (1819-1891). 

AD'MIRABLE _(The)_: (1) Aben-Ezra, a Spanish rabbin, born atTole'do (1119-1174). (2) James Crichton _(Kry-ton)_, the Scotchman(1551-1573). (3) Roger Bacon, called "The Admirable Doctor"(1214-1292). 

ADOLF, bishop of Cologne, was devoured by mice or rats in 1112. (SeeHATTO. )

AD'ONA, a seraph, the tutelar spirit of James, the "first martyr ofthe twelve. "--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). 

ADONAI, the mysterious spirit of pure mind, love, and beauty thatinspires _Zanoni_, in Bulwer's novel of that name. 

ADONAIS, title of Percy Bysshe Shelley's elegy upon John Keats, written in 1821. 

A'DONBEC EL HAKIM, the physician, a disguise assumed by Saladin, whovisits sir Kenneth's sick squire, and cures him of a fever. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

ADO'NIS, a beautiful youth, beloved by Venus and Proser'pina, whoquarrelled about the possession of him. Jupiter, to settle thedispute, decided that the boy should spend six months with Venus inthe upper world and six with Proserpina in the lower. Adonis was goredto death by a wild boar in a hunt. 

Shakespeare has a poem called _Venus and Adonis_. Shelley calls hiselegy on the poet Keats _Adona'is_, under the idea that the untimelydeath of Keats resembled that of Adonis. 

(_Adonis_ is an allegory of the sun, which is six months north of thehorizon, and six months south. Thammuz is the same as Adonis, and sois Osiris). 

ADONIRAM PENN, the obstinate and well-to-do farmer in Mary E. Wilkins's _Revolt of "Mother_". He persists in building a new barnwhich the cattle do not need instead of the much-needed dwelling forhis family. In his absence, "Mother, " who was wont to "stand beforeher husband in the humble fashion of a Scripture woman, " moveshousehold and furniture into the commodious barn. 

"Adoniram was like a fortress whose walls had no active resistance, and went down the instant the right besieging tools were used" (1890). 

AD'ORAM, a seraph, who had charge of James the son ofAlphe'us. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). 

ADOSINDA, daughter of the Gothic governor of Auria, in Spain. TheMoors having slaughtered her parents, husband, and child, preservedher alive for the captain of Alcahman's regiment. She went to his tentwithout the least resistance, but implored the captain to give her onenight to mourn the death of those so near and dear to her. To this hecomplied, but during sleep she murdered him with his own scymitar. Roderick, disguised as a monk, helped her to bury the dead bodies ofher house, and then she vowed to live for only one object, vengeance. In the great battle, when the Moors were overthrown, she it was whogave the word of attack, "Victory and Vengeance!"--Southey, _Roderick, etc. _, iii. (1814). 

ADRAM'ELECH _(ch=k)_, one of the fallen angels. Milton makes himoverthrown by U'riel and Raphael (_Paradise Lost_, vi. 365). Accordingto Scripture, he was one of the idols of Sepharvaim, and Shalmane'serintroduced his worship into Samaria. [The word means "the mightymagnificent king. "]

The Sepharvites burnt their children in the fire to Adramelech. --2_Kings_ xvii. 31. 

Klopstock introduces him into _The Messiah_, and represents him assurpassing Satan in malice and guile, ambition and mischief. He ismade to hate every one, even Satan, of whose rank he is jealous, andwhom he hoped to overthrow, that by putting an end to his servitudehe might become the supreme god of all the created worlds. At thecrucifixion he and Satan are both driven back to hell by Obad'don, theangel of death. 

ADRASTE' (_2 syl_. ), a French gentleman, who inveigles a Greek slavenamed Isidore from don Pèdre. His plan is this: He gets introduced asa portrait-painter, and thus imparts to Isidore his love, and obtainsher consent to elope with him. He then sends his slave Zaïde (_2syl_. ) to don Pèdre, to crave protection for ill treatment, and Pèdrepromises to befriend her. At this moment Adraste appears, and demandsthat Zaïde be given up to him to punish as he thinks proper. Pèdreintercedes; Adraste seems to relent; and Pèdre calls for Zaïde. Outcomes Isidore instead, with Zaïde's veil. "There, " says Pèdre, "takeher and use her well. " "I will do so, " says the Frenchman, and leadsoff the Greek slave. --Molière, _Le Sicilien, ou L'Amour Peintre_(1667). 

ADRIAN'A, a wealthy Ephesian lady, who marries Antiph'olus, twin-brother of Antipholus of Syracuse. The abbess Aemilia is hermother-in-law, but she knows it not; and one day when she accuses herhusband of infidelity, she says to the abbess, if he is unfaithful itis not from want of remonstrance, "for it is the one subject of ourconversation. In bed I will not let him sleep for speaking of it; attable I will not let him eat for speaking of it; when alone with him Italk of nothing else, and in company I give him frequent hints ofit. In a word, all my talk is how vile and bad it is in him to loveanother better than he loves his wife" (act v. Sc. 1). --Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_ (1593). 

ADRIA'NO DE ARMA'DO _(Don)_, a pompous, fantastical Spaniard, amilitary braggart in a state of peace, as Parolles (3 _syl_. ) was inwar. Boastful but poor; a coiner of words, but very ignorant; solemnlygrave, but ridiculously awkward; majestical in gait, but of very lowpropensities. --Shakespeare, _Love's Labour Lost_ (1594). 

(Said to be designed for John Florio, surnamed "The Resolute, " aphilologist. Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster, in the same play, is also meant in ridicule of the same lexicographer. )

 You may remember, scarce five years are past Since in your brigantine you sailed to see The Adriatic wedded to our duke. 

T. Otway, _Venice Preserved_, i. 1 (1682). 

AD'RIEL, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, the earl of Mulgrave, aroyalist. 

 Sharp-judging Adriel, the Muses' friend; Himself a muse. In sanhedrim's debate True to his prince, but not a slave to state; Whom David's love with honours did adorn, That from his disobedient son were torn. 

Part i. 

(John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave (1649-1721) wrote an _Essay onPoetry_. )

ADRIENNE LECOUVREUR, French actress, said to have been poisoned byflowers sent to her by a rival. Died in 1730. 

AE'ACUS, king of Oeno'pia, a man of such integrity and piety, that hewas made at death one of the three judges of hell. The other two wereMinos and Rhadaman'thus. 

AEGE'ON a huge monster with 100 arms and 50 heads, who with hisbrothers, Cottus and Gygês, conquered the Titans by hurling at them300 rocks at once. Homer says _men_ call him "Aege'on, " but by the_gods_ he is called Bri'areus (3 _syl_. ). 

 Briáreos or Typhon, whom the den By ancient Tarsus held. 

--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, I. 199. 

_Aege'on_, a merchant of Syracuse, in Shakespeare's _Comedy of Errors_(1593). 

AEMYLIA, a lady of high degree, in love with Am'yas, a squire ofinferior rank. Going to meet her lover at a trysting-place, she wascaught up by a hideous monster, and thrust into his den for futurefood. Belphoebê (3 _syl_. ) slew "the caitiff" and released the maid(canto vii. ). Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, released Amyasfrom the durance of Paea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and brought thelovers together "in peace and joyous blis" (canto ix. ). --Spencer, _Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596). 

AEMIL'IA, wife of Aege'on the Syracusian merchant, and mother of thetwins called Antiph'olus. When the boys were shipwrecked, she wasparted from them and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered a convent, androse to be the abbess. Without her knowing it, one of her twins alsosettled in Ephesus, and rose to be one of its greatest and richestcitizens. The other son and her husband Ægeon both set foot in Ephesusthe same day without the knowledge of each other, and all met togetherin the duke's court, when the story of their lives was told, and theybecame again united to each other. --Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_(1593). 

AENE'AS, a Trojan prince, the hero of Virgil's epic called _Aeneid. _He was the son of Anchi'ses and Venus. His first wife was Creu'sa (3_syl_. ), by whom he had a son named Asca'nius; his second wifewas Lavinia, daughter of Latinus king of Italy, by whom he had aposthumous son called Aene'as Sylvius. He succeeded his father-in-lawin the kingdom, and the Romans called him their founder. 

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth "Brutus, " the first king of Britain(from whom the island was called _Britain_), was a descendant ofÆneas. 

AENE'ID, the epic poem of Virgil, in twelve books. When Troy was takenby the Greeks and set on fire, Aene'as, with his father, son, andwife, took flight, with the intention of going to Italy, the originalbirthplace of the family. The wife was lost, and the old father diedon the way; but after numerous perils by sea and land, Æneas and hisson Asca'nius reached Italy. Here Latïnus, the reigning king, receivedthe exiles hospitably, and promised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriageto Æneas; but she had been already betrothed by her mother to princeTurnus, son of Daunus, king of Ru'tuli, and Turnus would not foregohis claim. Latinus, in this dilemma, said the rivals must settlethe dispute by an appeal to arms. Turnus being slain, Æneas marriedLavinia, and ere long succeeded his father-in-law on the throne. 

Book I. The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, driven by a tempeston the shores of Carthage, are hospitably entertained by queen Dido. 

II. Æneas tells Dido the tale of the wooden horse, the burning ofTroy, and his flight with his father, wife, and son. The wife was lostand died. 

III. The narrative continued. The perils he met with on the way, andthe death of his father. 

IV. Dido falls in love with Æneas; but he steals away from Carthage, and Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to her life. 

V. Æneas reaches Sicily, and celebrates there the games in honor ofAnchises. This book corresponds to the _Iliad_, xxiii. 

VI. Æneas visits the infernal regions. This book corresponds to_Odyssey_, xi. 

VII. Latinus king of Italy entertains Æneas, and promises to himLavinia (his daughter) in marriage, but prince Turnus had been alreadybetrothed to her by the mother, and raises an army to resist Æneas. 

VIII. Preparations on both sides for a general war. 

IX. Turnus, during the absence of Æneas, fires the ships and assaultsthe camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'alus. 

X. The war between Turnus and Æneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lausus. 

XI. The battle continued. 

XII. Turnus challenges Æneas to single combat, and is killed. 

N. B. --1. The story of Sinon and taking of Troy is borrowed fromPisander, as Macrobius informs us. 

2. The loves of Dido and Æneas are copied from those of Medea andJason, in Apollonius. 

3. The story of the wooden horse and the burning of Troy are fromArcti'nus of Miletus. 

AE'OLUS, god of the winds, which he keeps imprisoned in a cave inthe Æolian Islands, and lets free as he wishes or as the over-godscommand. 

 Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, And twice by awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again unto my native clime?... Yet Aeolus would not be a murderer, But left that hateful office unto thee. 

 Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. Act v, sc. 2 (1591). 

AESCULA'PIUS, in Greek, ASKLE'PIOS, the god of healing. 

 What says my Æsculapius? my Galen?... Ha! is he dead?

 Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_, act ii. Sc. 3 (1601). 

AE'SON, the father of Jason. He was restored to youth by Medea, whoinfused into his veins the juice of certain herbs. 

 In such a night, Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs That did renew old Aeson. Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_, act v. Sc. I (before 1598). 

ÆSOP, the fabulist, said to be humpbacked; hence, "an Æsop" means ahumpbacked man. The young son of Henry VI. Calls his uncle Richard ofGloster "Æsop. "--3 _Henry VI_. Act v. Sc. 5. 

_Aesop of Arabia_, Lokman; and Nasser (fifth century). 

_Aesop of England_, John Gay (1688-1732). 

_Aesop of France_, Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695). 

_Aesop of Germany_, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 

_Aesop of India_, Bidpay or Pilpay (third century B. C. ). 

AFER, the south-west wind; Notus, the full south. 

Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 702 (1665). 

AFRICAN MAGICIAN (_The_), pretended to Aladdin to be his uncle, andsent the lad to fetch the "wonderful lamp" from an underground cavern. As Aladdin refused to hand it to the magician, he shut him in thecavern and left him there. Aladdin contrived to get out by virtue ofa magic ring, and learning the secret of the lamp, became immenselyrich, built a superb palace, and married the sultan's daughter. Several years after, the African resolved to make himself master ofthe lamp, and accordingly walked up and down before the palace, cryingincessantly, "Who will change old lamps for new!" Aladdin being on ahunting excursion, his wife sent a eunuch to exchange the "wonderfullamp" for a new one; and forthwith the magician commanded "the slavesof the lamp" to transport the palace and all it contained into Africa. Aladdin caused him to be poisoned in a draught of wine. --_ArabianNights_ ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp"). 

AF'RIT OR AFREET, a kind of Medusa or Lamia, the most terrible andcruel of all the orders of the deevs. --_Herbelot_, 66. 

 From the hundred chimneys of the village, Like the Afreet in the Arabian story [_Introduct. Tale_], Smoky columns tower aloft into the air of amber. 

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_. 

AGAG, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Achit'ophel_, is sirEdmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate, who was found murdered in a ditchnear Primrose Hill. Dr. Oates, in the same satire, is called "Corah. "

 Corah might for Agag's murder call, In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. 

Part i. 

AGAMEMNON, king of the Argives and commander-in-chief of the alliedGreeks in the siege of Troy. Introduced by Shakespeare in his _Troilusand Cres'sida_. 

_Vixere fortes ante Agamem'nona_, "There were brave men beforeAgamemnon;" we are not to suppose that there were no great and goodmen in former times. A similar proverb is, "There are hills beyondPentland and fields beyond Forth. "

AGANDECCA, daughter of Starno king of Lochlin [_Scandinavia_], promised in marriage to Fingal king of Morven [_north-west ofScotland_]. The maid told Fingal to beware of her father, who had setan ambush to kill him. Fingal, being thus forewarned, slew the men inambush; and Starno, in rage, murdered his daughter, who was buried byFingal in Ardven [_Argyll_]. 

 The daughter of the snow overheard, and left the hall of her secret sigh. She came in all her beauty, like the moon from the cloud of the east. Loveliness was around her as light. Her step was like the music of songs. She saw the youth, and loved him. He was the stolen sigh of her soul. Her blue eyes rolled in secret on him, and she blessed the chief of Morven. --_Ossian_ ("Fingal, " iii. )

AGANIP'PE (4 syl. ), fountain of the Muses, at the foot of mountHelicon, in Boeo'tia. 

 From Helicon's harmonious springs A thousand rills their mazy progress take. 

Gray, _Progress of Poetry_. 

AG'APE (3 syl. ) the fay. She had three sons at a birth, Primond, Diamond, and Triamond. Being anxious to know the future lot of hersons, she went to the abyss of Demogorgon, to consult the "Three FatalSisters. " Clotho showed her the threads, which "were thin as thosespun by a spider. " She begged the fates to lengthen the life-threads, but they said this could not be; they consented, however, to thisagreement--

 When ye shred with fatal knife His line which is the eldest of the three, Eftsoon his life may pass into the next: And when the next shall likewise ended be, That both their lives may likewise be annext Unto the third, that his may so be trebly wext. 

 Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 2 (1590). 

AGAPI'DA _(Fray Antonio_), the imaginary chronicler of _The Conquestof Granada_, written by Washington Irving (1829). 

AGAST'YA (3 _syl. _), a dwarf who drank the sea dry. As he was walkingone day with Vishnoo, the insolent ocean asked the god who the pigmywas that strutted by his side. Vishnoo replied it was the patriarchAgastya, who was going to restore earth to its true balance. Ocean, incontempt, spat its spray in the pigmy's face, and the sage, in revengeof this affront, drank the waters of the ocean, leaving the bed quitedry. --Maurice. 

AG'ATHA, daughter of Cuno, and the betrothed of Max, in Weber's operaof _Der Freischütz. _--See _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. _

AGATH'OCLES (4 _syl_. ) tyrant of Sicily. He was the son of a potter, and raised himself from the ranks to become general of the army. He reduced all Sicily under his power. When he attacked theCarthaginians, he burnt his ships that his soldiers might feelassured they must either conquer or die. Agathoclês died of poisonadministered by his grandson (B. C. 361-289). 

Voltaire has a tragedy called _Agathocle_, and Caroline Pichler has anexcellent German novel entitled _Agathoclés_. 

AGATHON, the hero and title of a philosophic romance, by C. M. Wieland(1733-1813). This is considered the best of his novels, though someprefer his _Don Sylvia de Rosalva_. 

AGDISTES, the name given by Spenser to our individual consciousness orself. Personified in the being who presided over the Acrasian "bowreof blis. "

 That is our selfe, whom though we do not see Yet each doth in himselfe it well perceive to bee. 

 Therefore a God him sage Antiquity Did wisely make, and good Agdistes call--

 Spenser, _Faerie Queene_, ii. 12. 

AGDISTIS, a genius of human form, uniting the two senses and born ofan accidental union between Jupiter and Tellus. The story of Agdistisand Atys is apparently a myth of the generative powers of nature. 

AGED (_The_), so Wemmick's father is called. He lived in "the castleat Walworth. " Wemmick at "the castle" and Wemmick in business are two"different beings. "

 Wemmick's house was a little wooden cottage, in the midst of plots of garden, and the top of it was cut out and painted like a battery mounted with guns.... It was the smallest of houses, with queer Gothic windows (by far the greater part of them sham), and a Gothic door, almost too small to get in at.... On Sundays he ran up a real flag.... The bridge was a plank, and it crossed a chasm about four feet wide and two deep.... At nine o'clock every night "the gun fired, " the gun being mounted in a separate fortress made of lattice-work. It was protected from the weather by a tarpaulin ... Umbrella. -- C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_, xxv. (1860). 

AG'ELASTES (_Michael_), the cynic philosopher. --Sir W. Scott, _CountRobert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

AGESILA'US (5 _syl_. ). Plutarch tells us that Agesilaus, king ofSparta, was one day discovered riding cock-horse on a long stick, toplease and amuse his children. 

A'GIB (_King_), "The Third Calender" (_Arabian Nights'Entertainments_). He was wrecked on the loadstone mountain, whichdrew all the nails and iron bolts from his ship; but he overthrewthe bronze statue on the mountain-top, which was the cause of themischief. Agib visited the ten young men, each of whom had lostthe right eye, and was carried by a roc to the palace of the fortyprincesses, with whom he tarried a year. The princesses were thenobliged to leave for forty days, but entrusted him with the keys ofthe palace, with free permission to enter every room but one. On thefortieth day curiosity induced him to open this room, where he saw ahorse, which he mounted, and was carried through the air to Bag dad. The horse then deposited him, and knocked out his right eye with awhisk of its tail, as it had done the ten "young men" above referredto. 

AGITATOR (_The Irish_), Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). 

AGLAE, the unwedded sister in T. B. Aldrich's poem, _The Sisters'Tragedy_ (1891). 

 Two sisters loved one man. He being dead, Grief loosed the lips of her he had not wed, And all the passion that through heavy years, Had masked in smiles, unmasked itself in tears. 

AGNEI'A (3 _syl_. ), wifely chastity, sister of Parthen'ia or maidenchastity. Agneia is the spouse of Encra'tês or temperance. Fullydescribed in canto x. Of _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher(1633). (Greek, _agneia_, "chastity. ")

AG'NES, daughter of Mr. Wickfield the solicitor, and DavidCopperfield's second wife (after the death of Dora, "his child wife"). Agnes is a very pure, self-sacrificing girl, accomplished, yetdomestic. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). 

AGNES, in Molière's _L'École des Femmes_, the girl on whom Arnolphetries his pet experiment of education, so as to turn out for himselfa "model wife. " She is brought up in a country convent, where sheis kept in entire ignorance of the difference of sex, conventionalproprieties, the difference between the love of men and women, andthat of girls for girls, the mysteries of marriage, and so on. Whengrown to womanhood she quits the convent, and standing one evening ona balcony a young man passes and takes off his hat to her, she returnsthe salute; he bows a second and third time, she does the same; hepasses and repasses several times, bowing each time, and she does asshe has been taught to do by acknowledging the salute. Of course, the young man (_Horace_) becomes her lover, whom she marries, and M. Arnolphe loses his "model wife. " (See PINCH-WIFE. )

_Elle fait l'Agnès. _ She pretends to be wholly unsophisticated andverdantly ingenuous. --_French Proverb_ (from the "Agnes" of Molière, _L'École des Femmes_, 1662). 

_Agnes_ (_Black_), the countess of March, noted for her defence ofDunbar against the English. 

_Black Agnes_, the palfry of Mary queen of Scots, the gift of herbrother Moray, and so called from the noted countess of March, who wascountess of Moray (Murray) in her own right. 

_Agnes_ (_St. _), a young virgin of Palermo, who at the age of thirteenwas martyred at Rome during the Diocletian persecution of A. D. 304. Prudence (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), a Latin Christian poet of thefourth century, has a poem on the subject. Tintoret and Domenichi'nohave both made her the subject of a painting. --_The Martyrdom of St. Agnes_. 

_St. Agnes and the Devil_. St. Agnes, having escaped from the prisonat Rome, took shipping and landed at St. Piran Arwothall. The devildogged her, but she rebuked him, and the large moor-stones between St. Piran and St. Agnes, in Cornwall, mark the places where the devilswere turned into stone by the looks of the indignant saint. --Polwhele, _History of Cornwall_. 

_Agnes of Sorrento_, heroine of novel of same name, by Harriet BeecherStowe. The scene of the story is laid in Sorrento, Italy. 

AGRAMAN'TE (4 _syl_. ) or AG'RAMANT, king of the Moors, in _OrlandoInnamorato_, by Bojardo, and _Orlando Furioso_, by Ariosto. 

AGRAWAIN (_Sir_) or SIR AGRAVAIN, surnamed "The Desirous, " and also"The Haughty. " He was son of Lot (king of Orkney) and Margawsehalf-sister of king Arthur. His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, sirGa'heris, and sir Gareth. Mordred was his half-brother, being the sonof king Arthur and Margawse. Sir Agravain and sir Mordred hated sirLauncelot, and told the king he was too familiar with the queen; sothey asked the king to spend the day in hunting, and kept watch. Thequeen sent for sir Launcelot to her private chamber, and sir Agravain, sir Mordred, and twelve others assailed the door, but sir Launcelotslew them all except sir Mordred, who escaped. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 142-145 (1470). 

AGRICA'NE (4 _syl. _), king of Tartary, in the _Orlando Innamorato_, ofBojardo. He besieges Angelica in the castle of Albracca, and is slainin single combat by Orlando. He brought into the field 2, 200, 000troops. 

 Such forces met not, nor so wide a camp, When Agrican, with all his northern powers, Besieged Albracca. 

 Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (338). 

AGRICOLA FUSILIER, a pompous old creole, a conserver of familytraditions, and patriot who figures in George W. Cable's_Grandissimes_ (1880). 

 He seemed to fancy himself haranguing a crowd; made another struggle for intelligence, tried once, twice to speak, and the third time succeeded: "Louis--_Louisian--a--for--ever!_" and lay still. They put those two words on his tomb. 

AG'RIOS, Lumpishness personified; a "sullen swain, all mirth that inhimself and others hated; dull, dead, and leaden. " Described in cantoviii. Of _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1635). (Greek, _agrios_; "a savage. ")

AGRIPPINA was granddaughter, wife, sister, and mother of an emperor. She was granddaughter of Augustus, wife of Claudius, sister ofCaligula, and mother of Nero. 

[Illustration] Lam'pedo of Lacedaemon was daughter, wife, sister, andmother of a king. 

AGRIPY'NA or AG'RIPYNE (3 _syl. _), a princess beloved by the "kingof Cyprus'son, and madly loved by Orleans. "--Thomas Dekker, _OldFortunatus_ (a comedy, 1600). 

AGUE-CHEEK _(Sir Andrew_), a silly old fop with "3000 ducats a year, "very fond of the table, but with a shrewd understanding that "beef haddone harm to his wit. " Sir Andrew thinks himself "old in nothing butin understanding, " and boasts that he can cut a caper, dance thecoranto, walk a jig, and take delight in masques, like a youngman. --Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614). 

Woodward (1737-1777) always sustained "sir Andrew Ague-cheek" withinfinite drollery, assisted by that expression of "rueful dismay, "which gave so peculiar a zest to his _Marplot_. --Boaden, _Life ofSiddons_ Charles Lamb says that "Jem White saw James Dodd one eveningin _Ague-cheek_, and recognizing him next day in Fleet Street, tookoff his hat, and saluted him with 'Save you, sir Andrew!' Dodd simplywaved his hand and exclaimed, 'Away, fool!'"

A'HABACK AND DES'RA, two enchanters, who aided Ahu'bal in hisrebellion against his brother Misnar, sultan of Delhi. Ahu'bal had amagnificent tent built, and Horam the vizier had one built for thesultan still more magnificent. When the rebels made their attack, thesultan and the best of the troops were drawn off, and the sultan'stent was taken. The enchanters, delighted with their prize, slepttherein, but at night the vizier led the sultan to a cave, and askedhim to cut a rope. Next morning he heard that a huge stone had fallenon the enchanters and crushed them to a mummy. In fact, this stoneformed the head of the bed, where it was suspended by the rope whichthe sultan had severed in the night. --James Ridley, _Tales of theGenii_ ("The Enchanters' Tale, " vi. ). 

AHASUE'RUS, the cobbler who pushed away Jesus when, on the way toexecution. He rested a moment or two at his door. "Get off! Away withyou!" cried the cobbler. "Truly, I go away, " returned Jesus, "and thatquickly; but tarry thou till I come. " And from that time Ahasuerusbecame the "wandering Jew, " who still roams the earth, and willcontinue so to do till the "second coming of the Lord. " This is thelegend given by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig (1547). --Greve, _Memoir of Paul von Eitzen_ (1744). 

AHER'MAN AND AR'GEN, the former a fortress, and the latter a suite ofimmense halls, in the realm of Eblis, where are lodged all creaturesof human intelligence before the creation of Adam, and all the animalsthat inhabited the earth before the present races existed. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786). 

AH'MED _(Prince)_, noted for the tent given him by the fairyPari-banou, which would cover a whole army, and yet would fold up sosmall that it might be carried in one's pocket. The same goodfairy also gave him the apple of Samarcand', a panacea for alldiseases. --_Arabian Nights' Entertainments_ ("Prince Ahmed, etc. "). 

AHOLIBA'MAH, granddaughter of Cain, and sister of Anah. She was lovedby the seraph Samias'a, and like her sister was carried off to anotherplanet when the Flood came. --Byron, _Heaven and Earth_. 

 Proud, imperious, and aspiring, she denies that she worships the seraph, and declares that his immortality can bestow no love more pure and warm than her own, and she expresses a conviction that there is a ray within her "which, though forbidden yet to shine, " is nevertheless lighted at the same ethereal fire as his own. --Finden, _Byron Beauties_. 

AH'RIMAN OR AHRIMA'NES (4 _syl_. ), the angel of darkness and of evilin the Magian system, slain by Mithra. 

AIKWOOD (_Ringan_), the forester of sir Arthur Wardour, ofKnockwinnock Castle. --Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_. 

AIMEE, the prudent sister, familiarly known as "the wise one" inthe Bohemian household described by Francis Hodgson Burnett in_Vagabondia_ (1889). 

AIM'WELL _(Thomas, viscount_), a gentleman of broken fortune, who payshis addresses to Dorin'da, daughter of Lady Bountiful. He is veryhandsome and fascinating, but quite "a man of the world. " He andArcher are the two beaux of _The Beaux' Stratagem_, a comedy by GeorgeFarquhar (1705). 

I thought it rather odd that Holland should be the only "mister" ofthe party, and I said to myself, as Gibbet said when he heard that"Aimwell" had gone to church, "That looks suspicions" (act ii. Sc. 2). --James Smith, _Memoirs, Letters, etc_. (1840). 

AIRCASTLE, in the _Cozeners_, by S. Foote. The original of thisrambling talker was Gahagan, whose method of conversation is thusburlesqued:

_Aircastle_: "Did I not tell you what parson Prunello said? Iremember, Mrs. Lightfoot was by. She had-been brought to bed thatday was a month of a very fine boy--a bad birth; for Dr. Seeton, whoserved his time with Luke Lancet, of Guise's. --There was also a talkabout him and Nancy the daughter. She afterwards married Will Whitlow, another apprentice, who had great expectations from an old uncle inthe Grenadiers; but he left all to a distant relation, Kit Cable, a midshipman aboard the _Torbay_. She was lost coming home in thechannel. The captain was taken up by a coaster from Eye, loaded withcheese--" [Now, pray, what did parson Prunello say? This is a patternof Mrs. Nickleby's rambling gossip. ]

AIR'LIE (_The earl of_), a royalist in the service of king CharlesI. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_. 

AIRY (_Sir George_), a man of fortune, in love with Miran'da, the wardof sir Francis Gripe. --Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busylody_ (1709). 

A'JAX, son of Oïleus [_O. I'. Luce_], generally called "the less. " Inconseqnence of his insolence to Cassan'dra, the prophetic daughter ofPriam, his ship was driven on a rock, and he perished at sea. --Homer, _Odyssey_, iv. 507; Virgil, _Æneid_, i. 41. 

A'JAX TEL'AMON. Sophoclês has a tragedy called _Ajax_, in which "themadman" scourges a ram he mistakes for Ulysses. His encounter witha flock of sheep, which he fancied in his madness to be the sons ofAtreus, has been mentioned at greater or less length by several Greekand Roman poets. Don Quixote had a similar adventure. This Ajax isintroduced by Shakespeare in his drama called _Troilus and Cressida. _(See ALIFANFARON). 

 The Tuscan poet [_Ariosto_] doth advance The frantic paladin of France [_Orlando Furioso_]; And those more ancient [_Euripides_ and _Seneca_] do enhance Alcidês in his fury [_Herculês Furens_]; And others, Ajax Telamon;-- But to this time there hath been none So bedlam as our Oberon; Of whom I dare assure you. 

M. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1536-1631). 

AJUT AND ANNINGAIT, in _The Rambler_. 

 Part, like Ajut, never to return. Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799). 

ALA'CIEL, the genius who went on a voyage to the two islands, Taciturnia and Merry land [_London_ and _Paris_]. --De la Dixmerie_L'isle Taciturne et l'isle Enjouée, ou Voyage du Génie Alaciel dansles deux Iles_ (1759). 

ALADDIN, son of Mustafa, a poor tailor, of China, "obstinate, disobedent, and mischievous, " wholly abandoned "to indolence andlicentiousness. " One day an African magician accosted him, pretendingto be his uncle, and sent him to bring up the "wonderful lamp, " at thesame time giving him a "ring of safety. " Aladdin secured the lamp, but would not hand it to the magician till he was out of the cave, whereupon the magician shut him up in the cave, and departed forAfrica. Aladdin, wringing his hands in despair, happened to rub themagic ring, when the genius of the ring appeared before him, and askedhim his commands. Aladdin requested to be delivered from the cave, andhe returned home. By means of his lamp, he obtained untold wealth, built a superb palace, and married Badroul'boudour, the sultan'sdaughter. After a time, the African magician got possession of thelamp, and caused the palace, with all its contents, to be transportedinto Africa. Aladdin was absent at the time, was arrested and orderedto execution, but was rescued by the populace, with whom he was animmense favorite, and started to discover what had become of hispalace. Happening to slip, he rubbed his ring, and when the genius ofthe ring appeared and asked his orders, was instantly posted to theplace where his palace was in Africa. He poisoned the magician, regained the lamp, and had his palace restored to its original placein China. 

Yes, ready money is Aladdin's lamp. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, xii. 12. 

_Aladdin's Lamp_, a lamp brought from an underground cavern in "themiddle of China. " Being in want of food, the mother of Aladdin beganto scrub it, intending to sell it, when the genius of the lampappeared, and asked her what were her commands. Aladdin answered, "Iam hungry; bring me food;" and immediately a banquet was set beforehim. Having thus become acquainted with the merits of the lamp, hebecame enormously rich, and married the sultan's daughter. By artificethe African magician got possession of the lamp, and transported thepalace with its contents to Africa. Aladdin poisoned the magician, recovered the lamp, and retranslated the palace to its original site. 

_Aladdin's Palace Windows_. At the top of the palace was a saloon, containing tweny-four windows (six on each side), and all but oneenriched with diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. One was left for thesultan to complete, but all the jewellers in the empire were unable tomake one to match the others, so Aladdin commanded "the slaves of thelamp" to complete their work. 

_Aladdin's Ring_, given him by the African magician, "a preservativeagainst every evil. "--_Arabian Nights_ ("Aladdin and the WonderfulLamp"). 

AL'ADINE, the sagacious but cruel king of Jerusalem, slain byRaymond. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

_Al'adine_ (3 _syl_. ), son of Aldus, "a lusty knight. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 3 (1596). 

ALAFF, ANLAF, or OLAF, son of Sihtric, Danish king of Northumberland(died 927). When Aethelstan [_Athelstan_] took possession ofNorthumberland, Alaff fled to Ireland, and his brother Guthfrith orGodfrey to Scotland. 

 Our English Athelstan, In the Northumbrian fields, with most victorious might, Put Alaff and his powers to more inglorious flight. 

Drayton, _Potyolbion_, xii. (1612). 

ALAIN, cousin of Eos, the artist's wife, in _Desert Sands_, by HarrietPrescott Spofford (1863). 

ALAR'CON, king of Barca, who joined the armament of Egypt againstthe crusaders, but his men were only half armed. --Tasso, _JerusalemDelivered_ (1575). 

ALARIC COTTIN. Frederick the Great of Prussia was so called byVoltaire. "Alaric" because, like Alaric, he was a great warrior, and"Cottin" because, like Cottin, satirized by Boileau, he was a veryindifferent poet. 

ALAS'CO, _alias_ DR. DEMETRIUS DOBOOBIE, an old astrologer, consultedby the earl of Leicester. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

ALAS'NAM (_Prince Zeyn_) possessed eight statues, each a singlediamond on a gold pedestal, but had to go in search of a ninth, morevaluable than them all. This ninth was a lady, the most beautiful andvirtuous of women, "more precious than rubies, " who became his wife. 

One pure and perfect _[woman]_ is ... Like Alasnam's lady, worth themall. --Sir Walter Scott. 

_Alasnam's Mirror_. When Alasnam was in search of his ninth statue, the king of the Genii gave him a test mirror, in which he was tolook when he saw a beautiful girl; "if the glass remained pure andunsullied, the damsel would be the same, but if not, the damsel wouldnot be wholly pure in body and in mind. " This mirror was called "thetouchstone of virtue. "--_Arabian Nights_ ("Prince Zeyn Alasnam"). 

ALAS'TOR, a surname of Zeus as "the Avenger. " Or, in general, anydeity or demon who avenges wrong done by man. Shelley wrote a poem, _Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude_. 

Cicero says he meditated killing himself that he might become theAlastor of Augustus, whom he hated. --Plutarch, _Cicero, etc. _("Parallel Lives. ")

God Almighty mustered up an army of mice against the archbishop[_Hatto_], and sent them to persecute him as his furiousAlastors. --Coryat, _Crudities_, 571. 

AL'BAN (_St. _) of Ver'ulam, hid his confessor, St. Am'phibal, andchanging clothes with him, suffered death in his stead. This wasduring the frightful persecution of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general ofDiocle'tian's army in Britain, when 1000 Christians fell at Lichfield. 

 Alban--our proto-martyr called. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. [1622]. 

AL'BERICK OF MORTEMAR, the same as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi, an exiled nobleman. He tells king Richard the history of his life, and tries to dissuade him from sending a letter of defiance to thearchduke of Austria. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Al' berick_, the squire of prince Richard, one of the sons of HenryII. Of England. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

ALBERT, commander of the _Britannia_. Brave, liberal, and just, softened and refined by domestic ties and superior information. Hisship was dashed against the projecting verge of Cape Colonna, the mostsouthern point of Attica, and he perished in the sea because Rodmond(second in command) grasped one of his legs and could not be shakenoff. 

 Though trained in boisterous elements, his mind Was yet by soft humanity refined; Each joy of wedded love at home he knew, Abroad, confessed the father of his crew.... 

 His genius, ever for th' event prepared, Rose with the storm, and all its dangers shared. 

Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, i. 2 (1756). 

_Albert_, father of Gertrude, patriarch and judge of Wyo'ming (calledby Campbell Wy'oming). Both Albert and his daughter were shot by amixed force of British and Indian troops, led by one Brandt, who madean attack on the settlement, put all the inhabitants to the sword, setfire to the fort, and destroyed all the houses. --Campbell, _Gertrudeof Wyoming_ (1809). 

_Albert_, in Goethe's romance called _The Sorrows of Werther_, ismeant for his friend Kestner. He is a young German farmer, who marriedCharlotte Buff (called "Lotte" in the novel), with whom Goethe was inlove. Goethe represents himself under the name of Werther (_q. V. _). 

ALBERT OF GEI'ERSTEIN (_Count_), brother of Arnold Biederman, andpresident of the "Secret Tribunal. " He sometimes appears as a"black priest of St. Paul's, " and sometimes as the "monk of St. Victoire. "--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

ALBERTAZ'ZO married Alda, daughter of Otho, duke of Saxony. Hissons were Ugo and Fulco. From this stem springs the Royal Family ofEngland. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ALBIA'ZAR, an Arab chief, who joins the Egyptian armament against thecrusaders. 

A chief in rapine, not in knighthood bred. Tasso, _JerusalemDelivered_, xvii. (1575). 

AL'BION. In legendary history this word is variously accounted for. One derivation is from Albion, a giant, son of Neptune, its firstdiscoverer, who ruled over the island for forty-four years. 

Another derivation is Al'bia, eldest of the fifty daughters ofDiocle'sian king of Syria. These fifty ladies all married on the sameday, and all murdered their husbands on the wedding night. By way ofpunishment, they were cast adrift in a ship, unmanned, but the winddrove the vessel to our coast, where these Syrian damsels disembarked. Here they lived the rest of their lives, and married with theaborigines, "a lawless crew of devils. " Milton mentions this legend, and naïvely adds, "it is too absurd and unconscionably gross to bebelieved. " Its resemblance to the fifty daughters of Dan'aos ispalpable. 

Drayton, in his _Polyolbion_, says that Albion came from Rome, was"the first martyr of the land, " and dying for the faith's sake, lefthis name to the country, where Offa subsequently reared to him "a richand sumptuous shrine, with a monastery attached. "--Song xvi. 

_Albion_, king of Briton, when O'beron held his court in what is nowcalled "Kensington Gardens. " T. Tickell has a poem upon this subject. 

_Albion wars with Jove's Son_. Albion, son of Neptune, wars withHer'culês, son of Jove. Neptune, dissatisfied with the share of hisfather's kingdom, awarded to him by Jupiter, aspired to dethronehis brother, but Hercules took his father's part, and Albion wasdiscomfited. 

 Since Albion wielded arms against the son of Jove. 

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612). 

ALBO'RAK, the animal brought by Gabriel to convey Mahomet to theseventh heaven. It had the face of a man, the cheeks of a horse, thewings of an eagle, and spoke with a human voice. 

ALBUMA'ZAR, Arabian astronomer (776-885). 

 Chaunteclere, our cocke, must tell what is o'clocke, By the astrologye that he hath naturally Conceyued and caught; for he was never taught By Albumazar, the astronomer, Nor by Ptholomy, prince of astronomy. J. Skelton, _Philip Sparoiv_ (time, Henry VIII. ). 

Alcestis or Alcestes, daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus (_q. V_. )On his wedding-day Admetus neglected to offer sacrifice to Diana andwas condemned to die, but Apollo induced the Fates to spare his lifeif he could find a voluntary substitute. His wife offered to give herlife for his, and went away with death; but Hercules fought with Deathand restored Alcestes to her husband. This story is the subject of atragedy _Alcestes_, by Euripides. Milton alludes to the incident inone of his sonnets:

 Methought I saw my late espoused saint Brought to me like Alcestes from the grave. 

John Milton, Sonnet _On his deceased Wife_. 

William Morris has made Alcestes the subject of one of the tales inhis _Earthly Paradise. _

A variation of the story is found in Longfellow's _The Golden Legend_, Henry of Hoheneck when dying was promised his life if a maiden couldbe found who would give up her life for his. Elsie, the daughterof Gottlieb, a tenant-farmer of the prince offered herself as asacrifice, and followed her lord to Sorrento to give herself up toLucifer; but Henry heard of it, and, moved by gratitude, saved Elsieand made her his wife. 

_Alceste_, the hero of Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_. He has apure and noble mind that has been soured and disgusted by intercoursewith the world. Courtesy he holds to be the vice of fops, and themanners of society mere hypocrisy. He courts Célmène, a coquette andher treatment of his love confirms his bad opinion of mankind. 

AL'CHEMIST (_The_), the last of the three great comedies of Ben Jonson(1610). The other two are _Vol'pone_ (2 _syl_. ), (1605), and _TheSilent Woman_ (1609). The object of _The Alchemist_ is to ridiculethe belief in the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. Thealchemist is "Subtle, " a mere quack; and "sir Epicure Mammon" isthe chief dupe, who supplies money, etc. , for the "transmutation ofmetal. " "Abel Drugger" a tobacconist, and "Dapper" a lawyer'sclerk, are two other dupes. "Captain Face, " _alias_ "Jeremy, " thehouse-servant of "Lovewit, " and "Dol Common" are his allies. The wholething is blown up by the unexpected return of "Lovewit. "

ALCIB'ADES (5 _syl. _), the Athenian general. Being banished by thesenate, he marches against the city, and the senate, being unable tooffer resistance, open the gates to him (B. C. 450-404). This incidentis introduced by Shakespeare in _Timon of Athens_. 

ALCIBI'ADES' TABLES represented a god or goddess outwardly, anda Sile'nus, or deformed piper, within. Erasmus has a "curiousdissertation on these tables" (_Adage_, 667, edit. R. Stephens); henceemblematic of falsehood and dissimulation. 

 Whose wants virtue is compared to these False tables wrought by Alcibiades; Which noted well of all were found t've bin Most fair without, but most deformed within. 

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, i. (1613). 

ALCI'DES, a name sometimes given to Hercules as the descendent of thehero Alcoeus through his son Amphitryon (_q. V. _) The name is appliedto any valiant hero. 

 The Tuscan poet [_Ariosto_] doth advance The frantic paladin of France [_Orlando Furioso_]; And those more ancient do enhance Alcidês in his fury. 

M. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1563-1631). 

 Where is the great Alcidês of the field, Valiant lord Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury?

Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI_. Act. Iv. Sc. 7 (1589). 

ALCI'NA, Carnal Pleasure personified. In Bojardo's _OrlandoInnamorato_ she is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. In Ariosto's_Orlando Furioso_ she is a kind of Circê, whose garden is a scene ofenchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers for a season, and then convertsthem into trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as her fancydictates. 

AL'CIPHRON, or _The Minute Philosopher_, the title of a work by bishopBerkeley, so called from the name of the chief speaker, a freethinker. The object of this work is to expose the weakness of infidelity. 

_Al'ciphron_, "the epicurean, " the hero of T. Moore's romance entitled_The Epicurean_. 

 Like Aleiphron, we swing in air and darkness, and know not whither the wind blows us. 

--_Putnam's Magazine. _

ALCME'NA (in Molière, _Alcmène_), the wife of Amphitryon, generalof the Theban army. While her husband is absent warring against theTelebo'ans, Jupiter assumes the form of Amphitryon; but Amphitryonhimself returns home the next day, and great confusion arises betweenthe false and true Amphitryon, which is augmented by Mercury, whopersonates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphitryon. By this amour of Jupiter, Alcmena becomes the mother of Her'culês. Plautus, Molière, and Drydenhave all taken this plot for a comedy entitled _Amphitryon_. 

ALCOFRI'BAS, the name by which Rabelais was called, after he came outof the prince's mouth, where he resided for six months, taking toll ofevery morsel of food that the prince ate. Pantag'ruel gave "the merryfellow the lairdship of Salmigondin. "--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32(1533). 

AL'COLOMB, "subduer of hearts, " daughter of Abou Aibou of Damascus, and sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, in a fit ofjealousy, commanded Ganem to be put to death, and his mother andsister to do penance for three days in Damascus, and then to bebanished from Syria. The two ladies came to Bag dad, and were taken inby the charitable syndic of the jewellers. When the jealous fit of thecaliph was over he sent for the two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife, and her mother he married to his vizier. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 

ALCY'ON "the wofullest man alive, " but once "the jolly shepherd swainthat wont full merrily to pipe and dance, " near where the Severnflows. One day he saw a lion's cub, and brought it up till it followedhim about like a dog; but a cruel satyr shot it in mere wantonness. Bythe lion's cub he means Daphne, who died in her prime, and the cruelsatyr is death. He said he hated everything--the heaven, the earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the night; he hated to speak, to hear, totaste food, to see objects, to smell, to feel; he hated man and womantoo, for his Daphne lived no longer. What became of this dolefulshepherd the poet could never ween. Alcyon is sir ArthurGorges. --Spencer, _Daphnaida_ (in seven fyttes, 1590). 

 And there is that Alcyon bent to mourn, Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty. Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn Sweet lays of love to endless plaints of pity. 

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591). 

ALCY'ONE or HALCYONE (4 _syl_. ), daughter of Aeolus, who, on hearingof her husband's death by shipwreck, threw herself into the sea, andwas changed to a kingfisher. (See HALCYON DAYS. )

ALDABEL'LA, wife of Orlando, sister of Oliver, and daughter ofMonodan'tês. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso, etc_. (1516). 

_Aldabella_, a marchioness of Florence, very beautiful andfascinating, but arrogant and heartless. She used to giveentertainments to the magnates of Florence, and Fazio was one whospent most of his time in her society. Bian'ca his wife, being jealousof the marchioness, accused him to the duke of being privy to thedeath of Bartoldo, and for this offence Fazio was executed. Biancadied broken-hearted, and Aldabella was condemned to spend the rest ofher life in a nunnery. --Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (a tragedy, 1815). 

ALDEN (_John_), one of the sons of the Pilgrim fathers, in love withPriscilla, the beautiful puritan. Miles Standish, a bluff old soldier, wishing to marry Priscilla, asked John Alden to go and plead for him;but the maiden answered archly, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John!" Soon after this, Standish being reported killed by a poisonedarrow, John spoke for himself, and the maiden consented. Standish, however, was not killed, but only wounded; he made his reappearanceat the wedding, where, seeing how matters stood, he accepted thesituation with the good-natured remark:

 If you would be served you must serve yourself; and moreover No man can gather cherries in Kent at the season of Christmas. 

Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_ (1858). 

ALDIBORONTEPHOSCOPHORNIO _[Al'diboron'te-fos'co-for'nio]_, a characterin _Chrononhotonthologos_, by H. Carey. 

(Sir Walter Scott used to call James Ballantyne, the printer, thisnickname, from his pomposity and formality of speech. )

AL'DIGER, son of Buo'vo, of the house of Clarmont, brother ofMalagi'gi and Vivian. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

AL'DINE (2 _syl_. ), leader of the second squadron of Arabs whichjoined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders. Tasso says ofthe Arabs, "Their accents were female and their stature diminutive"(xvii. ). --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

AL'DINGAR _(Sir)_, steward of queen Eleanor, wife of Henry II. Heimpeached the queen's fidelity, and agreed to prove his chargeby single combat; but an angel (in the shape of a little child)established the queen's innocence. This is probably a blunderingversion of the story of Gunhilda and the emperor Henry. --Percy, _Reliques_, ii. 9. 

ALDO, a Caledonian, was not invited by Fingal to his banquet on hisreturn to Morven, after the overthrow of Swaran. To resent thisaffront, he went over to Fingal's avowed enemy, Erragon king of Sora(in Scandinavia), and here Lorma, the king's wife, fell in lovewith him. The guilty pair fled to Morven, which Erragon immediatelyinvaded. Aldo fell in single combat with Erragon, Lorma died of grief, and Erragon was slain in battle by Graul, son of Morni. --_Ossian_("The Battle of Lora"). 

ALDRICK the Jesuit, confessor of Charlotte countess of Derby. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

ALDROVAND _(Father)_, chaplain of sir Raymond Berenger, the old Normanwarrior. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

ALDUS, father of Al'adine (3 _syl_), the "lusty knight. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 3 (1596). 

ALEA, a warrior who invented dice at the siege of Troy; at least soIsidore of Seville says. Suidas ascribes the invention to Palamëdês. 

Alea est ludus tabulae inventa a Graecis, in otio Trojani belli, aquodam milite, nomine ALEA, a quo et ars nomen accepit. --Isidorus, _Orig_. Xviii. 57. 

ALEC'TRYON, a youth set by Mars to guard against surprises, but hefell asleep, and Apollo thus surprised Mars and Venus in each others'embrace. Mars in anger changed the boy into a cock. 

 And from out the neighboring farmyard Loud the cock Alectryon crowed. Longfellow, _Pegasus in Pound_. 

ALEC YEATON, the Gloucester skipper in T. B. Aldrich's ballad, _AlecYeaton's Son_. 

 The wind it wailed, the wind it moaned, And the white caps flecked the sea; "An' I would to God, " the skipper groaned, "I had not my boy with me!"

 * * * * *

 Long did they marvel in the town At God His strange decree; That let the stalwart skipper drown, And the little child go free. (1890. )

ALE'RIA, one of the Amazons, and the best beloved of the ten wives ofGuido the Savage. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ALESSANDRO, husband of the Indian girl Ramona, in Helen Hunt Jackson'snovel _Ramona_. The story of the young couple is a series ofoppressions and deceits practised by U. S. Officials (1884). ALESSIO, the young man with whom Lisa was living in concubinage, when Elvi'nopromised to marry her. Elvino made the promise out of pique, becausehe thought Ami'na was not faithful to him, but when he discovered hiserror he returned to his first love, and left Lisa to marry Alessio, with whom she had been previously cohabiting. --Bellini's opera, _LaSonnamlula_ (1831). 

ALE'THES (3 _syl_. ), an ambassador from Egypt to king Al'adine(3 _syl_. ); subtle, false, deceitful, and full of wiles. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ALEXANDER PATOFF, brother of the young Russian who figures mostprominently in F. Marion Crawford's novel _Paul Patoff_. Alexander'smysterious disappearance in a mosque leads to suspicions involvinghis brother, even the mother of the two brothers accusing Paul offratricide (1887). 

ALEX. WALTON, physician and suitor of Margaret Kent in _The Story ofMargaret Kent_, by Henry Hayes (Ellen Olney Kirke) (1886). 

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee (1678). In French wehave a novel called _Roman d'Alexandre_, by Lambert-li-cors (twelfthcentury), and a tragedy by Racine (1665). 

_Alexander an Athlete_. Alexander, being asked if he would run acourse at the Olympic games, replied, "Yes, if my competitors are allkings. "

_The Albanian Alexander_, George Castriot _(Scanderbeg_ or _Iscanderbeg_, 1404-1467). 

_The Persian Alexander_, Sandjar (1117-1158). 

_Alexander of the North_, Charles XII. Of Sweden (1682-1718). 

_Alexander deformed_. 

 Ammon's great son one shoulder had too high. 

Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 117. 

_Alexander and Homer_. When Alexander invaded Asia Minor, he offeredup sacrifice to Priam, and then went to visit the tomb of Achilles. Here he exclaimed, "O most enviable of men, who had Homer to sing thydeeds!"

Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry, "O fortunate young man! whose virtue found So brave a trump thy noble deeds to sound. "

Spenser, _The Ruins of Time_ (1591). 

_Alexander and Parme'nio. _ When Darius, king of Persia, offeredAlexander his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a dowry of 10, 000talents of gold, Parmenio said, "I would accept the offer, if Iwere Alexander. " To this Alexander rejoined, "So would I, if I wereParmenio. "

On another occasion the general thought the king somewhat too lavishin his gifts, whereupon Alexander made answer, "I consider not whatParmenio ought to receive, but what Alexander ought to give. "

_Alexander and Perdiccas_. When Alexander started for Asia he dividedhis possessions among his friends. Perdiccas asked what he hadleft for himself. "Hope, " said Alexander. "If hope is enough forAlexander, " replied the friend, "it is enough for Perdiccas also;" anddeclined to accept anything. 

_Alexander and Raphael_. Alexander encountered Raphael in a cavein the mountain of Kaf, and being asked what he was in search of, replied, "The water of immortality. " Whereupon Raphael gave him astone, and told him when he found another of the same weight he wouldgain his wish. "And how long, " said Alexander, "have I to live?" Theangel replied, "Till the heaven above thee and the earth beneath theeare of iron. " Alexander now went forth and found a stone almost of theweight required, and in order to complete the balance, added a littleearth; falling from his horse at Ghur he was laid in his armor on theground, and his shield was set up over him to ward off the sun. Thenunderstood he that he would gain immortality when, like the stone, hewas buried in the earth, and that his hour was come, for the earthbeneath him was iron, and his iron buckler was his vault of heavenabove. So he died. 

_Alexander and the Robber_. When Dion'idês, a pirate, was broughtbefore Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile brigand! How dare you infestthe seas with your misdeeds?" "And you, " replied the pirate, "by whatright do you ravage the world? Because I have only one ship, Iam called a brigand, but you who have a whole fleet are termed aconqueror. " Alexander admired the man's boldness, and commanded him tobe set at liberty. 

_Alexander's Beard_, a smooth chin, or a very small beard. It is saidthat Alexander the Great had scarcely any beard at all. 

 Disgracèd yet with Alexander's bearde. 

G. Gascoigne, _The Steele Glas_ (died 1577). 

_Alexander's Runner_, Ladas. 

ALEXAN'DRA, daughter of Oronthea, queen of the Am'azons, and one ofthe ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this person that the land of theAmazons was called Alexandra. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ALEX'IS, the wanton shepherd in _The Faithful Shepherdess_, a pastoraldrama by John Fletcher (1610). 

ALFA'DER, the father of all the Asen _(deities)_ of Scandinavia, creator and governor of the universe, patron of arts and magic, etc. 

ALFONSO, father of Leono'ra d'Este, and duke of Ferrara, Tasso thepoet fell in love with Leonora. The duke confined him as a lunatic forseven years in the asylum of Santa Anna, but at the expiration of thatperiod he was released through the intercession of Vincenzo Gonzago, duke of Mantua. Byron refers to this in his _Childe Harold_, iv. 36. 

_Alfonso XI_ of Castile, whose "favorite" was Leonora deGuzman. --Donizetti, _La Favorita_ (an opera, 1842). 

_Alfon'so (Don)_, of Seville, a man of fifty and husband of donnaJulia (twenty-seven years his junior), of whom he was jealous withoutcause. --Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 

_Alfon'so_, in Walpole's tale called _The Castle of Otranto_, appearsas an apparition in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic form (1769). 

ALFRED AS A GLEEMAN. Alfred, wishing to know the strength of theDanish camp, assumed the disguise of a minstrel, and stayed in theDanish camp for several days, amusing the soldiers with his harpingand singing. After he had made himself master of all he required, he returned back to his own place. --William of Malmesbury (twelfthcentury). 

William of Malmesbury tells a similar story of Anlaf, a Danish king, who, he says, just before the battle of Brunanburh, in Northumberland, entered the camp of king Athelstan as a gleeman, harp in hand; and sopleased was the English king that he gave him gold. Anlaf would notkeep the gold, but buried it in the earth. 

ALGARSIFE (3 _syl_. ), and Cam'ballo, sons of Cambuscan' king ofTartary, and Elfêta his wife. Algarsife married Theodora. 

 I speak of Algarsife, How that he won Theodora to his wife. 

Chaucer, _The Squire's Tale_ AL'GEBAR' ("_the giant_"). So theArabians call the constellation Orion. 

 Begirt with many a blazing star, Stood the great giant Algebar-- Orion, hunter of the beast. Longfellow, _The Occultation of Orion_. 

AL'I, cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet. The beauty of his eyes isproverbial in Persia. _Ayn Hali_ ("eyes of Ali") is the highestcompliment a Persian can pay to beauty. --Chardin. 

ALI BABA, a poor Persian wood-carrier, who accidentally learns themagic words, "Open Sesamê!" "Shut Sesamê!" by which he gains entranceinto a vast cavern, the repository of stolen wealth and the lair offorty thieves. He makes himself rich by plundering from these stores;and by the shrewd cunning of Morgiana, his female slave, the captainand his whole band of thieves are extirpated. In reward of theseservices, Ali Baba gives Morgiana her freedom, and marries her to hisown son. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves"). 

AL'ICE (2 _syl_. ), sister of Valentine, in _Mons. Thomas_, a comedy byBeaumont and Fletcher (1619). 

_Al'ice_ (2 _syl_. ), foster-sister of Robert le Diable, and bride ofRambaldo, the Norman troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera of _Robertoil Diavolo_. She comes to Palermo to place in the duke's hand hismother's "will, " which he is enjoined not to read till he is avirtuous man. She is Robert's good genius, and when Bertram, thefiend, claims his soul as the price of his ill deeds, Alice, byreading the will, reclaims him. 

_Al'ice_ (2 _syl_. ), the servant-girl of dame Whitecraft, wife of theinnkeeper at Altringham. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

_Al'ice_, the miller's daughter, a story of happy first love told inlater years by an old man who had married the rustic beauty. He was adreamy lad when he first loved Alice, and the passion roused him intomanhood. (See ROSE. )--Tennyson, _The Miller's Daughter_. 

_Al'ice (The Lady_), widow of Walter, knight of Avenel (2 _syl_). --SirW. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Al'ice_ [GRAY], called "Old Alice Gray, " a quondam tenant of the lordof Ravenswood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the funeral of the oldlord. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

_Alice Munro_, one of the sisters taken captive by Indians in Cooper's_Last of the Mohicans_ (1821). 

ALICHI'NO. A devil in Dante's _Inferno_. 

ALICIA gave her heart to Mosby, but married Arden for his position. Asa wife, she played falsely with her husband, and even joined Mosby ina plot to murder him. Vacillating between love for Mosby andrespect for Arden, she repents, and goes on sinning; wishes to getdisentangled, but is overmastered by Mosby's stronger will. Alicia'spassions impel her to evil, but her judgment accuses her and promptsher to the right course. She halts, and parleys with sin, like Balaam, and of course is lost. --Anon. , _Arden of Feversham_ (1592). 

_Alic'ia_, "a laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she, " who onceheld lord Hastings under her distaff, but her annoying jealousy, "vexatious days, and jarring, joyless nights, " drove him away fromher. Being jealous of Jane Shore, she accused her to the duke ofGloster of alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, and the lordprotector soon trumped up a charge against both; the lord chamberlainhe ordered to execution for treason, and Jane Shore he persecuted forwitchcraft. Alicia goes raving mad. --Rowe, _Jane Shore_ (1713). 

_Alic'ia_ (_The lady_), daughter of lord Waldemar Fitzurse. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

ALICK [POLWORTH], one of the servants of Waverley. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

ALIFAN'FARON, emperor of the island Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitorof Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pentapolin refused to sanctionthis alliance, and the emperor raised a vast army to enforce hissuit. This is don Quixote's solution of two flocks of sheep comingin opposite directions, which he told Sancho were the armies ofAlifanfaron and Pentapolin. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iii. 4(1605). 

Ajax the Greater had a similar encounter. (See AJAX. )

ALIN'DA, daughter of Alphonso, an irascible old lord ofSego'via. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Pilgrim_ (1621). 

(_Alinda_ is the name assumed by young Archas when he dresses inwoman's attire. This young man is the son of general Archas, "theloyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, in the drama by Beaumontand Fletcher, called _The Loyal Subject_, 1618. )

ALIPRANDO, a Christian knight, who discovered the armor of Rinaldo, and took it to Godfrey. Both inferred that Rinaldo had been slain, butwere mistaken. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

AL'IRIS, sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, who, under the assumed name ofFer'amorz, accompanies Lalla Rookh from Delhi, on her way to bemarried to the sultan. He wins her love, and amuses the tedium of thejourney by telling her tales. When introduced to the sultan, her joyis unbounded on discovering that Feramorz the poet, who has won herheart, is the sultan to whom she is betrothed. --T. Moore, _LallaRookh_. 

ALISAUNDER (_Sir_), surnamed LORFELIN, son of the good prince Boudwineand his wife An'glides (3 _syl_. ). Sir Mark, king of Cornwall, murdered sir Boudwine, who was his brother, while Alisaunder was amere child. When Alisaunder was knighted, his mother gave him hisfather's doublet, "bebled with old blood, " and charged him to revengehis father's death. Alisaunder married Alis la Beale Pilgrim, andhad one son called Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of fulfilling hismother's charge, he was himself "falsely and feloniously slain" byking Mark. --Sir T. Malory, _History of King Arthur_, ii. 119-125(1470). 

AL'ISON, the young wife of John, a rich old miserly carpenter. Absolon, a priggish parish clerk, paid her attention, but she herselfloved a poor scholar named Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house. Fair she was, and her body lithe as a weasel. She had a rouguish eye, small eyebrows, was "long as a mast and upright as a bolt, " more"pleasant to look on than a flowering pear tree, " and her skin "wassofter than the wool of a wether. "--Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale, "_Canterbury Tales_, (1388). 

_Al'ison_, in sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_, is an old domestic in theservice of the earl of Leicester at Cumnor Place. 

AL'KEN, an old shepherd, who instructs Robin Hood's men how to find awitch, and how she is to be hunted. --Ben Jonson, _The Sad Shepherd_(1637). 

ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL, a comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The heroand heroine are Bertram of Rousillon, and Hel'ena a physician'sdaughter, who are married by the command of the king of France, butpart because Bertram thought the lady not sufficiently well-born forhim. Ultimately, however, all ends well. --(See HELENA. )

The story of this play is from Painter's _Gilletta of Narbon_. 

ALL THE TALENTS Administration, formed by lord Grenville, in 1806, onthe death of William Pitt. The members were lord Grenville, the earlFitzwilliam, viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, earl Spencer, William Windham, lord Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, lordAuckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, Richard Fitzpatrick, and lordEllenborough. It was dissolved in 1807. 

 On "all the talents" vent your venal spleen. 

Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_. 

ALLAN, lord of Ravenswood, a decayed Scotch nobleman. --Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

_Al'lan (Mrs. )_, colonel Mannering's housekeeper at Woodburne. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

_Al'lan_ [Breck Cameron], the sergeant sent to arrest Hamish BeanMcTavish, by whom he is shot. Sir W. Scott, _The Highland Widow_(time, George II. ). 

ALLAN-A-DALE, one of Robin Hood's men, introduced by sir W. Scott in_Ivanhoe_. (See ALLIN-A-DALE. )

ALLAN QUARTERMAIN, hunter and traveller whose adventures are recordedin _She, King Solomon's Mines_, and _Allan Quartermain_, by W. RiderHaggard (1886-1891). 

ALLE'GRE (3 _syl_. ), the faithful servant of Philip Chabot. WhenChabot was accused of treason, Allegre was put to the rack to make himconfess something to his master's damage, but the brave fellow wastrue as steel, and it was afterwards shown that the accusation had nofoundation but jealousy. --G. Chapman and J. Shirley, _The Tragedy ofPhilip Chabot_. 

ALLEN (_Ralph_), the friend of Pope, and benefactor of Fielding. 

 Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame, Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. 

Pope. 

_Allen (Long)_, a soldier in the "guards" of king Richard I. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_. 

_Allen (Major)_, an officer in the duke of Monmouth's army. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

ALL-FAIR, a princess, who was saved from the two lions (which guardedthe Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on condition that she wouldbecome his wife. On her return home she hoped to evade this promiseby marrying the brave king of the Gold Mines, but on the wedding dayYellow Dwarf carried her off on a Spanish cat, and confined her inSteel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to her rescue with a magic sword, but in his joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, and was stabbedto the heart with it by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on the body ofher lover, died of a broken heart. The syren changed the dead loversinto two palm trees. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The YellowDwarf, " 1682). ALLIN-A-DALE or ALLEN-A-DALE, of Nottinghamshire, was to be married to a lady who returned his love, but her parentscompelled her to forego young Allin for an old knight of wealth. Allintold his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold forester, in the disguise ofa harper, went to the church where the wedding ceremony was to takeplace. When the wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood exclaimed, "Thisis no fit match; the bride shall be married only to the man of herchoice. " Then, sounding his horn, Allin-a-Dale with four and twentybowmen entered the church. The bishop refused to marry the woman toAllin till the banns had been asked three times, whereupon Robinpulled off the bishop's gown, and invested Little John in it, whoasked the banns seven times, and performed the ceremony. --_Robin Hoodand Allin-a-Dale_ (a ballad). 

ALL'IT. Captain of Nebuchadrezzar's guards in _The Master of theMagicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. He isflattered and content to be the queen's favorite until he meetsLalitha, a Jewish damsel. He braves death to save her from runawayhorses attached to a chariot, is captivated by her beauty, and forgetshis royal mistress in an honorable love (1890). 

ALLNUT (_Noll_), landlord of the Swan, Lambythe Ferry (1625). 

_Grace Allnut_, his wife. 

_Oliver Allnut_, the landlord's son. --Sterling, _John Felton_ (1852). 

ALLWORTH (_Lady_), stepmother to Tom Allworth. Sir Giles Overreachthought she would marry his nephew Wellborn, but she married lordLovel. 

_Tom Allworth_, stepson of lady Allworth, in love with MargaretOverreach, whom he marries. --Massinger, _A New Way to pay Old Debts_(1625). 

ALL'WORTHY, in Fielding's _Tom Jones_, a man of sturdy rectitude, large charity, infinite modesty, independent spirit, and untiringphilanthropy, with an utter disregard of money or fame. Fielding'sfriend, Ralph Allen, was the academy figure of this character. 

ALMA (_the human soul_) queen of a Castle, which for seven years wasbeset by a rabble rout. Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by Almaover this castle, which though not named is intended to represent thehuman body. --Spenser, _The Faërie Queene_, ii. 9 (1590). 

ALMANSOR ("_the invincible_"), a title assumed by several Mussulmanprinces, as by the second caliph of the Abbasside dynasty, named AbouGiafar Abdallah (_the invincible_, or _al mansor_). Also by thefamous captain of the Moors in Spain, named Mohammed. In Africa, Yacoubal-Modjahed was entitled "_al mansor_, " a royal name of dignitygiven to the kings of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers. 

 The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus, Marocco and Algiers. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, xi. 403 (1665). 

ALMANZOR, the caliph, wishing to found a city in a certain spot, wastold by a hermit named Bag dad that a man called Moclas was destinedto be its founder. "I am that man, " said the caliph, and he then toldthe hermit how in his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and pawned it, whereupon his nurse ever after called him "Moclas" (_thief_). Almanzor founded the city, and called it Bag dad, the name of thehermit. --Marigny. 

_Alman'zor_, in Dryden's tragedy of _The Conquest of Grana'da_. 

_Alman'zor_, lackey of Madelon and her cousin Cathos, the affectedfine ladies in Molière's comedy of _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659). 

ALMAVI'VA, (_Count_), in _The Marriage of Figaro_ and _The Barberof Seville_ by Beaumarchais. _The Follies of a Day_ by T. Holcroft(1745-1809) is borrowed from Beaumarchais. 

ALME'RIA, daughter of Manuel king of Grana'da. While captive ofValentia, prince Alphonso fell in love with her, and being compelledto fight, married her; but on the very day of espousal the ship inwhich they were sailing was wrecked, and each thought the other hadperished. Both, however, were saved, and met unexpectedly on the coastof Granada, to which Alphonso was brought as a captive. Here Alphonso, under the assumed name of Osmyn, was imprisoned, but made his escape, and at the head of an army invaded Granada, found Manuel dead, and"the mournful bride" became converted into the joyful wife. --W. Congreve, _The Mourning Bride_ (1697). 

ALMES'BURY (3 _syl_. ). It was in a sanctuary of Almesbury that queenGuenever took refuge, after her adulterous passion for sir Lancelotwas made known to the king. Here she died, but her body was buried atGlastonbury. 

ALMEY'DA, the Portuguese governor of India. In his engagement withthe united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he had his legs and thighsshattered by chain-shot, but instead of retreating to the back, he hadhimself bound to the shipmast, where he "waved his sword to cheer onthe combatants, " till he died from loss of blood. 

Similar stories are told of admiral Benbow, Cynaegeros brother of thepoet Æschylos, Jaafer who carried the sacred banner of "the prophet"in the battle of Muta, and of some others. 

 Whirled by the cannons' rage, in shivers torn, His thighs far scattered o'er the waves are borne; Bound to the mast the godlike hero stands, Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful hands: Tho' winds and seas their wonted aid deny, To yield he knows not; but he knows to die. Camoens, _Lusiad_, x. (1569). 

ALMIRODS (_The_), a rebellions people, who refused to submit to princePantag'ruel after his subjugation of Anarchus king of the Dipsodes (2_syl_). It was while Pantagruel was marching against these rebels thata tremendous shower of rain fell, and the prince, putting out histongue "halfway, " sheltered his whole army. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32 (1533). 

ALNAS'CHAR, the dreamer, the "barber's fifth brother. " He invested allhis money in a basket of glassware, on which he was to gain so much, and then to invest again and again, till he grew so rich that he wouldmarry the vizier's daughter and live in grandeur; but being angry withhis supposed wife, he gave a kick with his foot and smashed all theware which had given birth to his dream of wealth. --_The ArabianNights' Entertainments_. 

_The Alnaschar of Modern Literature_, S. T. Coleridge, so calledbecause he was constantly planning magnificent literary enterpriseswhich he never carried out (1772-1834). 

ALOA'DIN (4 _syl_. ), a sorcerer, who made for himself a palace andgarden in Arabia called "The Earthly Paradise. " Thalaba slew him witha club, and the scene of enchantment disappeared. --Southey, _Thalabathe Destroyer_, vii. (1797). 

ALON'SO, king of Naples, father of Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian, in _The Tempest_, by Shakespeare (1609). 

ALONZO _the brave_, the name of a ballad by M. G. Lewis. The fairImogene was betrothed to Alonzo, but during his absence in the warsbecame the bride of another. At the wedding-feast Alonzo's ghost satbeside the bride, and, after rebuking her for her infidelity, carriedher off to the grave. 

 Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight; The maid was the fair Imogene. M. G. Lewis. 

_Alon'zo_, a Portuguese gentleman, the sworn enemy of the vaingloriousDuarte (3 _syl_. ), in the drama called _The Custom of the Country_, byBeaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

_Alonzo_, the husband of Cora. He is a brave Peruvian knight, thefriend of Rolla, and beloved by king Atali'ba. Alonzo, being takenprisoner of war, is set at liberty by Rolla, who changes clothes withhim. At the end he fights with Pizarro and kills him. --Sheridan, _Pizarro_ (altered from Kotzebue). 

_Alonzo (Don)_, "the conqueror of Afric, " friend of don Carlos, andhusband of Leonora. Don Carlos had been betrothed to Leonora, but outof friendship resigned her to the conqueror. Zanga, the Moor, outof revenge, persuaded Alonzo that his wife and don Carlos stillentertained for each other their former love, and out of jealousyAlonzo has his friend put to death, while Leonora makes away withherself. Zanga now informs Alonzo that his jealousy was groundless, and mad with grief he kills himself. --Edw. Young, _The Revenge_(1721). 

ALONZO FERNANDEZ DE AVELLANEDA, author of a spurious _Don Quixote_, who makes a third sally. This was published during the lifetime ofCervantes, and caused him great annoyance. 

ALP, a Venetian renegade, who was commander of the Turkish army inthe siege of Corinth. He loved Francesca, daughter of old Minotti, governor of Corinth, but she refused to marry a renegade andapostate. Alp was shot in the siege, and Francesca died of a brokenheart. --Byron, _Siege of Corinth_. 

ALPHE'US (3 _syl_. ), a magician and prophet in the army ofCharlemagne, slain in sleep by Clorida'no. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_(1516). 

_Alphe'us_ (3 _syl_. ), of classic story, being passionately in lovewith Arethu'sa, pursued her, but she fled from him in a fright, andwas changed by Diana into a fountain, which bears her name. 

ALPHON'SO, an irascible old lord in _The Pilgrim_, a comedy byBeaumont and Fletcher (1621). 

_Alphon'so_, king of Naples, deposed by his brother Frederick. Sora'notried to poison him, but did not succeed. Ultimately he recovered hiscrown, and Frederick and Sorano were sent to a monastery for the restof their lives. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624). 

_Alphonso_, son of count Pedro of Cantabria, afterwards king of Spain. He was plighted to Hermesind, daughter of lord Pelayo. 

 The young Alphonso was in truth an heir Of nature's largest patrimony; rich In form and feature, growing strength of limb, A gentle heart, a soul affectionate, A joyous spirit, filled with generous thoughts, And genius heightening and ennobling all. Southey, _Roderick, etc. _, viii. (1814). 

ALQUI'FE (3 _syl_. ), a famous enchanter in _Amadis of Gaul_, by Vascode Lobeira, of Oporto, who died 1403. 

La Noue denounces such beneficent enchanters as Alquife and Urganda, because they serve "as a vindication of those who traffic with thepowers of darkness. "--Francis de la Noue, _Discourses_, 87 (1587). 

ALRINACH, the demon who causes shipwrecks, and presides over stormsand earthquakes. When visible it is always in the form and dress of awoman. --_Eastern Mythology_. 

ALSCRIP (_Miss_), "the heiress, " a vulgar _parvenue_, affected, conceited, ill-natured, and ignorant. Having had a fortune left her, she assumes the airs of a woman of fashion, and exhibits the follieswithout possessing the merits of the upper ten. 

_Mr. Alscrip_, the vulgar father of "the heiress, " who finds thegrandeur of sudden wealth a great bore, and in his new mansion, Berkeley Square, sighs for the snug comforts he once enjoyed asscrivener in Furnival's Inn. --General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1781). 

AL'TAMONT, a young Genoese lord, who marries Calista, daughter of lordSciol'to (3 _syl_). On his wedding day he discovers that his bride hasbeen seduced by Lotha'rio, and a duel ensues, in which Lothario iskilled, whereupon Calista stabs herself. --N. Rowe, _The Fair Penitent_(1703). (Rowe makes Sciolto three syllables always. )

ALTAMO'RUS, king of Samarcand', who joined the Egyptian armamentagainst the crusaders. He surrendered himself to Godfrey (bk. Xx. ). --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ALTASCAR (_Señor_). A courtly old Spaniard in Bret Harte's Notes by_Flood and Field_. He is dispossessed of his corral in the SacramentoValley by a party of government surveyors, who have come to correctboundaries (1878). 

ALTEMERA. Typical far-southern girl, with a lovely face, creamy skin, and a "lazy sweet voice, " who takes the leading part in Annie Eliot's_An Hour's Promise_ (1888). 

ALTHAEA'S BRAND. The Fates told Althaea that her son Melea'gerwould live just as long as a log of wood then on the fire remainedunconsumed. Althaea contrived to keep the log unconsumed for manyyears, but when her son killed her two brothers, she threw it angrilyinto the fire, where it was quickly consumed, and Meleager expired atthe same time. --Ovid, _Metaph_. Viii. 4. 

 The fatal brand Althaea burned. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. Act i. Sc. 1 (1591). 

ALTHE'A (_The divine_), of Richard Lovelace, was Lucy Saeheverell, also called by the poet, _Lucasta_. 

 When love with unconfinèd wings Hovers within my gates, And my divine Althea brings To whisper at my grates. 

(The "grates" here referred to were those of a prison in whichLovelace was confined by the Long Parliament, for his petition fromKent in favor of the king. )

ALTHEETAR, one of the seven bridegrooms of Lopluël, condemned to diesuccessively, by a malignant spirit. He is young, beautiful, andendowed with rare gifts of soul and mind. While singing to her, hislyre falls from his hand and he dies in her arms, her loosened hairfalling about him as a shroud. 

 "So calm, so fair, He rested on the purple, tapestried floor, It seemed an angel lay reposing there. "

_Lopluel, or the Bride of Seven_, by Maria del Occidente (Maria GowenBrooks) (1833). 

ALTISIDO'RA, one of the duchess's servants, who pretends to be in lovewith don Quixote, and serenades him. The don sings his response thathe has no other love than what he gives to his Dulcin'ea, and while heis still singing he is assailed by a string of cats, let into the roomby a rope. As the knight is leaving the mansion, Altisidora accuseshim of having stolen her garters, but when the knight denies thecharge, the damsel protests that she said so in her distraction, forher garters were not stolen. "I am like the man looking for his muleat the time he was astride its back. "--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Iii. 9, etc. ; iv. 5 (1615). 

AL'TON (_Miss_), _alias_ Miss CLIFFORD, a sweet, modest young lady, the companion of Miss Alscrip, "the heiress, " a vulgar, conceited_parvenue_. Lord Gayville is expected to marry "the heiress, " butdetests her, and loves Miss Alton, her humble companion. It turns outthat £2000 a year of "the heiress's" fortune belongs to Mr. Clifford(Miss Alton's brother), and is by him settled on his sister. SirClement Flint destroys this bond, whereby the money returns toClifford, who marries lady Emily Gayville, and sir Clement settles thesame on his nephew, lord Gayville, who marries Miss Alton. --GeneralBurgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1781). 

AL'TON LOCKE, tailor and poet, a novel by the Rev. Charles Kingsley(1850). This novel won for the author the title of "The ChartistClergyman. "

ALVIRA ROBERTS, hired "girl" and faithful retainer of the Fairchildfamily. For many years she and Milton Squires, the hired man, have"kept company. " In his prosperity he deserts her. When he is convictedof murder, she kisses him. "Ef 'twas the last thing I ever done inmy life, I'd dew it. We was--engaged--once't on a time!"--_Seth'sBrother's Wife_, by Harold Frederic (1886). 

ALZIR'DO, king of Trem'izen, in Africa, overthrown by Orlando inhis march to join the allied army of Ag'ramant. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

AM'ADIS OF GAUL, a love-child of king Per'ion and the princessElize'na. He is the hero of a famous prose romance of chivalry, thefirst four books of which are attributed to Lobeira, of Portugal (died1403). These books were translated into Spanish in 1460 by Montal'vo, who added the fifth book. The five were rendered into French byHerberay, who increased the series to twenty-four books. Lastly, Gilbert Saunier added seven more volumes, and called the entire series_Le Roman des Romans_. 

Whether Amadis was French or British is disputed. Some maintainthat "Gaul" means _Wales_, not France; that Elizena was princess of_Brittany_ (Bretagne), and that Perion was king of Gaul (_Wales_), notGaul _(France). _

 Amadis de Gaul was a tall man, of a fair complexion, his aspect something between mild and austere, and had a handsome black beard. He was a person of very few words, was not easily provoked, and was soon appeased. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. I. 1 (1615). 

As Arthur is the central figure of British romance, Charlemagne ofFrench, and Diderick of German, so Amadis is the central figure ofSpanish and Portuguese romance; but there is this difference--the taleof Amadis is a connected whole, terminating with his marriage withOria'na, the intervening parts being only the obstacles he encounteredand overcame in obtaining this consummation. In the Arthurianromances, and those of the Charlemagne series, we have a number ofadventures of different heroes, but there is no unity of purpose; eachset of adventures is complete in itself. 

AMA'DIS OF GREECE, a supplemental part of _Amadis of Gaul_, byFelicia'no de Silva. There are also several other Amadises--as Amadisof Colchis, Amadis of Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay, but all these arevery inferior to the original _Amadis of Gaul_. 

The ancient fables, whose relickes doe yet remain, namely, _Lancelotof the Lake, Pierceforest, Tristram, Giron the Courteous_, etc. , doebeare witnesse of this odde vanitie. Herewith were men fed for thespace of 500 yeeres, untill our language growing more polished, andour minds more ticklish, they were driven to invent some noveltieswherewith to delight us. Thus came ye bookes of Amadis into lightamong us in this last age. --Francis de la Noue, _Discourses_, 87(1587). 

AMAI'MON (3 _syl_. ), one of the principal devils. Asmode'us is one ofhis lieutenants. Shakespeare twice refers to him, in 1 _Henry IV. _ actii. Sc. 4, and in _The Merry Wives of Windsor_, act ii. Sc. 2. 

AMAL'AHTA, son of Erill'yab the deposed queen of the Hoamen (2_syl_. ), an Indian tribe settled on the south of the Missouri. He isdescribed as a brutal savage, wily, deceitful, and cruel. Amalahtawished to marry the princess Goer'vyl, Madoc's sister, and even seizedher by force, but was killed in his flight. --Southey, _Madoc_, ii. 16(1805). 

AMALTHAE'A, the sibyl who offered to sell to Tarquin nine booksof prophetic oracles. When the king refused to give her the pricedemanded, she went away, burnt three of them, and returning to theking, demanded the same price for the remaining six. Again the kingdeclined the purchase. The sibyl, after burning three more of thevolumes, demanded the original sum for the remaining three. Tarquinpaid the money, and Amalthaea was never more seen. Aulus Gellius saysthat Amalthaea burnt the books in the king's presence. Pliny affirmsthat the original number of volumes was only three, two of which thesibyl burnt, and the third was purchased by king Tarquin. 

AMALTHE'A, a mistress of Ammon and mother of Bacchus. Ammon hidhis mistress in the island Nysa (in Africa), in order to elude thevigilance and jealousy of his wife Rhea. This account (given byDiodorus Sic'ulus, bk. Iii. , and by sir Walter Raleigh in his _Historyof the World_, I. Vi. 5) differs from the ordinary story, which makesSem'elê the mother of Bacchus, and Rhea his nurse. (Ammon is Ham orCham, the son of Noah, founder of the African race. )

 ... That Nyseian ile, Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham (Whom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan Jove) Hid Amalthea and her florid son, Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 275 (1665). 

AMANDA, wife of Loveless. Lord Foppington pays her amorous attentions, but she utterly despises the conceited coxcomb, and treats him withcontumely. Colonel Townly, in order to pique his lady-love, alsopays attention to Loveless's wife, but she repels his advances withindignation, and Loveless, who overhears her, conscious of his ownshortcomings, resolves to reform his ways, and, "forsaking allother, " to remain true to Amanda, "so long as they both shouldlive. "--Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_. 

_Aman'da_, in Thomson's _Seasons_, is meant for Miss Young, whomarried admiral Campbell. 

 And thou, Amanda, come, pride of my song! Formed by the Graces, loveliness itself. 

"Spring, " 480, 481 (1728). 

_Amanda_, the victim of Peregrine Pickle's seduction, in Smollett'snovel of _Peregrine Pickle_ (1751). 

_Amanda_, worldly woman in Julia Ward Howe's poem, _Amanda'sInventory_, who sums up her wealth and honors, and is forced toconclude the list with death (1866). 

AMARAN'TA, wife of Bar'tolus, the covetous lawyer. She was wantonlyloved by Leandro, a Spanish gentleman. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _TheSpanish Curate_ (1622). 

AM'ARANTH (_Lady_), in _Wild Oats_, by John O'Keefe, a famous part ofMrs. Pope (1740-1797). 

AMARIL'LIS, a shepherdess in love with Per'igot (_t_ sounded), butPerigot loved Am'oret. In order to break off this affection, Amarillisinduced "the sullen shepherd" to dip her in "the magic well, " wherebyshe became transformed into the perfect resemblance of her rival, andsoon effectually disgusted Perigot with her bold and wanton conduct. When afterwards he met the true Amoret, he repulsed her, and evenwounded her with intent to kill. Ultimately, the trick was discoveredby Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess, " and Perigot was married to histrue love. --John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherd_ (1610). 

AMARYLLIS, in Spenser's pastoral _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, wasthe countess of Derby. Her name was Alice, and she was the youngest ofthe six daughters of sir John Spenser, of Althorpe, ancestor of thenoble houses of Spenser and Marlborough. After the death of theearl, the widow married sir Thomas Egerton, keeper of the Great Seal(afterwards baron of Ellesmere and viscount Brackley). It was for thisvery lady, during her widowhood, that Milton wrote his _Ar'cades_ (3_syl_. ). 

 No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, The honour of the noble family Of which I meanest boast myself to be ... Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis: Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three, The next to her is bountiful Charyllis, But th' youngest is the highest in degree. 

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1594). 

AM'ASISI, _Amosis_, or _Aah'mes_ (3 _syl_. ), founder of the eighteenthEgyptian dynasty (B. C. 1610). Lord Brooke attributes to him one of thepyramids. The three chief pyramids are usually ascribed to Suphis (orCheops), Sen-Suphis (or Cephrenês), and Mencherês, all of the fourthdynasty. 

 Amasis and Cheops how can time forgive. Who in their useless pyramids would live?

Lord Brooke, _Peace_. 

AMATEUR (_An_), Pierce Egan the younger published under this pseudonymhis _Real Life in London_, or _The Rambles and Adventures of RobTally-ho, Esq. , and his Cousin, the Hon. Tom Dashall, through theMetropolis_ (1821-2). 

AMAUROTS (_The_), a people whose kingdom was invaded by the Dipsodes(2 _syl_. ), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their defence, utterly routedthe invaders. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533). 

AMA'VIA, the personification of Intemperance in grief. Hearing thather husband, sir Mordant, had been enticed to the Bower of Bliss bythe enchantress Acra'sia, she went in quest of him, and found him sochanged in mind and body she could scarcely recognize him; however, she managed by tact to bring him away, but he died on the road, andAmavia stabbed herself from excessive grief. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 1 (1590). 

AMAZO'NA, a fairy, who freed a certain country from the Ogri and theBlue Centaur. When she sounded her trumpet, the sick were recoveredand became both young and strong. She gave the princess Carpil'lona abunch of gilly-flowers, which enabled her to pass unrecognized beforethose who knew her well. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("ThePrincess Carpillona, " 1682). 

AMAZONS, a fabled race of women-warriors. It was said that in order touse the bow, they cut off one of their breasts. 

AMBER, said to be a concretion of birds' tears, but the birds were thesisters of Melea'ger, called Meleag'ridês, who never ceased weepingfor their dead brother. --Pliny, _Natural History_, xxxvii. 2, 11. 

 Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber. That ever the sorrowing sea-birds have wept. 

T. Moore, _Fire-Worshippers_. 

AM'BROSE (2 _syl_. ), a sharper, who assumed in the presence of GilBlas the character of a devotee. He was in league with a fellow whoassumed the name of don Raphael, and a young woman who called herselfCamilla, cousin of donna Mencia. These three sharpers allure Gil Blasto a house which Camilla says is hers, fleece him of his ring, hisportmanteau, and his money, decamp, and leave him to find out that thehouse is only a hired lodging. --Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. 15, 16 (1715). 

(This incident is borrowed from Espinel's romance entitled _Vida deEscudero, marcos de Obregon_, 1618. )

_Am'brose_ (2 _syl_. ), a male domestic servant waiting on MissSeraphine and Miss Angelica Arthuret. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_(time, George II. ). 

_Ambrose (Brother)_, a monk who attended the prior Aymer, of JorvaulxAbbey. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Am'brosius (Father)_, abbot of Kennaquhair, is Edward Glendinning, brother of sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight of Avenel). He appearsat Kinross, disguised as a nobleman's retainer. --Sir W. Scott, _TheAbbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

AME'LIA, heroine of novel of same name. Young daughter of a Germaninn-keeper, who rises to a high position in society, through nativemerit, graces of mind and person. --Eliza Leslie (1843). 

_Ame'lia_, a model of conjugal affection, in Fielding's novel socalled. It is said that the character was modelled from his ownwife. Dr. Johnson read this novel from beginning to end without oncestopping. 

_Amelia_ is perhaps the only book of which, being printed off betimesone morning, a new edition was called for before night. The characterof Amelia is the most pleasing heroine of all the romances. --Dr. Johnson. 

_Ame'lia_, in Thomson's _Seasons_, a beautiful, innocent young woman, overtaken by a storm while walking with her troth-plight lover, Cel'adon, "with equal virtue formed, and equal grace. Hers the mildlustre of the blooming morn, and his the radiance of the risen day. "Amelia grew frightened, but Celadon said, "'Tis safety to be nearthee, sure;" when a flash of lightning struck her dead in hisarms. --"Summer" (1727). 

_Amelia_, in Schiller's tragedy of _The Robbers_. 

 Or they will learn how generous worth sublimes The robber Moor, and pleads for all his crimes; How poor Amelia kissed with many a tear His hand, blood-stained, but ever, ever dear. 

Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799). 

_Amelia Bailey_, ambitious woman with "literary tastes, " who inpursuit of a suitable sphere, marries a rich Californian, and "shineswith the diamonds her husband has bought, and makes a noise, but it isthe blare of vulgar ostentation, "--William Henry Rideing, _A LittleUpstart_ (1885). 

AMELOT (2 _syl_. ), the page of sir Damian de Lacy. --Sir W. Scott, _TheBetrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

AM'GIAD, son of Camaralzaman and Badoura, and half-brother of Assad(son of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). Each of the two mothersconceived a base passion for the other's son, and when the youngprinces revolted at their advances, accused them to their father ofdesigns upon their honor. Camaralzaman ordered his emir Giondar to putthem both to death, but as the young men had saved him from a lion helaid no hand on them, but told them not to return to their father'sdominions. They wandered on for a time, and then parted, but bothreached the same place, which was a city of the Magi. Here, by astrange adventure Amgiad was made vizier, while Assad was thrown intoa dungeon, where he was designed as a sacrifice to the fire-god. Bosta'na, a daughter of the old man who imprisoned Assad, releasedhim, and Amgiad out of gratitude made her his wife. After which, theking, who was greatly advanced in years, appointed him his successor, and Amgiad used his best efforts to abolish the worship of fire andestablish "the true faith. "--_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad"). 

AM'YAS, a squire of low degree, beloved by Aemylia. They agreedto meet at a given spot, but on their way thither both were takencaptives--Amyas by Corflambo, and Aemylia by a man monster. Aemyliawas released by Belphoebê (3 _syl_. ), who slew "the caitiff;" andAmyas by prince Arthur, who slew Corflambo. The two lovers were thenbrought together by the prince "in peace and joyous blis. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 7, 9 (1596). 

AMI'DAS, the younger brother of Brac'idas, sons of Mile'sio; theformer in love with the dowerless Lucy, and the latter with thewealthy Philtra. The two brothers had each an island of equal size andvalue left them by their father, but the sea daily added to the islandof the younger brother, and encroached on that belonging to Bracidas. When Philtra saw that the property of Amidas was daily increasing, she forsook the elder brother and married the wealthier; while Lucy, seeing herself jilted, threw herself into the sea. A floating chestattracted her attention, she clung to it, and was drifted to thewasted island. It was found to contain great riches, and Lucy gave itscontents and herself to Bracidas. Amidas claimed the chest as his ownby right, and the question in dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal. The wise arbiter decided, that whereas Armidas claimed as his own allthe additions given to his island by the sea, Lucy might claim as herown the chest, because the sea had given it to her. --Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, v. 4 (1596). 

AM'IEL, in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for sir EdwardSeymour, Speaker of the House of Commons. 

 Who can Amiel's praise refuse? Of ancient race by birth, but nobler yet In his own worth, and without title great. The sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled, Their reason guided, and their passion cooled. 

Part i. 

A'MIN (_Prince_), son of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid; he marriedAm'inê, sister of Zobeide (3 _syl_. ), the caliph's wife. --_ArabianNights' Entertainments_ ("The History of Amine"). 

_Am'ina_, an orphan, who walked in her sleep. She was betrothed toElvi'no, a rich farmer, but being found the night before the weddingin the chamber of count Rodolpho, Elvino rightly refused to marry her. The count remonstrated with the young farmer, and while they weretalking, the orphan was seen to get out of a window and walk alongthe narrow edge of a mill-roof while the great wheel was rapidlyrevolving; she then crossed a crazy old bridge, and came into the samechamber. Here she awoke, and, seeing Elvino, threw her arms aroundhim so lovingly, that all his doubts vanished, and he marriedher. --Bellini, _La Sonnambula_ (an opera, 1831). 

AM'INE (3 _syl_. ), half-sister of Zobei'dè (3 _syl_. ), and wife ofAmin, the caliph's son. One day she went to purchase a robe, and theseller told her he would charge nothing if she would suffer him tokiss her cheek. Instead of kissing he bit it, and Amine, being askedby her husband how she came by the wound, so shuffled in her answersthat he commanded her to be put to death, a sentence he afterwardscommuted to scourging. One day she and her sister told the storiesof their lives to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, when Aminbecame reconciled to his wife, and the caliph married herhalf-sister. --_Arabian Nights'Entertainments_ ("History of Zobeide andHistory of Amine"). 

AM'INE (3 _syl_. ) or AM'INES (3 _syl_. ), the beautiful wife of SidiNouman. Instead of eating her rice with a spoon, she used a bodkin forthe purpose, and carried it to her mouth in infinitesimal portions. This went on for some time, till Sidi Nouman determined to ascertainon what his wife really fed, and to his horror discovered that she wasa ghoul, who went stealthily by night to the cemetery, and feasted onthe freshly-buried dead. --_Arabian Nights_ ("History of Sidi Nouman"). 

 One of the Aminês' sort, who pick up their grains of food with a bodkin. --O. W. Holmes, _Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table_. 

AMIN'TOR, a young nobleman, the troth-plight husband of Aspatia, butby the king's command he marries Evad'ne (3 _syl_. ). This is the greatevent of the tragedy of which Amintor is the hero. The sad story ofEvadne, the heroine, gives name to the play. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid's Tragedy_ (1610). 

(Till the reign of Charles II. , the kings of England claimed thefeudal right of disposing in marriage any one who owed them feudalallegiance. In _All's Well that Ends Well_, Shakespeare makes the kingof France exercise a similar right, when he commands Bertram, countof Rousillon, to marry against his will Hel'ena, the physician'sdaughter. )

AMIS THE PRIEST, the hero of a comic German epic of the 13th century, represented as an Englishman, a man of great wit and humor, butignorant and hypocritical. His popularity excites the envy of thesuperior clergy, who seek to depose him from the priesthood by makingpublic exposition of his ignorance, but by his quickness at reparteehe always manages to turn the laugh against them. --Ascribed toStricker of Austria. 

AM'LET (_Richard_), the gamester in Vanbrugh's _Confederacy_ (1695). He is usually called "Dick. "

I saw Miss Pope for the second time, in the year 1790, in thecharacter of "Flippanta, " John Palmer being "Dick Amlet, " and Mrs. Jordan "Corinna. "--James Smith. 

_Mrs. Amlet_, a rich, vulgar tradeswoman, mother of _Dick_, of whomshe is very proud, although she calls him a "sad scapegrace, " andswears "he will be hanged. " At last she settles on him £10, 000, and hemarries Corinna, daughter of Gripe the rich scrivener. 

AMMO'NIAN HORN (_The_), the cornucopia. Ammon king of Lib'ya gave tohis mistress Amalthe'a (mother of Bacchus) a tract of land resemblinga ram's horn in shape, and hence called the "_Ammonian_ horn" (fromthe giver), the "_Amalthe'an_ horn" (from the receiver), and the"_Hesperian_ horn" (from its locality). Amalthea also personifiesfertility. (Ammon is Ham, son of Noah, founder of the African race. )(See AMALTHEA. )

 [Here] Amalthea pours, Well pleased, the wealth of that Ammonian horn, Her dower. Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_. 

AM'MON'S SON. Alexander the Great called himself the son of the godAmmon, but others call him the son of Philip of Macedon. 

 Of food I think with Philip's son, or rather Ammon's (ill pleased with one world and one father). Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 31. 

(Alluding to the tale that when Alexander had conquered the wholeworld, he wept that there was no other world to conquer. )

A'MON'S SON is Rinaldo, eldest son of Amon or Aymon marquis d'Este, and nephew of Charlemagne. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

AM'ORET, a modest, faithful shepherdess, who plighted her troth toPer'igot (_t_ sounded) at the "Virtuous Well. " The wanton shepherdessAmarillis, having by enchantment assumed her appearance and dress, sodisgusted Perigot with her bold ways, that he lost his love for thetrue Amoret, repulsed her with indignation, and tried to kill her. Thedeception was revealed by Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess, " and thelovers being reconciled, were happily married. --John Fletcher, _TheFaithful Shepherdess_ (before 1611). 

AMORET'TA or AM'ORET, twin-born with Belphoebê (3 _syl_. ), theirmother being Chrysog'onê (4 _syl_. ). While the mother and her twobabes were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebê) to bring up, and Venusthe other. Venus committed Amoretta to the charge of Psychê (2_syl_. ), and Psychê tended her as lovingly as she tended her owndaughter Pleasure, "to whom she became the companion. " When grown tomarriageable estate, Amoretta was brought to Fairyland, and woundedmany a heart, but gave her own only to sir Scudamore (bk. Iii. 6). Being seized by Bu'sirane, an enchanter, she was kept in duranceby him because she would not "her true love deny;" but Britomartdelivered her and bound the enchanter (bk. Iii. 11, 12), after whichshe became the tender, loving wife of sir Scudamore. 

_Amoret_ is the type of female loveliness and wifely affection, soft, warm, chaste, gentle, and ardent; not sensual nor yet platonic, butthat living, breathing, warm-hearted love which fits woman for thefond mother and faithful wife. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590). 

AMOUR'Y (_Sir Giles_), the Grand-Master of the Knights Templars, whoconspires with the marquis of Montserrat against Richard I. Saladincuts off the Templar's head while in the act of drinking. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

AM'PHIBAL (_St. _), confessor of St. Alban of Verulam. When Maximia'nusHercu'lius, general of Diocle'tian's army in Britain, pulled down theChristian churches, burnt the Holy Scriptures, and put to death theChristians with unflagging zeal, Alban hid his confessor, and offeredto die for him. 

 A thousand other saints whom Amphibal had taught ... Were slain where Lichfield is, whose name doth rightly sound (There of those Christians slain), "Dead-field" or burying-ground. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

AMPHI'ON is said to have built Thebes by the music of his lute. Tennyson has a poem called _Amphion_, a skit and rhyming _jeud'esprit_. 

 Amphion there the loud creating lyre Strikes, and behold a sudden Thebes aspire. 

Pope, _Temple of Fame_. 

AMPHIS-BAENA, a reptile which could go head foremost either way, because it had a head at each extremity. Milton uses the word in_Paradise Lost_, x. 524. (Greek, _ampi baino_, "I go both ways. ")

 The amphis-baena doubly armed appears, At either end a threatening head she rears. 

Rowe, _Pharsalia_, ix. 696, etc. (by Lucan). 

AMPHITRYON, a Theban general, husband of Alcme'nê (3 _syl. _). WhileAmphitryon was absent at war with Pter'elas, king of the Tel'eboans, Jupiter assumed his form, and visited Alcmenê, who in due time becamethe mother of Her'culês. Next day Amphitryon returned, having slainPterelas, and Alcmenê was surprised to see him so soon again. Here agreat entanglement arose, Alcmenê telling her husband he visited herlast night, and showing him the ring he gave her, and Amphitryondeclaring he was with the army. This confusion is still furtherincreased by his slave Sos'ia, who went to take to Alcmenê the news ofvictory, but was stopped at the door of the house by Mercury, who hadassumed for the nonce Sosia's form, and the slave could not make outwhether he was himself or not. This plot has been made a comedy byPlautus, Molière, and Dryden. 

 The scenes which Plautus drew, to-night we show, Touched by Molière, by Dryden taught to glow. 

 _Prologue to Hawksworth's version_. 

As an Amphitryon _chez qui l'on dine_, no one knows better than Ouidàthe uses of a _recherché_ dinner. --E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xix. 

"_Amphitryon_": _Le véritable Amphitryon est l'Amphitryon où l'ondine_ ("The master of the feast is the master of the house"). Whilethe confusion was at its height between the false and true Amphitryon, _Socie_ [Sosia] the slave is requested to decide which was which, andreplied--

 Je ne me trompois pas, messieurs; ce mot termine Toute l'irrésolution; Le véritable Amphitryon Est l'Amphitryon où l'on dine. 

 Molière, _Amphitryon_, iii. 5 (1668). 

 Demosthenes and Cicero Are doubtless stately names to hear, But that of good Amphitryon Sounds far more pleasant to my ear. 

 M. A. Désaugiers (1772-1827). 

AMRAH, the faithful woman-servant of the household of Ben-Hur in LewWallace's novel, _Ben-Hur_. Through her heroic services, Judah, the son, finds the mother and sister from whom he has been so longseparated (1880). 

AM'RI, in _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dryden and Tate, is HeneageFinch, earl of Nottingham and lord chancellor. He is called "TheFather of Equity" (1621-1682). 

 To whom the double blessing did belong, With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 

Part ii. 

AMUN'DEVILLE (_Lord Henry_), one of the "British privy council. " Afterthe sessions of parliament he retired to his country seat, where heentertained a select and numerous party, among which were the duchessof Fitz-Fulke, Aurora Raby, and don Juan, "the Russian envoy. "His wife was lady Adeline. (His character is given in xiv. 70, 71. )--Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. To end. 

AM'URATH III. , sixth emperor of the Turks. He succeeded his father, Selim II. , and reigned 1574-1595. His first act was to invite all hisbrothers to a banquet, and strangle them. Henry IV. Alludes to thiswhen he says--

 This is the English, not the Turkish court; Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds, But Harry, Harry. 

Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV. _ act v. Sc. 2 (1598). 

AMUSEMENTS OF KINGS. The great amusement of _Ardeltas_ of ArabiaPetraea, was currying horses; of _Artaba'nus_ of Persia, wasmole-catching; of _Domitian_ of Rome, was catching flies; of_Ferdinand VII. _, of Spain, was embroidering petticoats; of _LouisXVI. _, clock and lock making; of _George IV. _, the game of patience. 

AMY MARCH, the artist sister in Louisa M. Alcott's _Little Women_(1868). 

AMY WENTWORTH, the high-born but contented wife of the "Brown Vikingof the Fishing-smack, " in John Greenleaf Whittier's poem, _AmyWentworth_. 

 She sings, and smiling, hears her praise, But dreams the while of one Who watches from his sea-blown deck The ice-bergs in the sun. (1860. )

AMYN'TAS, in _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, by Spenser, isFerdinando earl of Derby, who died 1594. 

 Amyntas, flower of shepherd's pride forlorn. He, whilst he lived, was the noblest swain That ever pipèd on an oaten quill. 

Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591). 

AMYN'TOR. (See AMINTOR. )

A'MYS and AMY'LION, the Damon and Pythias of mediaeval romance. --SeeEllis's _Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances_. 

AMYTIS, the Median queen of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Beautiful, passionate, and conscienceless, she condemns an innocentrival to the worst of fates, without a pang of conscience, and dies aviolent death at the hands of one who was once her lover. 

The gardens were well-watered and dripped luxuriantly.... At this timeof the morning, Amytis amused herself alone, or with a few favoredslaves. She dipped through artificial dew and pollen, bloom andfountain, like one of the butterflies that circled above her smallhead, or one of the bright cold lizards that crept about her feet. Shebathed, she ran, she sang, and curled to sleep, and stirred and bathedagain. --_The Master of the Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps andHerbert D. Ward (1890). 

ANACHARSIS [CLOOTZ]. Baron Jean Baptiste Clootz assumed the _prenome_of Anacharsis, from the Scythian so called, who travelled aboutGreece and other countries to gather knowledge and improve his owncountrymen. The baron wished by the name to intimate that his ownobject in life was like that of Anacharsis (1755-1794). 

ANACHRONISMS. (See ERRORS. )

CHAUCER, in his tale of _Troilus_, at the siege of Troy, makesPandarus refer to _Robin Hood_. 

 And to himselfe ful soberly he saied, From hasellwood there jolly Robin plaied. 

Book v. 

GILES FLETCHER, in _Christ's Victory_, pt. Ii. Makes the Tempterseem to be "a good old _hermit_ or _palmer_, travelling to see some_saint_, and _telling his beads!!_"

LODGE, in _The True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla_ (1594), mentions"the razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's steeple, " and introducesFrenchmen who "for forty crowns" undertake to poison the Roman consul. 

MORGLAY makes Dido tell Æneas that she should have been contented witha son, even "if he had been a _cockney dandiprat_" (1582). 

SCHILLER, in his _Piccolomini_, speaks of _lightning conductors_. Thiswas about 150 years before they were invented. 

SHAKESPEAKE, in his _Coriolanus_ (act ii. Sc. 1), makes Menenius referto _Galen_ above 600 years before he was born. 

Cominius alludes to _Roman Plays_, but no such things were known for250 years after the death of Cominius. --_Coriolanus_, act ii. Sc. 2. 

Brutus refers to the "_Marcian Waters_ brought to Rome by Censorinus. "This was not done till 300 years afterwards. 

In _Hamlet_, the prince Hamlet was educated at _Wittemberg School_, which was not founded till 1502; whereas Saxo-Germanicus, from whomShakespeare borrowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet was thirty yearsold when his mother talks of his going back to school (act i. Sc. 2). 

In 1 _Henry IV. _, the carrier complains that "the _turkeys_ in hispannier are quite starved" (act ii. Sc. 5), whereas turkeys came fromAmerica, and the New World was not even discovered for a centuryafter. Again in _Henry V. _, Grower is made to say to Fluellen, "Herecomes Pistol, swelling like a turkey-cock" (act v. Sc. 1). 

In _Julius Cæsar_, Brutus says to Cassius, "Peace, count the clock. "To which Cassius replies, "The clock has stricken three. "

Clocks were not known to the Romans, and striking-clocks were notinvented till some 1400 years after the death of Cæsar. 

VIRGIL places Æneas in the port Velinus, which was made by CuriusDentatus. 

This list, with very little trouble, might be greatly multiplied. Thehotbed of anachronisms is mediaeval romance; there nations, times andplaces, are most recklessly disregarded. This may be instanced by afew examples from Ariosto's great poem, _Orlando Furioso_. 

Here we have Charlemagne and his paladins joined by Edward king ofEngland, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry duke of Clarence, and thedukes of York and Gloucester (bk. Vi. ). We have cannons employed byCymosco king of Friza (bk. Iv. ), and also in the siege of Paris (bk. Vi. ). We have the Moors established in Spain, whereas they were notinvited over by the Saracens for nearly 300 years after Charlemagne'sdeath. In bk. Xvii. We have Prester John, who died in 1202; and in thelast three books we have Constantine the Great, who died in 337. 

ANAC'REON, the prince of erotic and bacchanalian poets, insomuch thatsongs on these subjects are still called Anacreon'tic (B. C. 563-478). 

_Anacreon of Painters_, Francesco Albano or Alba'ni (1578-1660). 

_Anacreon of the Guillotine_, Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841). 

_Anacreon of the Temple_, Guillaume Amfrye, abbé de Chaulieu(1639-1720). 

_Anacreon of the Twelfth Century_, Walter Mapes, "The Jovial Toper. "His famous drinking song, "Meum est prepositum ... " has beentranslated by Leigh Hunt (1150-1196). 

_The French Anacreon_. 1. Pontus de Thiard, one of the "Pleiadpoets" (1521-1605). 2. P. Laujon, perpetual president of the _CaveauModerne_, a Paris club, noted for its good dinners, but every memberwas of necessity a poet (1727-1811). 

_The Persian Anacreon_, Mahommed Hafiz. The collection of his poems iscalled _The Divan_ (1310-1389). 

_The Sicilian Anacreon_, Giovanni Meli (1740-1815). 

ANACREON MOORE, Thomas Moore of Dublin (1780-1852), poet, called"Anacreon, " from his translation of that Greek poet, and his ownoriginal anacreontic songs. 

 Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 104. 

ANAGNUS, Inchastity personified in _The Purple Island_, by PhineasFletcher (canto vii. ). He had four sons by Caro, named Maechus(_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), Acath'arus, and Asel'gês(_lasciviousness_), all of whom are fully described by the poet. Inthe battle of Mansoul (canto xi. ) Anagnus is slain by Agnei'a (_wifelychastity_), the spouse of Encra'tes (_temperance_) and sister ofParthen'ia (_maidenly chastity_). (Greek, _anagnos_, "impure. ")(1633. )

ANAGRAMS. 

CHARLES JAMES STUART (James I. ). _Claims Arthur's Seat_. 

DAME ELEANOR DAVIES (prophetess in the reign of Charles I. ). _Never somad a ladie_. 

HORATIO NELSON. _Honor est a Nilo_. 

MARIE TOUCHET (mistress of Charles IX. ). _Je charme tout_ (made byHenri IV. ). 

Pilate's question, QUID EST VERITAS? _Est vir qui adest_. 

SIR ROGER CHARLES DOUGHTY TICHBORNE, BARONET. _You horrid butcher, Orton, biggest rascal here. _

A'NAH, granddaughter of Cain and sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet lovedher, but she had set her heart on the seraph Azaz'iel, who carried heroff to another planet when the Flood came. --Byron, _Heaven and Earth_. 

 Anah and Aholibamah are very different characters: Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive; her sister is proud, imperious, and aspiring; the one loving in fear, the other in ambition. She fears that her love makes her "heart grow impious, " and that she worships the seraph rather than the Creator. --Ed. Lytton Bulwer (Lord Lytton). 

ANAK OF PUBLISHERS, so John Murray was called by lord Byron(1778-1843). 

AN'AKIM or ANAK, a giant of Palestine, whose descendants were terriblefor their gigantic stature. The Hebrew spies said that they themselveswere mere grasshoppers in comparison of them. 

 I felt the thews of Anakim, The pulses of a Titan's heart. 

Tennyson, _In Memoriam_, iii. 

(The Titans were giants, who, according to classic fable, made warwith Jupiter or Zeus, 1 _syl_. )

ANAMNES'TES (4 _syl_), the boy who waited on Eumnestês (Memory). Eumnestês was a very old man, decrepit and half blind, a "man ofinfinite remembrance, who things foregone through many ages held, " butwhen unable to "fet" what he wanted, was helped by a little boy ycleptAnamnestês, who sought out for him what "was lost or laid amiss. "(Greek, _eumnêstis_, "good memory;" _anamne'stis_, "research orcalling up to mind. ")

 And oft when things were lost or laid amiss, That boy them sought and unto him did lend; Therefore the Anamnestes clepêd is, And that old man Eumnestes. 

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 9 (1590). 

ANANI'AS, in _The Alchemist_, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1610). 

("Wasp" in _Bartholomew Fair_, "Corbaccio" in _The Fox_, "Morose" in_The Silent Woman_, all by B. Jonson. )

ANARCHUS, king of the Dipsodes (2 _syl_. ), defeated by Pantag'ruel, who dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap with a cock's feather, andmarried him to "an old lantern-carrying hag. " The prince gave thewedding-feast, which consisted of garlic and sour cider. His wife, being a regular termagant, "did beat him like plaster, andthe ex-tyrant did not dare call his soul his own. "--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 31 (1533). 

ANASTA'SIUS, the hero of a novel called _Memoirs of Anastasius_, byThomas Hope (1770-1831), a most brilliant and powerful book. It isthe autobiography of a Greek, who, to escape the consequences of hiscrimes and villainies, becomes a renegade, and passes through a longseries of adventures. 

 Fiction has but few pictures which will bear comparison with that of Anastasius, sitting on the steps of the lazaretto of Trieste, with his dying boy in his arms. --_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance. "

ANASTASIUS GRÜN, the _nom de plume_ of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, a German poet (1806-1876). 

ANASTERAX, brother of Niquee [_ne. Kay_], with whom he lives inincestuous intercourse. The fairy Zorphee, in order to withdraw hergod-daughter from this alliance, enchanted her. --_Amadis de Gaul_. 

AN'CHO, a Spanish brownie, who haunts the shepherds' huts, warmshimself at their fires, tastes their clotted milk and cheese, converses with the family, and is treated with familiarity mixed withterror. The Ancho hates church bells. 

ANCIENT MARINER (_The_), by Coleridge. For the crime of having shotan albatross (a bird of good omen to seamen) terrible sufferings arevisited upon him, which are finally remitted through his repentance;but he is doomed to wander over the earth and repeat his story toothers as a warning lesson. 

AN'DERSON (_Eppie_), a servant at the inn of St. Ronan's Well, held byMeg Dods. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

ANDRÉ (2 _syl_. ). Petit-André and Trois Echelles are the executionersof Louis XI. Of France. They are introduced by sir W. Scott, both in_Quentin Durward_ and in _Anne of Geierstein_. 

_André_, the hero and title of a novel by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant). This novel and that called _Consuelo_ (4 _syl_. ) are considered herbest (1804-1876). 

ANDRE'OS, Fortitude personified in _The Purple Island_, by PhineasFletcher (canto x. ). "None fiercer to a stubborn enemy, but to theyielding none more sweetly kind. " (Greek, _andria_ or _andreia_, "manliness. ")

ANDREW, gardener, at Ellangowan, to Godfrey Bertram the laird. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

ANDREWS, a private in the royal army of the duke of Monmouth. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

_Andrews (Joseph)_, the hero and title of a novel by Fielding. He isa footman who marries a maid-servant. Joseph Andrews is a brother of[Richardson's] "Pamela, " a handsome, model young man. 

 The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, his voice too musical to halloa to the dogs, his bravery in riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and his constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have something refreshing in their _naïveté_ and freshness, and prepossess one in favor of that handsome young hero. --Thackeray. 

ANDROCLUS AND THE LION. Androclus was a runaway Roman slave, who tookrefuge in a cavern. A lion entered, and instead of tearing him topieces, lifted up its fore-paw that Androclus might extract from it athorn. The fugitive, being subsequently captured, was doomed to fightwith a lion in the Roman arena, and it so happened that the very samelion was let out against him; it instantly recognized its benefactor, and began to fawn upon him with every token of gratitude and joy. Thestory being told of this strange behavior, Androclus was forthwith setfree. 

A somewhat similar anecdote is told of sir George Davis, Englishconsul at Florence at the beginning of the present century. One dayhe went to see the lions of the great duke of Tuscany. There was onewhich the keepers could not tame, but no sooner did sir George appear, than the beast manifested every symptom of joy. Sir George enteredthe cage, when the creature leaped on his shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, and fawned like a dog. Sir George told the greatduke that he had brought up this lion, but as it grew older it becamedangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary captain. The duke said hebought it of the same man, and the mystery was cleared up. 

ANDROMACHE [_An. Drom'. A. Ky_], widow of Hector. At the downfall ofTroy both she and her son Asty'anax were allotted to Pyrrhus kingof Epirus, and Pyrrhus fell in love with her, but she repelledhis advances. At length a Grecian embassy, led by Orestês son ofAgamemnon, arrived, and demanded that Astyanax should be given up andput to death, lest in manhood he should attempt to avenge his father'sdeath. Pyrrhus told Andromachê that he would protect her son indefiance of all Greece if she would become his wife, and shereluctantly consented thereto. While the marriage ceremonies weregoing on, the ambassadors rushed on Pyrrhus and slew him, but as hefell he placed the crown on the head of Andromachê, who thus becamethe queen of Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to their ships inflight. --Ambrose Philips, _The Distressed Mother_ (1712). 

ANDROMEDA, beautiful daughter of the king of Ethiopia. To appeaseNeptune, she was bound to a rock to be devoured by Neptune. Perseusslew the monster and made the maiden his wife. 

ANDRONI'CA, one of Logistilla's handmaids, noted for herbeauty. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ANDRONI'CUS (_Titus_), a noble Roman general against the Goths, father of Lavin'ia. In the play so called, published among those ofShakespeare, the word all through is called _Andron'icus_ (1593). 

_Marcus Andronicus_, brother of Titus, and tribune of the people. 

ANDROPH'ILUS, Philanthropy personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fully described in canto x. (Greek, _Andro-philos_, "a lover of mankind. ")

ANDY (_Handy_), Irish lad in the employ of Squire Egan. He hasboundless capacity for bulls and blunders. --Samuel Lover, _HandyAndy_. 

ANEAL (2 _syl_. ), daughter of Maä'ni, who loves Djabal, and believeshim to be "hakeem'" (the incarnate god and founder of the Druses)returned to life for the restoration of the people and their return toSyria from exile in the Spo'radês. When, however, she discovers hisimposture, she dies in the bitterness of her disappointment. --RobertBrowning, _The Return of the Druses_. 

_L'ange de Dieu_, Isabeau la belle, the "inspired prophet-child" ofthe Camisards. 

ANGELA MESSENGER, heiress to Messenger's Brewery and an enormousfortune. In order to know the people of the East End she lives amongthem as a dressmaker. She sees their needs, and to supply these inpart, builds _The People's Palace_--or Palace of Delights. --_All Sortsand Conditions of Men_, by Walter Besant (1889). 

ANGEL'ICA, in Bojardo's _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), is daughter ofGal'aphron king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and Orlando falls inlove with her, forgetful of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. Angelica, on the other hand, disregards Orlando, but passionatelyloves Rinaldo, who positively dislikes her. Angelica and Rinaldo drinkof certain fountains, when the opposite effects are produced in theirhearts, for then Rinaldo loves Angelica, while Angelica loses all lovefor Rinaldo. 

_Angelica_, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516), is the same lady, who marries Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to Cathay, where Medorosucceeds to the crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad by jealousyand pride. 

 The fairest of her sex, Angelica, ... Sought by many prowest knights, Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne. 

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (1671). 

_Angelica (The Princess_), called "The Lady of the Golden Tower. " Theloves of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an important feature of thesecond part of _Parismus Prince of Bohemia_, by Emanuel Foord (1598). 

_Angelica_, an heiress with whom Valentine Legend is in love. For atime he is unwilling to declare himself because of his debts; butAngelica gets possession of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The moneydifficulty being adjusted, the marriage is arranged amicably. --W. Congreve, _Love for Love_ (1695). 

Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle equally delighted in melting tenderness andplayful coquetry, in "Statira" or "Millamant;" and even at an advancedage, when she played "Angelica. "--C. Dibden. 

_Angelica_, the troth-plight wife of Valère, "the gamester. " Shegives him a picture, and enjoins him not to part with it on pain offorfeiting her hand. However, he loses it in play, and Angelica indisguise is the winner of it. After much tribulation, Valère iscured of his vice, and the two are happily united by marriage. --Mrs. Centlivre, _The Gamester_ (1705). 

ANGELI'NA, daughter of lord Lewis, in the comedy called _The ElderBrother_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637). 

_Angelina_, daughter of don Charino. Her father wanted her to marryClodio, a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder brother Carlos, abookworm, with whom she eloped. They were taken captives and carriedto Lisbon. Here in due time they met, the fathers who went in searchof them came to the same spot, and as Clodio had engaged himself toElvira of Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to the marriage ofAngelina with Carlos. --C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_. 

Angelique' (3 _syl. _), daughter of Argan the _malade imaginaire_. Herlover is Cléante (2 _syl. _). In order to prove whether his wife ordaughter loved him the better, Argan pretended to be dead, whereuponthe wife rejoiced greatly that she was relieved of a "disgustingcreature, " hated by every one; but the daughter grieved as if herheart would break, rebuked herself for her shortcomings, and vowedto devote the rest of her life in prayer for the repose of his soul. Argan, being assured of his daughter's love, gave his free consent toher marriage with Cléante. --Molière, _Malade Imaginaire_ (1673). 

_Angelique_, the aristocratic wife of George Dandin, a Frenchcommoner. She has a liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always contrivesto turn the tables on her husband. George Dandin first hears of arendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish servant of Clitandre, and laysthe affair before M. And Mde. Sotenville, his wife's parents. Thebaron with George Dandin call on the lover, who denies the accusation, and George Dandin has to beg pardon. Subsequently, he catches his wifeand Clitandre together, and sends at once for M. And Mde. Sotenville;but Angelique, aware of their presence, pretends to denounce herlover, and even takes up a stick to beat him for the "insult offeredto a virtuous wife;" so again the parents declare their daughter to bethe very paragon of women. Lastly, George Dandin detects his wife andClitandre together at night-time, and succeeds in shutting his wifeout of her room; but Angelique now pretends to kill herself, and whenGeorge goes for a light to look for the body, she rushes into her roomand shuts him out. At this crisis the parents arrive, when Angeliqueaccuses her husband of being out all night in a debauch; and he ismade to beg her pardon on his knees. --Molière, _George Dandin_ (1668). 

AN'GELO, in _Measure for Measure_, lord deputy of Vienna in theabsence of Vincentio the duke. His betrothed lady is Maria'na. LordAngelo conceived a base passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio, but his designs were foiled by the duke, who compelled him to marryMariana. --Shakespeare (1603). 

_An'gelo_, a gentleman friend to Julio in _The Captain_, a drama byBeaumont and Fletcher (1613). 

ANGELS (_Orders of_). According to Dionysius the Areop'agite, theangels are divided into nine orders: Seraphim and Cherubim, in the_first_ circle; Thrones and Dominions, in the _second_ circle;Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Archangels, and Angels, in the_third_ circle. 

 Novem angelorum ordines dicimus, quia videlicet esse, testante sacro eloquio, scimus Angelos, Archangelos, Virtutes, Potestates, Principatus, Dominationes, Thronos, Cherubim, atque Seraphim. --St. Gregory the Great, _Homily_ 34. 

(See _Hymns Ancient and Modern_, No. 253, ver. 2, 3. )

ANGER ... THE ALPHABET. It was Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advisedAugustus to repeat the alphabet when he felt inclined to give way toanger. 

 Un certain Grec disait à l'empereur Auguste, Comme une instruction utile autant que juste, Que, lorsqu' une aventure en colère nous met, Nous devons, avant tout, dire notre alphabet, Afin que dans ce temps la bile se tempère, Et qu'on ne fasse rien que l'on ne doive faire. 

Molière, _L'École des Femmes_, ii. 4 (1662). 

ANGIOLI'NA (4 _syl_. ), daughter of Loreda'no, and the young wife ofMari'no Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician named Michel Steno, having behaved indecently to some of the women assembled at the greatcivic banquet given by the doge, was kicked out of the house by orderof the doge, and in revenge wrote some scurrilous lines against thedogaressa. This insult was referred to "The Forty, " and Steno wassentenced to two months' imprisonment, which the doge considered avery inadequate punishment for the offence. --Byron, _Marino Faliero_. 

 The character of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina is developed most admirably. The great difference between her temper and that of her fiery husband is vividly portrayed, but not less vividly touched is that strong bond of union which exists in the common nobleness of their deep natures. There is no spark of jealousy in the old man's thoughts. He does not expect the fervor of youthful passion in his young wife; but he finds what is far better--the fearless confidence of one so innocent that she can scarcely believe in the existence of guilt.... She thinks Steno's greatest punishment will be "the blushes of his privacy. "--Lockhart. 

ANGLAN'TE'S LORD, Orlando, who was lord of Anglantê and knight ofBrava. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

AN'GLIDES (3 _syl_. ), wife of good prince Boud'wine (2 _syl_. ), brother to sir Mark king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor that everwas born"). When king Mark slew her husband, Anglides and her sonAlisaunder made their escape to Magounce (_i. E. Arundel_), where shelived in peace, and brought up her son till he received the honorof knighthood. --Sir T. Malory, _Hist, of Pr. Arthur_, ii. 117, 118(1470). 

AN'GUISANT, king of Erin (_Ireland_), subdued by king Arthur fightingin behalf of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl_. ). --Tennyson, _Coming of King Arthur_. 

ANGULE (_St. _), bishop of London, put to death by Maximia'nusHercu'lius, Roman general in Britain in the reign of Diocletian. 

 St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men, At London, of that see the godly bishop then. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

ANGURVA'DEL, Frithiof's sword, inscribed with Runic characters, whichblazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly in time of peace. 

ANICE, the woman who steals Fenn's fancy, rather than his heart, fromhis wife, in George Parsons Lathrop's story, _An Echo of Passion_(1882). 

ANIMULA, beauteous being revealed in a drop of water by a microscopeof extraordinary and inconceivable power. --_The Diamond Lens_, byFitz-James O'Brien (1854). 

ANJOU (_The Fair Maid of_), lady Edith Plantagenet, who married Davidearl of Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). Edith was a kinswomanof Richard Coeur de Lion, and an attendant on queen Berengaria. 

[Illustration: symbol] Sir Walter Scott has introduced her in _TheTalisman_ (1825). 

ANN (_The princess_), lady of Beaujeu. --Sir W. Scott, _QuentinDurward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

_Ann_ (_The Lady_), the wife who, in John G. Saxe's ballad, _The LadyAnn_, goes mad at the news of the death of sir John, her husband(1868). 

ANNA (_Donna_), the lady beloved by don Otta'vio, but seduced by donGiovanni. --Mozart's opera, _Don Giovanni_ (1787). 

AN'NABEL, in _Absalom and Achitophel_, by

Dryden, is the duchess of Monmouth, whose maiden name was Anne Scott(countess of Buccleuch). She married again after the execution of herfaithless husband. 

 With secret joy indulgent David [_Charles II_. ] viewed His youthful image in his son renewed; To all his wishes nothing he denied, And made the charming Annabel his bride. Part i. 

ANNABEL LEE. Edgar A. Poe's poem of this name is supposed to bea loving memorial to his young wife, Virginia Clemm, who died ofconsumption at Fordham, N. Y. , in 1847. 

 The angels, not half so happy in heaven Went envying her and me; Yes! that was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. (1848. )

ANNA PASTORIUS, wife of Pastorius in Whittier's poem, _ThePennsylvania Pilgrim_. At his cry "Help! for the good man faileth!"she points to her aloe-tree, and reminds him that as surely as "thecentury-moulded bud shall burst in bloom, " love and patience will soonor late conquer wrong (1872). 

AN'NAPLE [BAILZOU], Effie Dean's "monthly" nurse. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

_An'naple_, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a youngfarmer. --Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

ANNE (_Sister_), the sister of Fat'ima, the seventh and last wife ofBlue Beard. Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by looking into thelocked chamber, is allowed a short respite before execution. SisterAnne ascends the high tower of the castle, with the hope of seeingher brothers, who are expected to arrive every moment. Fatima, in heragony, keeps asking "sister Anne" if she can see them, and Blue Beardkeeps crying out for Fatima to use greater despatch. As the patienceof both is exhausted, the brothers arrive, and Fatima is rescued fromdeath. --Charles Perrault, _La Barbe Bleue_. 

_Anne_, own sister of king Arthur. Her father was Uther the pendragon, and her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloïs. She was given by her brotherin marriage to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and afterwards king ofNorway. --Geoffrey, _British History_, viii. 20, 21. 

[Illustration] In Arthurian romance this Anne is called Margawse(_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2); Tennyson calls her Bellicent(_Gareth and Lynette_). In Arthurian romance Lot is always called kingof Orkney. 

ANNE CATHERICK, half-witted girl, the natural sister of Laura Fairlie, to whom she bears a strong resemblance. This circumstance suggests tothe villain of the book the deception of showing her dead body as thatof Laura, as a step toward securing the fortune of the latter. --_TheWoman in White_, by Wilkie Collins (1865). 

ANNE DOUGLAS, heroine of _Anne_, a novel by Constance Fenimore Woolson(1882). The scene laid on the Island of Mackinac, Mich. 

ANNETTE, daughter of Mathis and Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain of the patrol. --J. E. Ware, _The Polish Jew_. 

ANNETTE AND LUBLIN, by Marmontel, imitated from the _Daphnis andChloe_ of Longos (_q. V. _). 

ANNIE KILBURN, the conscientious heiress who returns to a New Englandhomestead after long residence abroad, and endeavors to do her duty inthe station to which Providence has called her. Prim, pale, pretty, and not youthful except in heart. --_Annie Kilburn_, by William DeanHowells (1888). 

AN'NIE LAU'RIE, eldest of the three daughters of sir Robert Laurie, ofMaxwelton. In 1709 she married James Fergusson, of Craigdarroch, andwas the mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero of Burns's song _TheWhistle_. The song of _Annie Laurie_ was written by William Douglas, of Fingland, in the stewardry of Kirkcud'bright, hero of the song_Willie was a Wanton Wag_. (See WHISTLE. )

Bayard Taylor has used the ballad with thrilling effect in his poem_The Song of the Camp_. 

 They sang of love, and not of fame, Forgot was Britain's glory, Each heart recalled a different name, But all sang "Annie Laurie. " Voice after voice caught up the song Until its tender passion Rose, like an anthem, rich and strong, Their battle-eve confession. 

 * * * * *

 Dear girl! her name he dared not speak, But as the song grew louder, Something upon the soldier's cheek Washed off the stain of powder. 

 * * * * *

AN'NIE WIN'NIE, one of the old sibyls at Alice Gray's death; the otherwas Ailsie Gourlay. --Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

ANNIR, king of Inis-thona (an island of Scandinavia). He had two sons(Argon and Ruro) and one daughter. One day Cor'malo, a neighboringchief, came and begged the honor of a tournament. Argon granted therequest, and overthrew him, which so vexed Cormalo that during a hunthe shot both the brothers secretly with his bow. Their dog Runa ranto the palace, and howled so as to attract attention; whereupon Annirfollowed the hound, and found both his sons dead, and on his return hefurther found that Cormalo had carried off his daughter. Oscar, son ofOssian, led an army against the villain, and slew him; then liberatingthe young lady, he took her back to Inis-thona, and delivered her toher father. --_Ossian_ ("The War of Inis-thona"). 

AN'NOPHEL, daughter of Cas'silane (3 _syl_. ) general ofCandy. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647). 

ANSELM, prior of St. Dominic, the confessor of king Henry IV. --Sir W. Scott, _The Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

ANSELME (2 _syl_. ), father of Valère (2 _syl_. ) and Mariane (3_syl_. ). In reality he is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. The familywere exiled from Naples for political reasons, and being shipwreckedwere all parted. Valère was picked up by a Spanish captain, whoadopted him; Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, who kept hera captive for ten years, when she effected her escape; and Anselmewandered from place to place for ten years, when he settled in Paris, and intended to marry. At the expiration of sixteen years they all metin Paris at the house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valère was in lovewith Elise (2 _syl_. ), the miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon inmarriage to Anselme; and Mariane, affianced to the miser's son Cléante(2 _syl_. ), was sought in marriage by Harpagon, the old father. Assoon as Anselme discovered that Valère and Mariane were his ownchildren, matters were soon amicably arranged, the young peoplemarried, and the old ones retired from the unequal contest. --Molière, _L'Avare_ (1667). 

ANSELMO, a noble cavalier of Florence, the friend of Lothario. Anselmomarried Camilla, and induced his friend to try to corrupt her, thathe might rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. Lothario unwillinglyundertook the task, and succeeded but too well. For a time Anselmowas deceived, but at length Camilla eloped, and the end of the sillyaffair was that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a convent. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iv. 5, 6;_Fatal Curiosity_ (1605). 

AN'STER (_Hob_), a constable at Kinross village. --Sir W. Scott, _TheAbbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

ANSTISS DOLBEARE, heroine of Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney's novel, _Hitherto_, a sensitive, imaginative, morbid, motherless girl who is "all the timeholding up her soul ... With a thorn in it" (1872). 

ANTAE'OS, a gigantic wrestler of Libya (or _Irassa_). His strength wasinexhaustible so long as he touched the earth, and was renewed everytime he did touch it. Her'culés killed him by lifting him up from theearth and squeezing him to death. (See MALEGER. )

 As when earth's son Antaeus ... In Irassa strove With Jove's Alcidês, and oft foiled, still rose, Receiving from his mother earth new strength, Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined, Throttled at length in the air, expired and fell. 

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iv. (563). 

[Illustration] Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio assailed Orlando orRolando at Roncesvallês, as he found his body was not to be pierced byany instrument of war, he took him up in his arms and squeezed him todeath. 

N. B. --The only vulnerable part of Orlando was the sole of his foot. 

ANTE'NOR, a traitorous Trojan prince, related to Priam. He advisedUlyssês to carry away the palladium from Troy, and when the woodenhorse was built it was Antenor who urged the Trojans to make a breachin the wall and drag the horse into the city. --Shakespeare hasintroduced him in _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602). 

ANTHEA, beautiful woman to whom Herrick addresses several poems. 

ANTHI'A, the lady beloved by Abroc'omas in the Greek romance called_De Amoribus Anthiae et Abrocomae_, by Xenophon of Ephesus, who livedin the fourth Christian century. (This is not Xenophon the historian, who lived B. C. 444-359. )

ANTHONIO, "the merchant of Venice, " in Shakespeare's drama so called(1598). Anthonio borrows of Shylock, a Jew, 3000 ducats for threemonths, to lend to his friend Bassanio. The conditions of the loanwere these: if the money was paid within the time, only the principalshould be returned; but if not, the Jew should be allowed to cut fromAnthonio's body "a pound of flesh. " As the ships of Anthonio weredelayed by contrary winds, he was unable to pay within the threemonths, and Shylock demanded the forfeiture according to the bond. Portia, in the dress of a law-doctor, conducted the case, and when theJew was about to cut the flesh, stopped him, saying--(1) the bond gavehim no drop of blood; and (2) he must take neither more nor less thanan exact pound. If he shed one drop of blood or if he cut more orless than an exact pound, his life would be forfeit. As it was quiteimpossible to comply with these restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking the life of a citizen. 

_Antho'nio_, the ursuping duke of Milan, and brother of Pros'pero (therightful duke, and father of Miranda). --Shakespeare, _The Tempest_(1609). 

_Antho'nio_, father of Protheus, and suitor of Julia. --Shakespeare, _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594). 

AN'THONY, an English archer in the cottage of farmer Dickson, ofDouglasdale. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

_An'thony_, the old postillion at Meg Dods's, the landlady of the innat St. Ronan's Well. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, GeorgeIII. ). 

ANTID'IUS, bishop of Jaen, martyred by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing the devil writing in his pocket-book some sin committed by thepope, he jumped upon his back and commanded his Satanic majesty tocarry him to Rome. The devil tried to make the bishop pronounce thename of Jesus, which would break the spell, and then the devil wouldhave tossed his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the bishop onlycried, "Gee up, devil!" and when he reached Rome he was covered withAlpine snow. The chronicler naïvely adds, "the hat is still shown atRome in confirmation of this miracle. "--_General Chronicle of KingAlphonso the Wise_. 

ANTIG'ONE (4 _syl. _), daughter of Oe'dipos and Jocas'tê, a noblemaiden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When Oedipos had blinded himself, and was obliged to quit Thebes, Antigonê accompanied him, and remained with him till his death, whenshe returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, had forbidden any one to buryPolyni'cês, her brother, who had been slain by his elder brother inbattle; but Antigonê, in defiance of this prohibition, buried the deadbody, and Creon shut her up in a vault under ground, where she killedherself. Haemon, her lover, killed himself also by her side. Sophoclêshas a Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has been dramatized for theEnglish stage. 

_The Modern Antigonê_, Mariè Therèse Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, daughter of Louis XVI. And Marie Antoinette (1778-1851). 

ANTIG'ONUS, a Sicilian lord, commanded by king Leontês to take hisinfant daughter to a desert shore and leave her to perish. Antigonuswas driven by a storm to the coast of Bohemia, where he left thebabe; but on his way back to the ship, he was torn to pieces by abear. --Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_ (1604). 

_Antig'onus (King)_, an old man with a young man's amorous passions. He is one of the four kings who succeeded to the divided empire ofAlexander the Great. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Humorous Lieutenant_(1647). 

ANTIN'OUS (4 _syl_. ), a page of Hadrian, the Roman emperor, noted forhis beauty. 

_Antin'ous_ (4 _syl_. ), son of Cas'silane (3 _syl_. ) general of Candy, and brother of An'no-phel, in _The Laws of Candy_ a drama by Beaumontand Fletcher (1647). 

ANTI'OCHUS, emperor of Greece, who sought the life of Per'iclêsprince of Tyre, but died without effecting his desire. --Shakespeare, _Pericles Prince of Tyre_ (1608). 

ANTI'OPE (4 _syl_. ), daughter of Idom'e-neus (4 _syl_. ), for whomTelem'achus had a _tendresse_. Mentor approved his choice, and assuredTelemachus that the lady was designed for him by the gods. Her charmswere "the glowing modesty of her countenance, her silent diffidence, and her sweet reserve; her constant attention to tapestry or to someother useful and elegant employment; her diligence in householdaffairs, her contempt of finery in dress, and her ignorance of her ownbeauty, " Telemachus says, "She encourages to industry by her example, sweetens labor by the melody of her voice, and excels the best ofpainters in the elegance of her embroidery. "--Fénelon, _Télémaque_, xxii. (1700). 

He [_Paul_] fancied he had found in Virginia the wisdom of Antiopewith the misfortunes and the tenderness of Eucharis. --Bernardin de St. Pierre, _Paul and Virginia_ (1788). 

ANTIPH'OLUS, the name of two brothers, twins, the sons of Aege'on, amerchant of Syracuse. The two brothers were shipwrecked in infancy, and, being picked up by different cruisers, one was carried toSyracuse, and the other to Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the serviceof the duke, and, being fortunate enough to save the duke's life, became a great man and married well. The Syracusian Antipholus, goingin search of his brother, came to Ephesus, where a series of blundersoccurs from the wonderful likeness of the two brothers and theirtwo servants called Dromio. The confusion becomes so great that theEphesian is taken up as a madman. It so happened that both brothersappeared before the duke at the same time; and the extraordinarylikeness being seen by all, the cause of the blunders was evident, and everything was satisfactorily explained. --Shakespeare, _Comedy ofErrors_ (1593). 

ANTON (_Sir_). Tennyson says that Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir Anton and his lady to bring up, and they brought him up astheir own son. This does not correspond with the _History of PrinceArthur_, which states that he was committed to the care of sir Ectorand his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over and over again called theprince's foster-brother. The _History_ furthermore states that Arthurmade sir Key his seneschal _because_ he was his foster-brother. 

 So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he bare him forth unto sir Ector, and made a holy man christen him, and named him "Arthur. " And so sir Ector's wife nourished him with her own breast. --Part i. 3. 

 So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with him rode sir Key, his son, and young Arthur that was his nourished brother. --Ditto. 

 "Sir, " said sir Ector, "I will ask no more of you but that you will make my son, sir Key, your foster-brother, seneschal of all your lands. " "That shall be done, " said Arthur (ch. 4). --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470). 

_Anton_, one of Henry Smith's men in _The Fair Maid of Perth_, by sirW. Scott (time, Henry IV. ). 

ANTO'NIO, a sea captain who saved Sebastian, the brother of Vi'ola, when wrecked off the coast of Illyria. --Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_(1614). 

_Anto'nio_, the Swiss lad who acts as the guide from Lucern, in sir W. Scott's _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

_Anto'nio_, a stout old gentleman, kinsman of Petruccio, governorof Bologna. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (a comedy, before1621). 

_Antonio (Don)_, father of Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio, a coxcomb;a testy, headstrong old man. He wants Carlos to sign away hisbirthright in favor of his younger brother, to whom he intendsAngelina to be married; but Carlos declines to give his signature, andelopes with Angelina, whom he marries, while Clodio engages his trothto Elvira of Lisbon. --C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_. 

_Antonio (Don)_, in love with Louisa, the daughter of don Jerome ofSeville. A poor nobleman of ancient family. --Sheridan, _The Duenna_(1778). 

ANTONOMAS'IA _(The princess_), daughter of Archipiela, king ofCandaya, and his wife Maguncia. She married don Clavijo, but the giantMalambru'no, by enchantment, changed the bride into a brass monkey, and her spouse into a crocodile of some unknown metal. Don Quixotemounted the wooden horse Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant thelady and her husband, and this he effected "simply by making theattempt. "--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

ANTONY _(Saint)_ lived in a cavern on the summit of Cavadonga, inSpain, and was perpetually annoyed by devils. 

 Old St. Antonius from the hell Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene, Crowd in broad day before his open eyes. Southey, _Roderick, etc_. , xvi. (1814). 

AN'TONY AND CÆSAR. Macbeth says that "under Banquo his own genius wasrebuked [or snubbed], as it is said Mark Antony's was by Cæsar" (actiii. Sc. 1), and in _Antony and Cleopatra_ this passage is elucidatedthus--

 Thy daemon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee, is Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable, Where Cæsar's is not; but near him thy angel Becomes a fear, as being overpowered. 

 Act ii. Sc. 3. 

ANVIL (_The Literary_). Dr. Mayo was so called, because he bore thehardest blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching. 

AODH, last of the Culdees, or primitive clergy of Io'na, an islandsouth of Staffa. His wife was Reullu'ra. Ulvfa'gre the Dane, havinglanded on the island and put many to the sword, bound Aodh inchains of iron, then dragging him to the church, demanded where the"treasures were concealed. " A mysterious figure now appeared, whichnot only released the priest, but took the Dane by the arm to thestatue of St. Columb, which fell on him and crushed him to death. After this the "saint" gathered the remnant of the islanders together, and went to Ireland. --Campbell, _Reullura_. 

APE (1 _syl. _), the pseudonym of M. Pellegrini, the caricaturist of_Vanity Fair_. Dr. Johnson says "_to ape_ is to imitate ludicrously;"whence the adoption of the name. 

APEL'LES AND THE COBBLER. A cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchetof one of Apelles' paintings, and the artist rectified the fault. Thecobbler, thinking himself very wise, next ventured to criticise thelegs; but Apelles said, _Ne sutor ultra crepidam_ ("Let not thecobbler go beyond his last"). 

Within that range of criticism where all are equally judges, and whereCrispin is entitled to dictate to Apelles. --_Encyc. Brit. _, Art. "Romance. "

_Apelles_. When his famous painting of Venus rising out of the sea(hung by Augustus in the temple of Julius Cæsar) was greatly injuredby time, Nero replaced it by a copy done by Dorotheus. This Venusby Apelles is called "Venus Anadyom'-enê, " his model (according totradition) being Campaspê (afterwards his wife). 

APEMAN'TUS, a churlish Athenian philosopher, who snarled at mensystematically, but showed his cynicism to be mere affectation, whenTimon attacked him with his own weapons. --Shakespeare, _Timon ofAthens_ (1600). 

Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of Apemantus, contrasted with the real misanthropy of Timon. --Sir W. Scott. 

APIC'IUS, an epicure in the time of Tiberius. He wrote a book on theways of provoking an appetite. Having spent £800, 000 in supplyingthe delicacies of the table, and having only £80, 000 left, he hangedhimself, not thinking it possible to exist on such a wretchedpittance. _Apicia_, however, became a stock name for certain cakes andsauces, and his name is still proverbial in all matters of gastronomy. 

There was another of the name in the reign of Trajan, who wrote acooking book and manual of sauces. 

No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I do. Hirtius andApicius would have blushed for it. Mark Antony, who roasted eightwhole boars for supper, never massacred more at a meal than you havedone. --Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_, i. 1 (1780). 

APOLLO, son of Jupiter and Latona, and model of masculine beauty. Heis the sun, in Homeric mythology, the embodiment of practical wisdomand foresight, of swift and far-reaching intelligence, and hence ofpoetry, music, etc. 

_The Apollo Belvidere_, that is, the Apollo preserved in the Belvideregallery of the Vatican, discovered in 1503 amid the ruins of An'tium, and purchased by pope Julius II. It is supposed to be the work ofCal'amis, a Greek sculptor of the fifth century B. C. 

_The Apollo of Actium_ was a gigantic statue, which served for abeacon. 

_The Apollo of Rhodes_, usually called the colossus, was a giganticbronze statue, 150 feet high, made by Charês, a pupil of Lysippus, andset up B. C. 300. 

_Animals consecrated to Apollo_, the cock, the crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the raven, the swan, and the wolf. 

APOLL'YON, king of the bottomless pit; introduced by Bnnyan in his_Pilgrim's Progress_. Apollyon encounters Christian, by whom, after asevere contest, he is foiled (1678). 

APOSTLE _or Patron Saint of_--

 ABYSSINIANS, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27. ALPS, Felix Neff (1798-1829). ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day, July 20. ARDENNES, St. Hubert (656-730). ARMENIANS, Gregory of Armenia (256-331). CAGLIARI (_Sardinia_), St. Efisio. CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day, December 14. ENGLISH, St. Augustin (died 607); St. George (died 290). ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day, October 27. FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day, July 8. FREE TRADE, Richard Cobden (1804-1865). FRENCH, St. Denis (died 272). His day, October 9. FRISIANS, St. Wilbrod (657-738). GAULS, St. Irenae'us (130-200); St. Martin (316-397). GENTILES, St. Paul (died 66). His days, June 29, January 25. GEORGIA, St. Nino. GERMANY, St. Boniface (680-755). His day, June 5. HIGHLANDERS, St. Colomb (521-597). His day, June 9. HUNGARIANS, St. Anastasius (died 628). His day, January 22. INDIANS, Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566); Rev. John Eliot (1603-1690). INDIES, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day, December 3. INFIDELITY, Voltaire (1694-1778). IRISH, St. Patrick (372-493). His day, March 17. LIBERTY, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U. S. (1743-1826). LONDON, St. Paul; St. Michael. Days, January 25, September 29. NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679). NORTH, St. Ansgar (801-864); Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). 

Padua, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His day, June 13. Paris, St. Genevieve(419-512). Her day, January 3. Peak, W. Bagshaw, so called from hismissionary labors in Derbyshire (1628-1702). Picts, St. Ninian. Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). Sicily (the tutelary deityis) Cerês. Slaves, St. Cyril (died 868). His day, February 14. Spain, St. James the Greater (died 44. ) His day, July 24. Temperance, FatherMathew (1790-1856). Venice, St. Mark; St. Pantaleon; St. AndrewJustiniani. St. Mark's day, April 25; St. Pantaleon's, July 27. Wales, St. David (480-544). His day, March 1. Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus, bishop of York (597-644). 

APOSTOLIC FATHERS (_The Five_): Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hermas, Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contemporary with the Apostles. 

AP'PETIZER. A Scotchman being told that the birds called kittiewiakswere admirable appetizers, ate six of them, and then complained "hewas no hungrier than he was before. "

AQUARIUS, SAGITTARIUS. Mrs. Browning says that "Aquarius" is a symbolof man _bearing_, and "Sagittarius" of man _combatting_. The passiveand active forms of human labor. 

 _Eve_. Two phantasms of two men. _Adam_. One that sustains, And one that strives, so the ends Of manhood's curse of labor. 

E. B. Browning, _A Drama of Exile_ (1851). 

A'QUILANT, son of Olive'ro and Sigismunda; a knight in Charlemagne'sarmy. He was called "_black_, " and his brother Gryphon "_white_" fromthe color of their armor. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

A'QUILINE (3 _syl_. ), Raymond's steed, whose sire was thewind. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, vii. (1575). 

(Solinus, Columella, and Varro relate how the Lusitanian mares "withopen mouth against the breezes held, receive the gales with warmthprolific filled, and thus inspired, their swelling wombs produce thewondrous offspring. "--See also Virgil, _Georgics_, in. 266-283. )

AQUIN'IAN SAGE. Juvenal is so called, because he was born at Aqui'num, in Latium (fl. A. D. 100). 

ARABEL'LA, an heiress left under the guardianship of justice Day. AbelDay, the son of justice Day, aspires to her hand and fortune, but sheconfers both with right good will on captain Manly. --T. Knight, _TheHonest Thieves_. 

ARA'BIA FE'LIX ("_Araby the blest_"). This name is a blunder made byBritish merchants, who supposed that the precious commodities of Indiabought of Arab traders were the produce of Arabia. 

ARA'BIAN BIRD (_The_), the phoenix, a marvellous man, one _suigeneris_. 

 O Antony! O thou Arabian bird!

Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, act iii. Sc. 2. 

ARACH'NE (3 _syl_. ), a spider, a weaver. "Arachnê's labors, " spinningor weaving. Arachnê was a Lydian maiden, who challenged Minerva tocompete with her in needle tapestry, and Minerva changed her into aspider. 

 No orifice for a point As subtle as Arachnê's broken woof To enter. 

Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act v. Sc. 2 (1602). 

ARAGNOL, the son of Arachnê (the "most fine-fingered of all workmen, "turned into a spider for presuming to challenge Minerva to a contestin needlework). Aragnol entertained a secret and deadly hatred againstprince Clarion, son of Muscarol the fly-king; and weaving a curiousnet, soon caught the gay young flutterer, and gave him his death-woundby piercing him under the left wing. --Spenser, _Muiopotmos or TheButterfly's Fate_ (1590). 

ARAMIN'TA, the wife of Moneytrap, and friend of Clarissa (wife ofGripe the scrivener). --Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695). 

ARANZA (_The duke of_). He marries Juliana, eldest daughter ofBalthazar. She is so haughty, arrogant, and overbearing, that afterthe marriage he takes her to a mean hut, which he calls his home, andpretends to be only a peasant who must work for his living, and giveshis bride the household duties to perform. She chafes for a time, butfirmness, manliness, and affection win the day; and when the dukesees that she loves him for himself, he leads her to his castle, andreveals to her that the peasant husband is after all the duke ofAranza. --J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804). 

AR'APHIL or AR'APHILL, the poetic pseudonym of Win. Habington. Hislady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls Castara. 

ARAS'PES (3 _syl_. ), king of Alexandria, who joined the Egyptianarmament against the crusaders. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ARBA'CES (3 _syl_. ), king of Ibe'ria, in the drama called _A King orno King_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 

ARBATE (2 _syl_. ), governor of the prince of Ithaca, in Molière'scomedy _La Princesse d'Elide_ (1664). In his speech to "Euryle" princeof Ithaca, persuading him to love, he is supposed to refer to LouisXIV. , then 26 years of age. 

 Je dirai que l'amour sied bien à vos pareil ... Et qu'il est malaisé que, sans etre amoureux Un jeune prince soit et grand et généreux. 

 Act i. 1. 

_Arbate_, in Racine's drama of _Mithridate_ (1673). 

AR'BITER EL'IGANTIÆ. C. Petro'nius was appointed dictator-in-chiefof the imperial pleasures at the court of Nero, and nothing wasconsidered _comme il faut_ till it had received the sanction of thisRoman _beau Brummel_. 

 Behold the new Petronius of the day, The arbiter of pleasure and of play. 

 Byron, _English Bards and Scottish Reviewers_. 

ARBRE SOL foretold, with audible voice, the place and manner ofAlexander's death. It figures in all the fabulous legends ofAlexander. 

ARBUTUS, sturdy yeoman usually known as "Bute, " in Bayard Taylor'snovel _Hannah Thurston. _ Rugged and sound as the New England graniteunderlying the farm he tills. 

ARC _(Joan of)_, or _Jeanne la Pucelle_, the "Maid of Orleans, "daughter of a rustic of Domrémy, near Vaucouleurs, in France. She wasservant at an inn when she conceived the idea of liberating Francefrom the English. Having gained admission to Charles VII. , she wassent by him to raise the siege of Orleans, and actually succeeded inso doing. Schiller has a tragedy on the subject, Casimir Delavigne anelegy on her, Southey an epic poem on her life and death, and Voltairea burlesque. 

In regard to her death, M. Octave Delepière, in his _DouteHistorique_, denies the tradition of her having been burnt to death atRouen; and Vignier discovered in a family muniment chest the "contractof marriage between" Robert des Armoise, knight, and Jeanne d'Arc, surnamed "The Maid of Orleans. "

AR'CADES AMBO, both fools alike; both "sweet innocents;" both alikeeccentric. There is nothing in the character of Corydon and Thyrsis(Virgil's _Eclogue_, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging applicationof the phrase. All Virgil says is they were both "in the flower oftheir youth, " and both Arcadians, both equal in setting a theme forsong or capping it epigrammatically; but as Arcadia was the leastintellectual part of Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify a dunce, and hence "Arcades ambo" received its present acceptation. 

ARCALA'US (4 _syl_. ), an enchanter who bound Am'adis de Gaul to apillar in his courtyard, and administered to him 200 stripes with hishorse's bridle. --_Amadis de Gaul_ (fifteenth century). 

ARCA'NES (3 _syl_. ), a noble soldier, friend of Cas'silane (3 _syl_. )general of Candy. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647). 

ARCHAN'GEL. Burroughs, the puritan preacher, called Cromwell "thearchangel that did battle with the devil. "

ARCHAS, "the loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, and generalof the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theodore. 

_Young Archas_, son of the general. Disguised as a woman, he assumesthe name of Alinda. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_(1618). 

ARCHBSH'OP OF GRANA'DA told his secretary, Gil Blas, when he hiredhim, "Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen smack of old age and my geniusflag, don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't trust to my ownjudgment, which may be seduced by self-love. " After a fit of apoplexy, Gil Blas ventured in the most delicate manner to hint to his gracethat "his last discourse had not altogether the energy of his formerones. " To this the archbishop replied, "You are yet too raw to makeproper distinctions. Know, child, that I never composed a betterhomily than that which you disapprove. Go, tell my treasurer togive you 100 ducats. Adieu, Mr. Gil Blas; I wish you all manner ofprosperity, with a little more taste. "--Le-sage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 3(1715). 

AR'CHER (_Francis_), friend of Aimwell, who joins him infortune-hunting. These are the two "beaux. " Thomas viscount Aimwellmarries Dorinda, the daughter of lady Bountiful. Archer hands thedeeds and property taken from the highwaymen to sir Charles Freeman, who takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his charge again. --GeorgeFarquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1707). 

ARCHIBALD (_John_), attendant on the duke of Argyle. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

ARCHIMA'GO, the reverse of holiness, and therefore Satan the father oflies and all deception. Assuming the guise of the Red Cross Knight, hedeceived Una; and under the guise of a hermit, he deceived the knighthimself. Archimago is introduced in bks. I. And ii. Of Spenser's_Faëry Queen. _ The poet says:

 ... He could take As many forms and shapes in seeming wise As ever Proteus to himself could make: Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a fish in lake, Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell. 

Spenser, _The Faëry Queen_, I. Ii. 10 (1590). 

ARCHIMEDES, Syracusan philosopher, who discovered, among other greatscientific facts, the functions of the lever. The solution of anabstruse problem having occurred to him while in the bath, heleaped out of the water, and ran naked through the city, shouting, "_Eureka!_"

AR'CHY M'SAR'CASM _(Sir)_, "a proud Caledonian knight, whose tongue, like the dart of death, spares neither sex nor age ... His insolenceof family and licentiousness of wit gained him the contempt of everyone" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Charlotte, "In the house of M'Sarcasm aretwo barons, three viscounts, six earls, one marquisate, and two dukes, besides baronets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning" (i. 1). He makes loveto Charlotte Goodchild, but supposing it to be true that she has losther fortune, declares to her that he has just received letters "fraethe dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries of the family ... Expressly prohibiting his contaminating the blood of M'Sarcasm wi'onything sprung from a hogshead or a coonting-house" (ii. 1). 

The man has something droll, something ridiculous in him. Hisabominable Scotch accent, his grotesque visage almost buried in snuff, the roll of his eyes and twist of his mouth, his strange inhumanlaugh, his tremendous periwig, and his manners altogether--why, onemight take him for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch fair. --C. Macklin, _Love à-la-mode_, i. 1 (1779). 

_Sir Archy's Great-grandmother. _ Sir Archy M'Sarcasm insisted onfighting Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan on a point of ancestry. TheScotchman said that the Irish are a colony from Scotland, "an ootcast, a mere ootcast. " The Irishman retorted by saying that "one Mac FergusO'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, and peopled all Scotland withhis own hands. " Charlotte [Goodchild] interposed, and asked the causeof the contention, whereupon Sir Callaghan replied, "Madam, it isabout sir Archy's great-grandmother. "--C. Macklin, _Love à-la-mode_, i. I (1779). 

We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy'sgreat-grandmother. --Maepherson, _Dissertation upon Ossian_. 

ARCHY'TAS of Tarentum made a wooden pigeon that could fly; andRegiomonta'nus, a German, made a wooden eagle that flew fromKoenigsberg to meet the emperor, and, having saluted him, returnedwhence it set out (1436-1476). 

This engine may be contrived from the same principles by whichArchytas made a wooden dove, and Regiomontanus a wooden eagle. --Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1672). 

AR'CITE (2 _syl_. ) AND PAL'AMON, two Theban knights, captives ofduke Theseus, who used to see from their dungeon window the duke'ssister-in-law, Emily, taking her airing in the palace garden, and fellin love with her. Both captives having gained their liberty, contendedfor the lady by single combat. Arcite was victor, but beingthrown from his horse was killed, and Emily became the bride ofPalamon. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Knight's Tale, " 1388). 

Richard Edwards in 1566 produced a drama entitled _Palamon andArcite_. 

AR'DEN _(Enoch)_, the hero of a poetic tale by Tennyson. He is aseaman wrecked on a desert island, who returns home after the absenceof several years, and finds his wife married to another. Seeing herboth happy and prosperous, Enoch resolves not to mar her domesticpeace, so leaves her undisturbed, and dies of a broken heart. 

AR'DEN OF FEV'ERSLIAM, a noble character, honorable, forgiving, affectionate, and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep reveals to himher guilty love for Mosby, but he pardons her on condition that shewill never see the seducer again. Scarcely has she made the promisewhen she plots with Mosby her husband's murder. In a plannedstreet-scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's part, and thus throwshim off his guard. Arden thinks he has wronged him, and invites him tohis house, but Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians to fall on hishost during a game of draughts, the right moment being signified byMosby's saying, "Now I take you. " Arden is murdered; but the wholegang is apprehended and brought to justice. 

(This drama is based on a murder which took place in 1551. LudwigTieck has translated the play into German, as a genuine production ofShakespeare. Some ascribe the play to George Lillo, but Charles Lambgives 1592 as the date of its production, and says the author isunknown. )

AREOUS'KI, the Indian war-god, war, tumult. 

A cry of Areouski broke our sleep. Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i, 16 (1809). 

ARETHU'SA, daughter of the king Messi'na, in the drama called_Philaster_ or _Love Lies a-bleeding_, by Beaumont and Fletcher(1638). 

_Arethusa_, a nymph pursued by Alpheos the river-god, and changed intoa fountain in the island of Ortygia; but the river-god still pursuedher, and mingled his stream with the fountain, and now, "like friendsonce parted grown single-hearted, " they leap and flow and slumbertogether, "like spirits that love but live no more. "

[Illustration] This fable has been exquisitely turned into poetry byPercy B. Shelley (_Arethusa_, 1820). 

ARGALI'A, brother of Angel'ica, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

AR'GAN, the _malade imaginaire_ and father of Angelique. He isintroduced taxing his apothecary's bills, under the conviction that hecannot afford to be sick at the prices charged, but then he noticesthat he has already reduced his bills during the current month, and isnot so well. He first hits upon the plan of marrying Angelique to ayoung doctor, but to this the lady objects. His brother suggests thatArgan himself should be his own doctor, and when the invalid replieshe has not studied either diseases, drugs, or Latin, the objection isoverruled by investing the "malade" in a doctor's cap and robe. Thepiece concludes with the ceremonial in macaronic Latin. 

[Illustration] When Argan asks his doctor how many grains of salt heought to eat with an egg, the doctor answers, "Six, huit, dix, etc. , par les nombres pairs, comme dans les médicaments par les nombresimpairs. "--Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_, ii. 9 (1673). 

ARGAN'TE (3 _syl_. ), a giantess called "the very monster and miracleof lust. " She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or Oliphant were thechildren of Typhoe'us and Earth. Argantè used to carry off youngmen as her captives, and seized "the Squire of Dames" as one ofher victims. The squire, who was in fact Britomart (the heroine ofchastity), was delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 _syl_. ). --Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, iii. 7 (1590). 

_Argante_' (2 _syl_. ), father of Octave (2 _syl_. ) and Zerbinette (3_syl_. ). He promises to give his daughter Zerbinette to Leandre (2_syl_. ), the son of his friend Géronte (2 _syl_. ); but during hisabsence abroad the young people fall in love unknown to theirrespective fathers. Both fathers storm, and threaten to break off theengagement, but are delighted beyond measure when they discover thatthe choice of the young people has unknowingly coincided with theirown. --Molière, _Les Fourteries de Scapin_ (1671). 

(Thomas Otway has adapted this play to the English stage, and calledit _The Cheats of Scapin_. "Argante" he calls _Thrifty_; "Géronte" is_Gripe_; "Zerbinette" he calls _Lucia_; and "Leandre" he Anglicizesinto _Leander_. )

ARGAN'TES (3 _syl_. ), a Circassian of high rank and undoubted courage, but fierce and a great detester of the Nazarenes. Argantês and Solymanwere undoubtedly the bravest heroes of the infidel host. Argantêswas slain by Rinaldo, and Solyman by Tancred. --Tasso, _JerusalemDelivered_ (1575). 

Bonaparte stood before the deputies like the Argantês of Italy'sheroic poet. --Sir Walter Scott. 

AR'GENIS, a political romance by Barclay (1621). 

AR'GENTILE (3 _syl_. ), daughter of king Adelbright, and ward of Edel. Curan, a Danish prince, in order to woo her, became a drudge in herhouse, but being obliged to quit her service, became a shepherd. Edel, the guardian, forcing his suit on Argentile, compelled her to flight, and she became a neatherd's maid. In this capacity Curan wooed and wonher. Edel was forced to restore the possessions of his ward, andCuran became king of Northumberland. As for Edel, he was put todeath. --William Warner, _Albion's England_ (1586). 

AR'GENTIN _(Le sieur d_'), one of the officers of the duke ofBurgundy. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geiersiein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

ARGE'O, baron of Servia and husband of Gabrina. (See _Dictionary ofPhrase and Fable_. )--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ARGES'TES (3 _syl_. ), the west wind. 

 Wingèd Argestes, faire Aurora's sonne, Licensed that day to leave his dungeon, Meekly attended. 

Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613). 

_Arges'tes_ (3 _syl_. ), the north-east wind; Cæ'cias, the north-west;Bo'reas, the full north. 

 Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud ... Rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665). 

AR'GILLAN, a haughty, turbulent knight, born on the banks of theTrent. He induced the Latians to revolt, was arrested, made hisescape, but was ultimately slain in battle by Solyman. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, viii. Ix. (1575). 

ARGON AND RURO, the two sons of Annir, king of Inis-thona, an islandof Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came to the island, andasked for the honor of a tournament. Argon granted the request, andoverthrew him, and this so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shotboth the brothers with his bow. Their dog Runo, running to the hall, howled so as to attract attention, and Annir, following the hound, found his two sons both dead. On his return he discovered that Cormalohad run off with his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew Cormalo infight, and restored the daughter to her father. --_Ossian_ ("The War ofInis-thona"). 

ARGONAUTS, heroes and demi-gods, who sailed to Colchis in quest of thegolden fleece, guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason was their leader. 

_Argonauts (The)_. Title applied to adventurers who, in 1849, soughtgold in California. Bret Harte has seized upon the name as the themeof tales and ballads of the "Forty-niners. "

AR'GUS, the turf-writer, was Irwin Willes, who died in 1871. 

ARGYLE _(Mac Callum More, duke of_), in the reign of George I. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (1818). 

_Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle_, in the reign of Charles I. , was commander of the parliamentary forces, and is called "GillespieGrumach;" he disguises himself, and assumes the name of MurdochCampbell. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (1819). 

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are introduced also in the _Heart ofMidlothian_, by Sir W. Scott, 1818. )

ARIAD'NE (4 _syl_. ), daughter of Minos king of Crete. She gave Theseusa clew of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labyrinth. Theseusmarried his deliverer, but when he arrived at Naxos _(Dia)_ forsookher, and she hung herself. 

Surely it is an Ariadnê.... There is dawning womanhood in every line;but she knows nothing of Naxos. --Ouidà, _Ariadnê_, i. 1. 

AR'IBERT, king of the Lombards (653-661), left "no male pledgebehind, " but only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom he wished dukeGondibert to marry, but the duke fell in love with Bertha, daughterof As'tragon, the sage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is notknown. --Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668). 

ARIDEUS _[A. Ree'. De. Us]_, a herald in the Christian army. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

A'RIEL, in _The Tempest_, an airy spirit, able to assume any shape, or even to become invisible. He was enslaved to the witch Syc'orax, mother of Caliban, who overtasked the little thing, and in punishmentfor not doing what was beyond his strength, imprisoned him for twelveyears in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban delighted to torturehim with impish cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and father ofMiranda, liberated Ariel from the pine-rift, and the grateful spiritserved the duke for sixteen years, when he was set free. 

 And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree, For its freedom groans and sighs. 

Longfellow, _The Golden Milestone_. 

_A'riel_, the sylph in Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. The impersonationof "fine life" in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts andnecklaces. When disobedient he is punished by being kept hovering overthe fumes of the chocolate, or is transfixed with pins, clogged withpomatums, or wedged in the eyes of bodkins. 

_A'riel_, one of the rebel angels. The word means "the Lion of God. "Abdiel encountered him, and overthrew him. --Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665). 

ARIELLA, an invalid girl, the daughter of Malachi and Hagar his wife, in _Come Forth_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. Hername signifies STRENGTH OF GOD. She has lain a helpless cripple fornine years, when she is healed by a word from The Christ (1891). 

ARIMAN'ES (4 _syl_. ), the prince of the powers of evil, introduced byByron in his drama called _Manfred_. The Persians recognized a powerof good and a power of evil: the former Yezad, and the latter Ahriman(in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ariman'nis). These two spirits are ever atwar with each other. Oromazes created twenty-four good spirits, andenclosed them in an egg to be out of the power of Arimanês; butArimanês pierced the shell, and thus mixed evil with every good. However, a time will come when Arimanês shall be subjected, and theearth will become a perfect paradise. 

ARIMAS'PIANS, a one-eyed people of Scythia, who adorned their hairwith gold. As gold mines were guarded by Gryphons, there wereperpetual contentions between the Arimaspians and the Gryphons. (SeeGRYPHON. )

 Arimaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in fronte media in signes; quibus assidue bellum esse circa metella cum gryphis, ferarum volucri genere, quale vulgo traditur, eruente ex cuniculis aurum, mire cupiditate et feris custodientibus, et Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed maxime illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius scribunt. --Pliny, _Nat. Hist. _ vii. 2. 

AR'IOCH ("_a fierce lion_"), one of the fallen angels overthrown byAbdiel. --Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 371 (1665). 

ARIODAN'TES (5 _syl_. ), the beloved of Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneura being accused of incontinence, Ariodantês stood forth herchampion, vindicated her innocence, and married her. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

ARI'ON. William Falconer, author of _The Shipwreck_, speaks of himselfunder this _nom de plume_ (canto iii). He was sent to sea when a lad, and says he was eager to investigate the "antiquities of foreignstates. " He was junior officer in the _Britannia_, which was wreckedagainst the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the most southern pointof Attica, and was the only officer who survived. 

 Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799). 

_Ari'on_, a Greek musician, who, to avoid being murdered for hiswealth, threw himself into the sea, and was carried to Tæ'naros on theback of a dolphin. 

_Ari'on_, the wonderful horse which Herculês gave to Adrastos. It hadthe gift of human speech, and the feet on the right side were the feetof a man. 

(One of the masques in Sir W. Scott's _Kenilworth_ is called "Arion. ")

ARIO'STO OF THE NORTH, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). 

 And, like the Ariosto of the North, Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 40. 

ARISTÆ'US, protector of vines and olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. Heinstructed man also in the management of bees, taught him by hismother Cyrenê. 

 In such a palace Aristæus found Cyrenê, when he bore the plaintive tale Of his lost bees to her maternal ear. Cowper, _The Ice Palace of Anne of Russia_. 

ARISTAR'CHUS, any critic. Aristarchus of Samothrace was the greatestcritic of antiquity. His labors were chiefly directed to the _Iliad_and _Odyssey_ of Homer. He divided them into twenty-four books each, marked every doubtful line with an obelos, and every one he consideredespecially beautiful with an asterisk. (Fl. B. C. 156; died aged 72. )

The whole region of belle lettres fell under my inspection.... There, sirs, like another Aristarch, I dealt out fame and damnation atpleasure. --Samuel Foote, _The Liar_, i. 1. 

"How, friend, " replied the archbishop, "has it [_the homily_] metwith any Aristarchus [_severe critic_]?"--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 4(1715). 

ARISTE (2 _syl_. ), brother of Chrysale (2 _syl_. ), not a _savant_, but a practical tradesman. He sympathizes with Henriette, his womanlyniece, against his sister-in-law Philaminte (3 _syl_. ) and herdaughter Armande (2 _syl_. ), who _femmes savantes_. --Molière, _LesFemmes Savantes_ (1672). 

ARISTE'AS, a poet who continued to appear and disappear alternatelyfor above 400 years, and who visited all the mythical nations of theearth. When not in the human form, he took the form of a stag. --_GreekLegend_. 

ARISTI'DES (_The British_), Andrew Marvell, an influential member ofthe House of Commons in the reign of Charles II. He refused everyoffer of promotion, and a direct bribe tendered to him by the lordtreasurer. Dying in great poverty, he was buried, like Aristidês, atthe public expense (1620-1678). 

ARISTIP'POS, a Greek philosopher of Cyre'nê, who studied underSoc'ratês, and set up a philosophic school of his own, called"he'donism" (_[Greek: aedonae]_ "pleasure"). 

[Illustration] C. M. Wieland has an historic novel in German, called_Aristippus_, in which he sets forth the philosophical dogmas of thisCyrenian (1733-1813). 

An axiom of Aristippos was _Omnis Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res_ (Horace, _Epist_. I. 17, 23); and his great precept was _Mihires, non me rebus subjungere_ (Horace, _Epist_. I. I, 18). 

I am a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommodate myself tocompany and solitude, to affluence and frugality. --Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 12 (1715). 

ARISTOBU'LUS, called by Drayton Aristob'ulus (_Rom. _ xvi. 10), andsaid to be the first that brought to England the "glad tidings ofsalvation. " He was murdered by the Britons. 

 The first that ever told Christ crucified to us, By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus ... By the Britons murdered was. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

ARISTOM'ENES (5 _syl_. ), a young Messenian of the royal line, the"Cid" of ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he entered Sparta by nightto suspend a shield from the temple of Pallas. On the shield wereinscribed these words: "Aristomenês from the Spartan spoils dedicatesthis to the goddess. "

[Illustration] A similar tale is told of Fernando Perez del Pulgar, when serving under Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of Grana'da. Withfifteen companions he entered Granada, then in the power of the Moors, and nailed to the door of the principal mosque with his dagger atablet inscribed "Ave Maria!" then galloped back, before the guardsrecovered from their amazement. --Washington Irving, _Conquest ofGranada_, 91. 

ARISTOPH'ANES (5 _syl_. ), a Greek who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of which have survived to the present day (B. C. 444-380). He iscalled "The Prince of Ancient Comedy, " and Menander "The Prince of NewComedy" (B. C. 342-291). 

_The English_ or _Modern Aristophanes_, Samuel Foote (1722-1777). 

_The French Aristophanes_, J. Baptiste Poquelin de Molière(1622-1673). 

ARISTOTLE. The mistress of this philosopher was Hepyllis; of Plato, Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 

_Aristotle of China_, Tehuhe, who died A. D. 1200, called "The Princeof Science. "

_Aristotle of Christianity_, Thomas Aqui'nas, who tried to reduce thedoctrines of faith to syllogistic formulæ (1224-1274). 

_Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century_, George Cuvier, the naturalist(1769-1832). 

AR'ISTOTLE IN LOVE. Godfrey Gobilyve told sir Graunde Amoure thatAristotle the philosopher was once in love, and the lady promised tolisten to his prayer if he would grant her request. The terms beingreadily accepted, she commanded him to go on all fours, and then, putting a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his back, and drove himabout the room till he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, that he wasquite cured of his foolish attachment. --Stephen Hawes, _The Pastime ofPlesure_, xxix. (1555). 

ARMADALE (_Allan_), bluff young Englishman, devoted to the sea andship-building, and prone to fall in love. He is betrothed, firstto Miss Milroy, a winning lass of sixteen, then to Miss Gwilt, hergoverness, again and lastly to Miss Milroy, whom he marries. --WilkieCollins, _Armadale_. 

ARMADO (_Don Adriano de_), a pompous, affected Spaniard, called "arefined traveller, in all the world's new fashion planted, that hada mint of phrases in his brain. One whom the music of his own vaintongue did ravish. " This man was chosen by Ferdinand, the king ofNavarre, when he resolved to spend three years in study with threecompanions, to relate in the interim of his studies "in high-bornwords the worth of many a knight from tawny Spain lost in the world'sdebate. "

His humor is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed, hiseye ambitious, his gait majestical, and his general behavior vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical.... He draweth out the thread of hisverbosity finer than the staple of his argument. --Shakespeare, _Love'sLabor's Lost_, act v. Sc. 1 (1594). 

ARMANDE (2 _syl_. ), daughter of Chrysale (2 _syl_. ), and sister ofHenriette. Armande is a _femme savante_, and Henriette a "thoroughwoman. " Both love Clitandre, but Armande loves him platonically, whileHenriette loves him with womanly affection. Clitandre prefers theyounger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marriesher. --Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672). 

ARMI'DA, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders fromthe siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendidpalace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensualjoys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes fromArmida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him backagain, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, and is slain. 

 [Julia's] small hand Withdrew itself from his, but left behind A little pressure ... But ne'er magician's wand Wrought change with, all Armida's fairy art, Like what this light touch left on Juan's heart. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 71. 

When the young queen of Frederick William of Prussia rode about inmilitary costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, thelatter wittily said, "She is Armida in her distraction setting fire toher own palace. "

(Both Glück and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subjectof an opera. )

_Armida's Girdle_. Armida had an enchanted girdle, which, "in priceand beauty, " surpassed all her other ornaments; even the cestus ofVenus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would beloved, she wore the same. "--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ARM'STRONG (_John_), called "The Laird's Jock. " He is the laird ofMangerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valleyof Liddesdale, between his son (the Scotch chieftain) and Foster (theEnglish champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown. --Sir W. Scott, _The Laird's Jock_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Armstrong (Grace)_, the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of theheugh-foot, a young farmer. --Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

_Armstrong (Archie)_, court jester to James I. , introduced in _TheFortunes of Nigel_, by Sir Walter Scott (1822). 

AR'NAUT, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man. "

Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. Byron, _The Giaour_, 526. 

ARNHEIM (2 _syl. ). The baron Herman von Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein'sgrandfather. 

_Sibilla of Arnheim_, Anne's mother. 

_The baroness of Arnheim_, Anne of Geierstein. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne ofGeierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

ARNOLD, the deformed son of Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness. Weary of life, he is about to make away with himself, when a strangeraccosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likesbest. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where hejoins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold entersSt. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proudbeauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from thehigh altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. Asthe drama was never completed, the sequel is not known. --Byron, _TheDeformed Transformed_. 

_Ar'nold_, the torch-bearer at Rotherwood. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_(time, Richard I. ). 

_Ar'nold_ of Benthuysen, disguised as a beggar, and called"Ginks. "--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar's Bush_ (1622). 

ARNOLD BRINKWORTH, frank, whole-souled sailor, in love with andbetrothed to Blanche Lundie. Through his friendship for the man whohas betrayed Anne Silvestre, and desire to serve the hapless woman, heis the bearer of a message to her from _Geoffrey Delamayne_, andis mistaken for her husband. Through this blunder he finds himselfmarried by Scotch law to Anne, while he is engaged to Blanche. --WilkieCollins, _Man and Wife_. 

ARNOL'DO, son of Melchtal, patriot of the forest cantons ofSwitzerland. He was in love with Mathilde (3 _syl. _), sister ofGessler, the Austrian governor of the district. When the tyranny ofGessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents, but after the death of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose life he hadsaved when it was imperilled by an avalanche. --Rossini, _GuglielmoTell_ (1829). 

_Arnol'do_, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonorably pursued by the governor, count Clodio. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647). 

AR'NOLPHE (2 _syl. _), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about theproper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme onAgnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and intends in time tomake his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four years, ina country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions ofsociety are wholly ignored; but when removed from the convent Agnestreats men like school-girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them, and plays with them. Being told by her guardian that married womenhave more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her; however, ayoung man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her hiswife, so Arnolphe, after all, profits nothing by his pains. --Molière, _L'École des Femmes_ (1662). 

 Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique Je le fis élever selon ma politique C'est-à-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploieroit Pour le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit. Act i. I. 

AR'NOT (_Andrew_), one of the yeomen of the Balafre [LudovicLesly]. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

ARON'TEUS (4 _syl. _), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptianarmament against the crusaders. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ARPA'SIA, the betrothed of Mone'sês, a Greek, but made by constraintthe bride of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded Monesêsto be bow-strung in the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her intosubjection, but she died at the sight. --N. Eowe, _Tamerlane_ (1702). 

AR'ROT, the weasel in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). 

ARROW-HEAD, Indian warrior in Cooper's _Pathfinder_, the husband ofDew-in-June (1840). 

ARROW-MAKER, father of Minnehaha, in Longfellow's _Hiawatha_ (1855). 

AR'SACES (3 _syl. _), the patronymic name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally added to somedistinctive name or appellation, as the Roman emperors added the nameof Cæsar to their own. 

 Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncupent. --Justin, _Historiarae Philippicae_, xli. 

ARSE'TES (3 _syl. _), the aged eunuch who brought up Clorinda, andattended on her. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ARSINOË, prude in Molière's comedy _Le Misanthrope_. 

AR'TAMENES (3 _syl_. ) or LE GRAND CYRUS, a "long-winded romance, " byMdlle. Scudéri (1607-1701). 

ARTAXAM'INOUS, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishesto divorce for Distaffi'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to generalBombastês, and when the general finds that his "fond one" prefers"half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges thewhole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring any oneto displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the challenge, and cuts the boots down, whereupon Bombastês falls on his majesty, and"kills him, " in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the closeof the burletta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audiencelikes, "to die again to-morrow. "--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_. 

AR'TEGAL OR ARTHEGAL (_Sir_), son of Gorloïs prince of Cornwall, stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's looking-glass, and fell in love withhim. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, fromwhom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives descent. Thewanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the impersonationof chastity, is the subject of bk. Iii. Of the _Faëry Queen_; and theachievements of sir Artegal, as the impersonation of justice, is thesubject of bk. V. 

Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a livingwoman belonged. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgmentrespecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was todestroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). His thirdwas the exposing of Braggadoccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3). He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money found at seabelonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas; he gave judgment in favor ofthe former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queenof the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 6), whokilled Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement was thedeliverance of Ire'na _(Ireland)_ from Grantorto _(rebellion)_, whomhe slew (canto 12). 

N. B. --This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. Iv. 6, Artegal is spelled Arthegal, but never afterwards. 

[Illustration] "Sir Artegal" is meant for lord Gray of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomartmeans that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind orperfect integrity of conduct. --Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596). 

ARTEMIS'IA, daughter of Lygdamis and queen of Carlia. With fiveships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatlydistinguished herself in the battle of Salamis by her prudence andcourage. (This is _not_ the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum. )

 Our statues ... She The foundress of the Babylonian wall _[Semirfa-mis]_; The Carian Artemisia strong in war. 

 Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. 

_Artemis'ia_, daughter of Hecatomnus and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Artemisia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternalhusband raised a monument to his memory (called a mausole'um), whichwas one of the "Seven Wonders of the World. " It was built by fourdifferent architects: Scopas, Timotheus, Leocharês, and Bruxis. 

 This made the four rare masters which began Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb (When death took her before the work was done, And so bereft them of all hopes to come), That they would yet their own work perfect make E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake. 

Lord Brooke, _An Inquiry upon Fame, etc_. (1554-1628). 

ARTEMUS WARD, travelling showman and philosopher, whose adventures andsayings as given by Charles Brown were a new departure in the historyof American dialect literature (1862). 

ARTFUL DODGER, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, upto every sort of dodge, and a most marvellous adept in villainy. --Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

ARTHGALLO, a mythical British king, brother of Gorbonian, hispredecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who wasswallowed by a sea-monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brotherEl'idure was advanced to the throne instead. --Geoffrey, _BritishHistory_, iii. 17 (1142). 

ARTHUR (_King_), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, andhis mother Ygernê (3 _syl_. ), widow of Gorloïs duke of Cornwall. ButYgernê had been a widow only three hours, and knew not that the dukewas dead (pt. I. 2), and her marriage with the pendragon was notconsummated till thirteen days afterwards. When the boy was bornMerlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector(Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announcehim as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther livedtwo years after his marriage with Ygernê. --Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470). 

 Wherefore Merlin took the child And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight And ancient friend of Uther; and his wife Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own. Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_. 

_Coming of Arthur_. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl. _), appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbersand wild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knights toLeodogran, to beg the hand of his daughter Guenever in marriage. Tothis Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelotwas sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court. 

_Arthur not dead_. According to tradition Arthur is not dead, butrests in Glastonbury, "till he shall come again full twice as fair, torule over his people. " (See BARBAROSSA. )

According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was converted into araven by enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear againin his original shape, to recover his throne and sceptre. For thisreason there is never a raven killed in England. --Cervantes, _DonQuixote_, I ii. 5 (1605). 

_Arthur's Twelve Battles_ (or victories over the Saxons). I. Thebattle of the river Glem (_i. E. _ the glen of Northumberland). 2 to 5. The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of theRibble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, whichjoins the Ribble near Clithero. 7. The battle of Celidon, said tobe Tweeddale. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion (_i. E. _ Caer Wen, inWedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, _i. E. _ Carlisle; whichTennyson makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of TrathTreroit, in Anglesey, some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle ofAgned Cathregonion (_i. E. _ Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill(_i. E. _ the Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown). 

Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he[_Arthur_] with the Saxons fought. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612). 

_Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies_. Three were Gentiles: Hector, Alexander, and Julius Cæsar; three were Jews: Joshua, David, and JudasMaccabæus; three were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey ofBouillon. 

_Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother_, sir Ector and his lady. Theirson, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward. --SirT. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 8 (1470). 

N. B. --Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur. 

_Arthur's Butler_, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus; but sirGriflet, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule ofthe service. "--_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 8 (1470). 

_Arthur's Sisters_ [half-sisters], Morgause or Margawse (wife of kingLot); Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot); and Morgan le Fay, the"great clark of Nigromancy, " who wedded king Vrience, of the land ofCorê, father of Ewayns le Blanchemayne. Only the last had the samemother (Ygraine or Ygernê) as the king. --Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 2. 

_Arthur's Sons_--Urien, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors, daughter of the earl Sanam. --_History of Prince Arthur_, i. 15. Mordred was his son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In someof the romances collated by sir T. Malory he is called the son ofMorgause and Arthur; Morgause being called the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to have been the cause ofMordred's hatred of Arthur. --Pt. I. 17, 36, etc. 

_Arthur's Drinking-Horn_. No one could drink from this horn who waseither unchaste or unfaithful. --_Lai du Corn_ and _Morte d'Arthur_. (See CHASTITY. )

_Arthur's Shield_, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and says it wasadorned with the picture of the Virgin Mary. --_British History_, ix. 4(1142). 

_Arthur's Spear_, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made ofebony. --_British History_, ix. 4 (1142). 

 His spere he nom an honde tha Ron wes ihaten. Layamon. _Brut_, (twelfth century). 

_Arthur's Sword_, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibur. Geoffrey calls itCaliburn, and says it was made in the isle of Avallon. --_BritishHistory_, ix. 4 (1142). 

 The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour, The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble spear, With Pridwin, his great shield. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612). 

_Arthur's Round Table_. It contained seats for 150 knights. Three werereserved, two for honor, and one (called the "siege perilous") for sirGalahad, destined to achieve the quest of the sangreal. If any oneelse attempted to sit in it, his death was the certain penalty. 

[Illustration] There is a table so called at Winchester, and HenryVIII. Showed it to François I. As the very table made by Merlin forUther the pendragon. 

 And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester prefers, Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be hers. 

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). 

_Arthur_ (_King_), in the burlesque opera of

_Tom Thumb_, has Dollallolla for his queen, and Huncamunca for hisdaughter. This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, the novelist, wasproduced in 1730, but was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of _Midas_, about half a century later. 

ARTHURIAN ROMANCES. 

_King Arthur and the Round Table_, a romance in verse (1096). 

_The Holy Graal_ (in verse, 1100). 

_Titurel_, or _The Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram vonEschenbach. Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg as a shrine forthe holy graal. 

_The Romance of Parzival_, prince of the race of the kings ofGraalburg. By Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). This romance (writtenabout 1205) was partly founded upon a French poem by Chrétien deTroyes, _Parceval le Gallois_ (1170). 

_Launcelot of the Lake_, by Ulrich of Zazikoven, contemporary withWilliam Rufus. 

_Wigalois_, or _The Knight of the Wheel_, by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adventurer leaves his mother in Syria, and goes in search of hisfather, a knight of the Round Table. 

_I'wain_, or _The Knight of the Lion_, and _Ereck_, by Hartmann vonder Aue (thirteenth century). 

_Tristan and Yseult_ (in verse), by Master Grottfried of Strasburg(thirteenth century). This is also the subject of Luc du Grast's proseromance, which was revised by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse byThomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, under the title of the _Romance ofTristram_. 

_Merlyn Ambroise_, by Robert de Borron. 

_Roman des diverses Quétes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes (prose). 

_La Morte d'Arthur_, by Walter Mapes. 

_A Life of Joseph of Arimathea_, by Robert de Borron. 

_The Idylls of the King_, by Tennyson, in blank verse, containing "TheComing of Arthur, " "Gareth and Lynette, " "Geraint and Enid, " "Merlinand Vivien, " "Lancelot and Elaine, " "The Holy Graal, " "Peleas andEttarre" (2 _syl. _), "The Last Tournament, " "Guinevere" (3 _syl. _)and "The Passing of Arthur, " which is the "Morte d'Arthur" with anintroduction added to it. 

(The old Arthurian Romances have been collated and rendered intoEnglish by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. Part i. Contains theearly history of Arthur and the beautiful allegory of Gareth andLinet; part ii. Contains the adventures of sir Tristram; and part iii. The adventures of sir Launcelot, with the death of Arthur and hisknights. Sir Frederick Madden and J. T. K. Have also contributed to thesame series of legends. )

[Illustration] _Sources of the Arthurian Romances_. The prose seriesof romances called Arthurian, owe their origin to: 1. The legendarychronicles composed in Wales or Brittany, such as _De ExcidioBritanniae_ of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius (ninth century). 3. The Armoric collections of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter, archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The _Chronicon sive Historia Britonum_ ofGeoffrey of Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and metrical ballads andromances. (See CHARLEMAGNE. )

AR'THURET _(Miss Seraphina_ the papist and _Miss Angelica_), twosisters in sir W. Scott's novel called _Redgauntlet_ (time, GeorgeIII. ). 

ARTHUR KAVANAGH, the new pastor in the Fairmeadow parish, endowed"with the zeal of Peter and the gentleness of John, " who writes on hisstudy-door Dante's injunction--

Think that To-day will never dawn again. _Kavanagh. A Tale_, by H. W. Longfellow (1872). 

ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, an American traveller in Egypt who falls in love, at first leisurely, finally desperately, with the heroine of _Kismet_by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher) (1877). 

ARTHUR RIPLEY, young New York lawyer employed in the criminal casethat is the pivotal centre of interest in Sidney Luska's (HarryHarland) novel, _Mrs. Peixada_ (1886). 

AR'TURO (lord Arthur Talbot), a cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra "thepuritan, " daughter of lord Walton. On the day appointed for thewedding, Arturo has to aid Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of CharlesI. _) in her escape, and Elvira, supposing he is eloping with a rival, temporarily loses her reason. On his return, Arturo explains thecircumstances, and they vow never more to part. At this junctureArturo is arrested for treason, and led away to execution; but aherald announces the defeat of the Stuarts, and free pardon of allpolitical offenders, whereupon Arturo is released, and marries "thefair puritan. "--Bellini's opera, _I Puritani_ (1834). 

_Ar'turo_ [BUCKLAW]. So Frank Hayston is called in Donizetti's operaof _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See HAYSTON. )

AR'VALAN, the wicked son of Keha'ma, slain by Ladur'lad for attemptingto dishonor his daughter Kail'yal (2 _syl. _). After this, his spiritbecame the relentless persecutor of the holy maiden, but holiness andchastity triumphed over sin and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken tothe bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan borrowed the dragon-car of thewitch Lor'rimite (3 _syl. _) to carry her off; but when the dragonscame in sight of the holy place they were unable to mount, and wentperpetually downwards, till Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift ofperpetual snow. When he presented himself before her in the temple ofJaganaut, she set fire to the pagoda. And when he caught the maidenwaiting for her father, who was gone to release the glendoveer fromthe submerged city of Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue. 

 "Help, help, Kehama! help!" he cried. But Baly tarried not to abide That mightier power. With irresistible feet He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide, And gave him way to his own judgment-seat. Down like a plummet to the world below He sank ... To punishment deserved and endless woe. 

 Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvii. 12 (1809). 

ARVI'DA (_Prince_), a noble friend of Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida andGustavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter of Christian II. Kingof Scandinavia. Christian employs the prince to entrap Gustavus, butwhen he approaches him the better instincts of old friendship and thenobleness of Gustavus prevail, so that Arvida not only refuses tobetray his friend, but even abandons to him all further rivalry in thelove of Christina. --H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730). 

ARVIR'AGUS, the husband of Do'rigen. Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dorigen made answer that she would never listen to his suit tillthe rocks that beset the coast were removed, "and there n'is no stoney-seen. " By the aid of magic, Aurelius caused all the rocks of thecoast to disappear, and Dorigen's husband insisted that she shouldkeep her word. When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and was told thatshe had come in obedience to her husband's wishes, he said he wouldrather die than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale, " 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dianora andGilberto_, day x. 5. See DIANORA. )

_Arvir'agus_, younger son of Cym'beline (3 _syl. _) king of Britain, and brother of Guide'rius. The two in early childhood were kidnappedby Bela'rius, out of revenge for being unjustly banished, and werebrought up by him in a cave. When they were grown to manhood, Belarius, having rescued the king from the Romans, was restored tofavor. He then introduced the two young men to Cymbeline, and toldtheir story, upon which the king was rejoiced to find that his twosons whom he thought dead were both living. --Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_(1605). 

ARYAN LANGUAGES (_The_)--

 1. Sanskrit, whence Hindustanee. 2. Zend, whence Persian. 3. Greek, whence Romaic. 4. Latin, whence Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian (_Romance_). 5. Keltic, whence Welsh, Irish, Gaelic. 6. Gothic, whence Teutonic, English, Scandinavian. 7. Slavonic, whence European Russian, and Austrian. 

AS YOU LIKE IT, a comedy by Shakespeare. One of the French dukes, being driven from his dukedom by his brother, went with certainfollowers to the forest of Arden, where they lived a free and easylife, chiefly occupied in the chase. The deposed duke had onedaughter, named Rosalind, whom the usurper kept at court as thecompanion of his own daughter Celia, and the two cousins were veryfond of each other. At a wrestling match Rosalind fell in love withOrlando, who threw his antagonist, a giant and professional athlete. The usurping duke (Frederick) now banished her from the court, but hercousin Celia resolved to go to Arden with her; so Rosalind in boy'sclothes (under the name of Ganymede), and Celia as a rustic maiden(under the name of Alie'na), started to find the deposed duke. Orlandobeing driven from home by his elder brother, also went to the forestof Arden, and was taken under the duke's protection. Here he metthe ladies, and a double marriage was the result--Orlando marriedRosalind, and his elder brother Oliver married Celia. The usurperretired to a religious house, and the deposed duke was restored to hisdominions. --(1598. )

ASAPH. So Tate calls Dryden in _Absalom and Achitophel_. 

 While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast, The song of Asaph and his fame shall last. 

 Part ii. 

_Asaph (St. )_ a British [_i. E. Welsh_] monk of the sixth century, abbot of Llan-Elvy, which changed its name to St. Asaph, in honor ofhim. 

 So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be: As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

ASCAL'APHOS, son of Acheron, turned into an owl for tale-telling andtrying to make mischief. --_Greek Fable_. 

ASCA'NIO, son of don Henrique (2 _syl. _), in the comedy called _TheSpanish Curate_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622). 

AS'CAPART or AS'CUPART, an enormous giant, thirty feet high, whocarried off sir Bevis, his wife Jos'ian, his sword Morglay, and hissteed Ar'undel, under his arm. Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart hisslave, to run beside his horse. The effigy of sir Bevis is on the citygates of Southampton. --Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). 

He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, and bulk ... Wouldhave enabled him to enact "Colbrand, " "Ascapart, " or any other giantof romance, without raising himself nearer to heaven even by thealtitude of a chopin. --Sir W. Scott. 

 Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw Charing Cross for a bar. 

 Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 

Thus imitated by Pope (1688-1744)--

 Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross. 

ASCRÆ'AN SAGE, or _Ascræan poet_, Hesiod, who was born at Ascra, inBoeo'tia. Virgil calls him "The Old Ascræan. "

 Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musæ Ascræo quos ante seni. 

 _Ecl. _ vii. 70. 

AS'EBIE (3 _syl_. ), Irreligion personified in _The Purple Island_(1633), by Phineas Fletcher (canto vii. ). He had four sons: Idol'atros(_idolatry_), Phar'makeus (3 _syl_. ) (_witchcraft_), Hæret'icus, and Hypocrisy; all fully described by the poet. (Greek, _asebeia_, "impiety. ")

ASEL'GES (3 _syl_. ), Lasciviousness personified. One of the foursons of Anag'nus (_inchastity_), his three brothers being Mæchus(_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), and Acath'arus. Seeinghis brother Porneius fall by the spear of Parthen'ia (_maidenlychastity_), Aselgês rushes forward to avenge his death, but themartial maid caught him with her spear, and tossed him so high i'the air "that he hardly knew whither his course was bent. " (Greek, _aselgês_, "intemperate, wanton. ")--Phineas Fletcher, _The PurpleIsland_, xi. (1633). 

AS'EN, strictly speaking, are only the three gods next in rank tothe twelve male Asir; but the word is not unfrequently used for theScandinavian deities generally. 

ASHBURTON (_Mary_), heroine of _Hyperion_, by H. W. Longfellow (1839). 

ASH'FIELD (_Farmer_), a truly John Bull farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded but homely, generous but hot-tempered. He loves hisdaughter Susan with the love of a woman. His favorite expression is"Behave pratty, " and he himself always tries to do so. His daughterSusan marries Robert Handy, the son of sir Abel Handy. 

_Dame Ashfield_, the farmer's wife, whose _bête noire_ is aneighboring farmer named Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, or whatMrs. Grundy will think or do, is dame Ashfield's decalogue and gospeltoo. 

_Susan Ashfield_, daughter of farmer and dame Ashfield. --Thom. Morton, _Speed the Plough_ (1764-1838). 

ASH'FORD (_Isaac_), "a wise, good man, contented to be poor. "--Crabbe, _Parish Register_ (1807). 

ASHPENAZ, chief of eunuchs, and majordomo to Nebuchadnezzar, theBabylonian monarch. Wily, corpulent, and avaricious, a creature tobe at once feared and despised. --_The Master of the Magicians_, byElizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward (1890). 

ASH'TAROTH, a general name for all Syrian goddesses. (See ASTORETH. )

 [_They_] had general names Of Baälim and Ashtaroth: those male, These feminine. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 422 (1665). 

ASH'TON (_Sir William_), the lord keeper of Scotland, and father ofLucy Ashton. 

_Lady Eleanor Ashton_, wife of sir William. 

_Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton_, eldest son of sir William. 

_Lucy Ashton_, daughter of sir William, betrothed to Edgar (the masterof Ravenswood); but being compelled to marry Frank Hayston (laird ofBucklaw), she tries to murder him in the bridal chamber, and becomesinsane. Lucy dies, but the laird recovers. --Sir W. Scott, _The Brideof Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

(This has been made the subject of an opera by Donizetti, called_Lucia di Lammermoor_, 1835. )

ASIA, the wife of that Pharaoh who brought up Moses. She was thedaughter of Mozahem. Her husband tortured her for believing in Moses;but she was taken alive into paradise. --Sale, _Al Korân_, xx. , note, and Ixvi. , note. 

Mahomet says, "Among women four have been perfect: Asia, wife ofPharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imran; Khadijah, the prophet's first wife;and Fatima, his own daughter. "

AS'IR, the twelve chief gods of Scandinavian mythology--Odin, Thor, Baldr, Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Vidar, Vali, Ullur, andForseti. 

Sometimes the goddesses--Frigga, Freyja, Idu'na, and Saga, are rankedamong the Asir also. 

AS'MADAI (3 _syl. )_ the same as As-mode'us _(4 syl. )_ the lustful anddestroying angel, who robbed Sara of her seven husbands _(Tobit_ iii. 8). Milton makes him one of the rebellious angels overthrown by Urieland Ra'phael. Hume says the word means "the _destroyer_. "--_ParadiseLost_, vi 365 (1665). 

ASMODE'US _(4 syl. )_, the demon of vanity and dress, called in theTalmud "king of the devils. " As "dress" is one of the bitterest evilsof modern life, it is termed "the Asmodeus of domestic peace, " aphrase employed to express any "skeleton" in the house of a privatefamily. 

In the book of _Tobit_ Asmodeus falls in love with Sara, daughter ofRag'uël, and causes the successive deaths of seven husbands each onhis bridal night, but when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus was driveninto Egypt by a charm made of the heart and liver of a fish burnt onperfumed ashes. 

(Milton throws the accent on the third syl. , Tennyson on the second. )

 Better pleased Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 168. 

 Abaddon and Asmodëus caught at me. 

Tennyson, _St. Simeon Stylitês_. 

_Asmode'us_, a "diable bon-homme, " with more gaiety than malice; notthe least like Mephistophelês. He is the companion of Cle'ofas, whomhe carries through the air, and shows him the inside of houses, wherethey see what is being done in private or secrecy without being seen. Although Asmodeus is not malignant, yet with all his wit, acuteness, and playful malice, we never forget the fiend. --Le Sage, _Le DiableBoiteux_. 

(Such was the popularity of the _Diable Boiteux_, that two young menfought a duel in a bookseller's shop over the only remaining copy, anincident worthy to be recorded by Asmodeus himself. )

Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic life asAsmodeus would present could he remove the roof of many an Englishhome. --_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance. "

ASO'TUS, Prodigality personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), byPhineas Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _asotos_, "aprofligate. ")

ASPA'TIA, a maiden the very ideal of ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amintor, at the king'srequest, marries Evad'ne (3 _syl_. ). "Women point with scorn at theforsaken Aspatia, but she bears it all with patience. The pathos ofher speeches is most touching, and her death forms the tragical eventwhich gives name to the drama. "--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid'sTragedy_ (1610). 

AS'PRAMONTE (3 _syl_. ), in Sir W. Scott's _Count Robert of Paris_(time, Rufus). 

 _The old knight_, father of _Brenhilda_. _The lady of Aspramonte_, the knight's wife. _Brenhilda of Aspramonte_, their daughter, wife of count Robert. 

AS'RAEL or AZ'RAEL, an angel of death. He is immeasurable in height, insomuch that the space between his eyes equals a 70, 000 days'journey. --_Mohammedan Mythology_. 

AS'SAD, son of Camaral'zaman and Haiatal'nefous (5 _syl_. ), andhalf-brother of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and Badoura). Each of thetwo mothers conceived a base passion for the other's son, and when theyoung men repulsed their advances, accused them to their father ofgross designs upon their honor. Camaralzaman commanded his vizier toput them both to death; but instead of doing so, he conducted them outof the city, and told them not to return to their father's kingdom(the island of Ebony). They wandered on for ten days, when Assad wentto a city in sight to obtain provisions. Here he was entrapped by anold fire-worshipper, who offered him hospitality, but cast him into adungeon, intending to offer him up a human victim on the "mountainof fire. " The ship in which he was sent being driven on the coast ofqueen Margiana, Assad was sold to her as a slave, but being recapturedwas carried back to his old dungeon. Here Bosta'na, one of the oldman's daughters, took pity on him, and released him, and ere longAssad married queen Margiana, while Amgiad, out of gratitude, marriedBostana. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad"). 

ASTAG'ORAS, a female fiend, who has the power of raisingstorms. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ASTAR'TE (3 _syl_. ), the Phoenician moon-goddess, the Astoreth of theSyrians. 

 With these Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665). 

_As'tarte_ (2 _syl_. ), an attendant on the princess AnnaComne'na. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Eufus). 

_Astarte_ a woman, beloved by Manfred. --Byron, _Manfred_. 

We think of Astarte as young, beautiful, innocent, --guilty, lost, murdered, judged, pardoned; but still, in her permitted visit toearth, speaking in a voice of sorrow, and with a countenance yet palewith mortal trouble. We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty andinnocence, but at last she rises before us in all the moral silence ofa ghost, with fixed, glazed, and passionless eyes, revealing death, judgment, and eternity. --Professor Wilson. 

 The lady Astarte his? Hush! who comes here? (iii. 4. ) ... The same Astarte? no! (iii. 4. )

AS'TERY, a nymph in the train of Venus; the lightest of foot and mostactive of all. One day the goddess, walking abroad with her nymphs, bade them go gather flowers. Astery gathered most of all; but Venus, in a fit of jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and threw theflowers into the wings. Since then all butterflies have borne wingsof many gay colors. --Spenser, _Muiopotmos or the Butterfly's Fate_(1590). 

ASTOL'PHO, the English cousin of Orlando; his father was Otho. He wasa great boaster, but was generous, courteous, gay, and singularlyhandsome. Astolpho was carried to Alci'na's isle on the back of awhale; and when Alcina tired of him, she changed him into a myrtletree, but Melissa disenchanted him. Astolpho descended into theinfernal regions; he also went to the moon, to cure Orlando of hismadness by bringing back his lost wits in a phial. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

AS'TON _(Sir Jacob)_, a cavalier during the Commonwealth; one ofthe partisans of the late king. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (period, Commonwealth). 

_As'ton (Enrico). _ So Henry Ashton is called in Donizetti's opera of_Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). (See ASHTON. )

AS'TORAX, king of Paphos and brother of the princess Calis. --Beaumontand Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (before 1618). 

AS'TORETH, the goddess-moon of Syrian mythology; called by Jeremiah, "The Queen of Heaven, " and by the Phoenicians, "Astar'tê. "

 With these [_the host of heaven_] in troop Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called Astartê, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 

 Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 438 (1665). 

(Milton does not always preserve the difference between Ashtaroth andAshtoreth; for he speaks of the "moonèd Ashtaroth, heaven's queen andmother. ")

AS'TRAGON, the philosopher and great physician, by whom Gondibert andhis friends were cured of the wounds received in the faction fightstirred up by prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid library andmuseum. One room was called "Great Nature's Office, " another "Nature'sNursery, " and the library was called "The Monument of Vanished Mind. "Astragon (the poet says) discovered the loadstone and its use innavigation. He had one child, Bertha, who loved duke Gondibert, andto whom she was promised in marriage. The tale being unfinished, thesequel is not known. --Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668). 

ASTRE'A _(Mrs. Alphra Behn_), an authoress. She published the story of_Prince Oroonoka_ (died 1689). 

The stage now loosely does Astrea tread. Pope. 

ASTRINGER, a falconer. Shakespeare introduces an astringer in _All'sWell that Ends Well_, act v. Sc. 1. (From the French _austour_, Latin _austercus_, "a goshawk. ") A "gentle astringer" is a gentlemanfalconer. 

We usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of hawk [the goshawk]an austringer. --Cowell, _Law Dictionary_. 

AS'TRO-FIAMMAN'TE (5 _syl_. ), queen of the night. The word means"flaming star. "--Mozart, _Die Zauberflöte_ (1791). 

ASTRONOMER (_The_), in _Rasselas_, an old enthusiast, who believedhimself to have the control and direction of the weather. He leavesImlac his successor, but implores him not to interfere with theconstituted order. 

"I have possessed, " said he to Imlac, "for five years the regulationof the weather, and the distribution of the seasons: the sun haslistened to my dictates, and passed from tropic to tropic by mydirection; the clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and theNile has overflowed at my command; I have restrained the rage of theDog-star, and mitigated the fervor of the Crab. The winds alone ... Have hitherto refused my authority.... I am the first of human beingsto whom this trust has been imparted. "--Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_, xli. --xliii. (1759). 

AS'TROPHEL (_Sir Philip Sidney_). "Phil. Sid. " may be a contractionof _philos sidus_, and the Latin _sidus_ being changed to the Greek_astron_, we get _astron philos_ ("star-lover"). The "star" he lovedwas Penelopê Devereux, whom he calls _Stella_ ("star"), and to whom hewas betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called _Astrophel_, to the memoryof Sir Philip Sidney. 

 But while as Astrophel did live and reign, Amongst all swains was none his paragon. 

 Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591). 

ASTYN'OME (4 _syl_. ) or CHRYSEÏS, daughter of Chrysês priest ofApollo. When Lyrnessus was taken, Astynomê fell to the share ofAgamemnon, but the father begged to be allowed to ransom her. Agamemnon refused to comply, whereupon the priest invoked the anger ofhis patron god, and Apollo sent a plague into the Grecian camp. Thiswas the cause of contention between Agamemnon and Achillês, and formsthe subject of Homer's epic called _The Iliad_. 

AS'WAD, son of Shedad king of Ad. He was saved alive when the angel ofdeath destroyed Shedad and all his subjects, because he showed mercyto a camel which had been bound to a tomb to starve to death, that itmight serve its master on the day of resurrection. --Southey, _Thalabathe Destroyer_ (1797). 

ATABA'LIPA, the last emperor of Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanishgeneral. Milton refers to him in _Paradise Lost_, xi. 409 (1665). 

AT'ALA, the name of a novel by François Auguste Chateaubriand. Atala, the daughter of a white man and a Christianized Indian, takes an oathof virginity, but subsequently falling in love with Chactas, a youngIndian, she poisons herself for fear that she may be tempted to breakher oath. The novel was received with extraordinary enthusiasm (1801). 

(This has nothing to do with _Attila_, king of the Huns, nor with_Atlialie_ (queen of Judah), the subject of Racine's great tragedy. )

ATALANTA, of Arcadia, wished to remain single, and therefore gave outthat she would marry no one who could not outstrip her in running;but if any challenged her and lost the race, he was to lose hislife. Hippom'enês won the race by throwing down golden apples, whichAtalanta kept stopping to pick up. William Morris has chosen this forone of his tales in _Earthly Paradise_ (March). 

In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio, " 1682). 

_Atalanta_, the central figure in Algernon Charles Swinburne's poemafter Æschylus _Atalanta in Calydon_ (1864). 

ATALI'BA, the inca of Peru, most dearly beloved by his subjects, onwhom Pizarro makes war. An old man says of the inca--

The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the affection of hispeople and the benign regard of heaven. --Sheridan, _Pizarro_; ii. 4(from Kotzebue), (1799). 

Atê (2 _syl_. ), goddess of revenge. 

With him along is come the mother queen. An Atê, stirring him to bloodand strife. Shakespeare, _King John_, act ii. Sc. I (1596). 

_Atê_ (2 _syl_. ), "mother of debate and all dissension, " the friend ofDuessa. She squinted, lied with a false tongue, and maligned even thebest of beings. Her abode, "far under ground hard by the gates ofhell, " is described at length in bk. Iv. I. When Sir Blandamour waschallenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), the terms of the contest werethat the conqueror should have "Florimel, " and the other "the old hagAtê, " who was always to ride beside him till he could pass her off toanother. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596). 

ATH'ALIE (3 _syl_. ), daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and wife of Joramking of Judah. She massacred all the remnant of the house of David;but Joash escaped, and six years afterwards was proclaimed king. Athalie, attracted by the shouts, went to the temple, and waskilled by the mob. This forms the subject and title of Racine's_chef-d'oeuvre_ (1691), and was Mdlle. Rachel's great part. 

(Racine's tragedy of _Athalie_, queen of Judah, must not be confoundedwith Corneille's tragedy of _Attila_, king of the Huns. )

ATHEIST'S TRAGEDY (_The_), by Cyril Tourneur. The "atheist"is D'Amville, who murders his brother Montferrers for hisestates. --(Seventeenth century. )

ATH'ELSTANE (3 _syl_. ), surnamed "The Unready, " thane ofConingsburgh. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

[Illustration] "Unready" does not mean _unprepared_ but _injudicious_(from Anglo-Saxon _raed_, "wisdom, counsel"). 

ATHE'NA (_Pallas_) once meant "the air, " but in Homer this goddess isthe representative of civic prudence and military skill; the armedprotectress of states and cities. The Romans called her Minerva. 

ATHE'NIAN BEE, Plato, so called from, the honeyed sweetness of hiscomposition. It is said that a bee settled on his lip while he was aninfant asleep in his cradle, and indicated that "honeyed words" wouldfall from his lips, and flow from his pen. Sophoclês is called "TheAttic Bee. "

ATH'LIOT, the most wretched of all women. 

 Her comfort is (if for her any be), That none can show more cause of grief than she. 

 Wm. Browne, _Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 5 (1613). 

ATH'OS. Dinoc'ratês, a sculptor, proposed to Alexander to hew mountAthos into a statue representing the great conqueror, with a city inhis left hand, and a basin in his right to receive all the waterswhich flowed from the mountain. Alexander greatly approved of thesuggestion, but objected to the locality. 

 And hew out a huge mountain of pathos, As Philip's son proposed to do with Athos. 

 Byron, _Don Juan_, xii. 86. 

AT'IMUS, Baseness of Mind personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. "A careless, idle swain ... His work to eat, drink, sleep, and purge his reins. " Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _atimos_, "one dishonored. ")

A'TIN (_Strife_), the squire of Pyr'ochlês. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 4, 5, 6 (1590). 

ATOS'SA. So Pope calls Sarah duchess of Marlborough, because she wasthe great friend of lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whom he calls Sappho. 

 But what are these to great Atossa's mind?

 Pope. 

(The great friend of Sappho was Atthis. By Atossa is generallyunderstood Vashti, daughter of Cyrus and wife of Ahasuerus of the OldTestament. )

AT'ROPOS, one of the Fates, whose office is to cut the thread of lifewith a pair of scissors. 

 ... Nor shines the knife, Nor shears of Atropos before their vision. 

 Byron, _Don Juan_, ii. 64. 

ATTIC BEE _(The)_, Soph'oclês (B. C. 495-405). Plato is called "TheAthenian Bee. "

ATTIC BOY _(The)_, referred to by Milton in his _Il Penseroso_, isCeph'alos, who was beloved by Aurora or Morn, but was married toProcris. He was passionately fond of hunting. 

 Till civil-suited Morn appear, Not tricked and flounced, as she was wont With the Attic boy to hunt, But kerchiefed in a comely cloud. _II Penseroso_ (1638). 

ATTIC MUSE _(The)_, a phrase signifying the whole body of Atticpoetry. 

ATTICUS. The surname of T. Pomponius, the intimate friend of Cicero, given to him on account of his long residence in Athens. His biographyis found in Nepor. 

_The English Atticus_. Joseph Addison. 

 Who but must laugh if such a man there be. Who would not weep if Atticus were he? Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_. 

AT'TILA, one of the tragedies of Pierre Corneille (1667). This king ofthe Huns, usually called "The Scourge of God, " must not be confoundedwith "Athalie, " daughter of Jezebel and wife of Joram, the subjectand title of Racine's _ches-d'oeuvre_, and Mdlle. Rachel's chiefcharacter. 

AUBERT _(Thérèse)_, the heroine of C. Nodier's romance of that name(1819). The story relates to the adventures of a young royalist inthe French Revolutionary epoch, who had disguised himself in femaleapparel to escape detection. 

AUBREY, a widower for eighteen years. At the death of his wife hecommitted his infant daughter to the care of Mr. Bridgemore, amerchant, and lived abroad. He returned to London after an absence ofeighteen years, and found that Bridgemore had abused his trust, andhis daughter had been obliged to quit the house and seek protectionwith Mr. Mortimer. 

_Augusta Aubrey_, daughter of Mr. Aubrey, in love with Francis Tyrrel, the nephew of Mr. Mortimer. She is snubbed and persecuted by thevulgar Lucinda Bridgemore, and most wantonly persecuted by lordAbberville, but after passing through many a most painful visitation, she is happily married to the man of her choice. --Cumberland, _TheFashionable Lover_ (1780). 

AU´BRI'S DOG showed a most unaccountable hatred to Richard de Macaire, snarling and flying at him whenever he appeared in sight. Now Aubrihad been murdered by some one in the forest of Bondy, and thisanimosity of the dog directed suspicion towards Richard de Macaire. Richard was taken up, and condemned to single combat with the dog, bywhom he was killed. In his dying moments he confessed himself to bethe murderer of Aubri. (See DOG. )

Le combat entre Macaire et le chien eut lieu à Paris, dans l'îleLouviers. On place ce fait merveilleux en 1371, mais ... Il est bienantérieur, car il est mentionné dès le siècle précédent par Albéricdes Trois-Fontaines. --Bouillet, _Dict. Universel, etc. _

AUCH´TERMUCH´TY (_John_), the Kinross carrier. --Sir W. Scott, _TheAbbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

AUDHUM´BLA, the cow created by Surt to nourish Ymir. She supplied himwith four rivers of milk, and was herself nourished by licking dewfrom the rocks. --_Scandinavian Mythology_. 

AU´DREY, a country wench, who jilted William for Touchstone. She is anexcellent specimen of a wondering she-gawky. She thanks the gods that"she is foul, " and if to be poetical is not to be honest, she thanksthe gods also that "she is not poetical. "--Shakespeare, _As You LikeIt_ (1598). 

 The character of "Audrey, " that of a female fool, should not have been assumed [_i. E. _ by Miss Pope, in her last appearance in public]; the last line of the farewell address was, "And now poor Audrey bids you all farewell" (May 26, 1808). -- James Smith, _Memoirs, etc. _ (1840). 

AUGUS´TA, mother of Gustavus Vasa. She is a prisoner of Christian II. King of Denmark, but the king promises to set her free if she willinduce her son to submission. Augusta refuses, but in the war whichfollows, Gustavus defeats Christian, and becomes king of Sweden. --H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730). 

_Augusta_, a title conferred by the Roman emperors on their wives, sisters, daughters, mothers, and even concubines. It had to beconferred; for even the wife of an Augustus was not an Augusta untilafter her coronation. 

1. EMPRESSES. Livia and Julia were both _Augusta_; so were Julia(wife of Tiberius), Messalina, Agrippina, Octavia, Poppaea, Statilia, Sabina, Domitilla, Domitia, and Faustina. In imperials the wife of anemperor is spoken of as _Augusta: Serenissima Augusta conjux nostra;Divina Augusta_, etc. But the title had to be conferred; hence weread, "Domitian uxorem suam _Augustam_ jussit nuncupari;" and "FlaviaTitiana, eadem die, uxor ejus [_i. E. _ Pertinax] _Augusta_ estappellata. "

2. MOTHERS or GRANDMOTHERS. Antonia, grandmother of Caligula, wascreated _Augusta_. Claudius made his mother Antonia _Augusta_ afterher death. Heliogab´alus had coins inscribed with "Julia Mæsa_Augusta_, " in honor of his grandmother;

Mammaea, mother of Alexander Severus, is styled _Augusta_ on coins;and so is Helena, mother of Constantine. 

3. SISTERS. Honorius speaks of his sister as "venerabilis _Augusta_germananostra. " Trajan has coins inscribed with "Diva Marciana_Augusta_. "

4. DAUGHTERS. Mallia Scantilla the wife, and Didia the daughter ofDidius Julianus, were both _Augusta_. Titus inscribed on coins hisdaughter as "Julia Sabina _Augusta_;" there are coins of the emperorDecius inscribed with "Herennia Etruscilla _Augusta_, " and "Sallustia_Augusta_, " sisters of the emperor Decius. 

5. OTHERS. Matidia, niece of Trajan, is called _Augusta_ on coins;Constantine Monomachus called his concubine _Augusta_. 

AUGUSTA HARE, a woman with a native genius for popularity, in Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney's novel _Hitherto_. 

AUGUSTI´NA, _the Maid of Saragossa_. She was only twenty-two when, herlover being shot, she mounted the battery in his place. The French, after a siege of two months, were obliged to retreat, August 15, 1808. 

 Such were the exploits of the Maid of Saragossa, who by her valor elevated herself to the highest rank of heroines. When the author was at Seville, she walked daily on the Prado, decorated with medals and orders, by order of the Junta. --Lord Byron. 

AULD ROBIN GRAY was written (1772) by Lady Anne Barnard, to raise alittle money for an old nurse. Lady Anne's maiden name was Lindsay, and her father was earl of Balcarras. 

AULLAY, a monster horse with an elephant's trunk. The creature is asmuch bigger than an elephant as an elephant is larger than a sheep. King Baly of India rode on an aullay. 

 The aullay, hugest of four-footed kind, The aullay-horse, that in his force, With elephantine trunk, could bind And lift the elephant, and on the wind Whirl him away, with sway and swing, E'en like a pebble from a practised sling. 

 Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xvi. 2 (1809). 

AURE´LIUS, a young nobleman who tried to win to himself Do´rigen, thewife of Arvir´agus, but Dorigen told him she would never yield to hissuit till all the rocks of the British coast were removed, "and theren'is no stone y-seen. " Aurelius by magic made all the rocks disappear, but when Dorigen went, at her husband's bidding, to keep her promise, Aurelius, seeing how sad she was, made answer, he would ratherdie than injure so true a wife and noble a gentleman. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale, " 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dimora andGilberto_, x. 5. See DIANORA. )

_Aurelius_, elder brother of Uther the pendragon, and uncle of Arthur, but he died before the hero was born. 

Even sicke of a flixe [_ill of the flux_] as he was, he caused himselfto be carried forth on a litter; with whose presence the peoplewere so encouraged, that encountering with the Saxons they wan thevictorie. --Holinshed, _History of Scotland_, 99. 

 ... Once I read That stout Pendragon on his litter sick Came to the field, and vanquishèd his foes. 

 Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI. _, act iii. Sc. 2 (1589). 

AURORA LEIGH, daughter of an Englishman and an Italian woman. Ather father's death Aurora comes to England to live with a severe, practical aunt. In time she becomes a poet, travels far, sees much, and thinks much of life's problems. She marries her cousin Romney, a philanthropist, blinded by an accident. --_Aurora_ _Leigh_, byElizabeth Barrett Browning (1856). 

AURORA NUNCANOU, beautiful Creole widow in _The Grandissimes_, byGeorge W. Cable. In her thirty-fifth year, she "is the red, red, full-blown, faultless joy of the garden. With her it will be alwaysmorning. That woman is going to last forever; ha-a-a-a!--even longer!"(1880). 

AUSTIN, the assumed name of the lord of Clarinsal, when he renouncedthe world and became a monk of St. Nicholas. Theodore, the grandson ofAlfonso, was his son, and rightful heir to the possessions and titleof the count of Narbonne. --Robert Jephson, _Count of Narbonne_ (1782). 

AUSTINS (_The_). _Miss Susan_, old maid resident at Whiteladies, concerned in a conspiracy to introduce a false heir to the estate. 

_Miss Augustine_, saintly sister, who tries to "turn the cursefrom _Whiteladies_, by her own prayers and those of heralmsmen. "--_Whiteladies_, by M. O. W. Oliphant. 

AUS´TRIA AND THE LION'S HIDE. There is an old tale that the arch-dukeof Austria killed Richard I. , and wore as a spoil the lion's hidewhich belonged to our English monarch. Hence Faulconbridge (thenatural son of Richard) says jeeringly to the arch-duke:

 Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it for shame, And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. Shakespeare, _King John_, act iii. Sc. 1 (1596). 

(The point is better understood when it is borne in mind that foolsand jesters were dressed in calf-skins. )

AUTOCRAT OF THE BREAKFAST-TABLE, a mythical personage who inditesOliver Wendell Holmes's breakfast-table conversations. 

AUTOL´YCOS, the craftiest of thieves. He stole the flocks of hisneighbors, and changed their marks. Sis´yphos outwitted him by markinghis sheep under their feet. 

AUTOL´YCUS, a peddler and witty rogue, in _The Winter's Tale_, byShakespeare (1604). 

AVARE (_L_'). The plot of this comedy is as follows: Harpagon themiser and his son Cléante (2 _syl. _) both want to marry Mariane (3_syl. _), daughter of Anselme, _alias_ don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. Cléante gets possession of a casket of gold belonging to the miser, and hidden in the garden. When Harpagon discovers his loss he raveslike a madman, and Cléante gives him the choice of Mariane or thecasket. The miser chooses the casket, and leaves the young lady to hisson. The second plot is connected with Elise (2 _syl. _), the miser'sdaughter, promised in marriage by the father to his friend Anselme (2_syl. _); but Elise is herself in love with Valère, who, however, turnsout to be the son of Anselme. As soon as Anselme discovers that Valèreis his son, who he thought had been lost at sea, he resigns to himElise, and so in both instances the young folks marry together, andthe old ones give up their unnatural rivalry. --Molière, _L'Avare_(1667). 

AVE´NEL (2 _syl. _), _Julian_, the usurper of Avenel Castle. 

_Lady Alice_, widow of sir Walter. 

_Mary_, daughter of Lady Alice. She marries Halbert Glendinning. --SirW. Scott, _The Monastery_ (date 1559). 

_Ave´nel_ (_Sir Halbert Glendinning, knight of_), same as thebridegroom in _The Monastery_. 

_The lady Mary of Avenel_, same as the bride in _The Monastery_. --SirW. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_The White Lady of Avenel_, a spirit mysteriously connected with theAvenel family, as the Irish banshee is with true Mile´sian families. She announces good or ill fortune, and manifests a general interestin the family to which she is attached, but to others she acts withconsiderable caprice; thus she shows unmitigated malignity to thesacristan and the robber. Any truly virtuous mortal has commandingpower over her. 

 Noon gleams on the lake, Noon glows on the fell; Awake thee, awake, White maid of Avenel!

 Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

AVEN´GER OF BLOOD, the man who had the birthright, according to theJewish, polity, of taking vengeance on him who had killed one of hisrelatives. 

 ... The Christless code That must have life for a blow. 

 Tennyson, _Maud_, II. I. 1. 

AVERY (_Parson_), a missionary "to the souls of fishers starving onthe rocks of Marblehead. " He is wrecked with his crew, one wintrymidnight, and dies praying aloud. --J. G. Whittier, _The Swan Song ofParson Avery_ (1850). 

AV´ICEN or _Abou-ibn-Sina_, an Arabian physician and philosopher, bornat Shiraz, in Persia (980-1037). He composed a treatise on logic, andanother on metaphysics. Avicen is called both the Hippo´cratês and theAristotle of the Arabs. 

 Of physicke speake for me, king Avicen ... Yet was his glory never set on shelfe, Nor never shall, whyles any worlde may stande Where men have minde to take good bookes in hande. 

 G. Gascoigne, _The Fruits of Warre_, lvii. (died 1577). 

AVIS, a New England girl, heroine of _The Story of Avis_, by ElizabethStuart Phelps-Ward. She is forced by genius to be an artist, andthrough her art loses hope of domestic happiness (1877). 

AYL'MER (_Mrs. _), a neighbor of sir Henry Lee. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

AY'MER (_Prior_), a jovial Benedictine monk, prior of JorvaulxAbbey. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

AY'MON, duke of Dordona (_Dordogne_). He had four sons, Rinaldo, Guicciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto (_i. E. _ Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and Richard), whose adventures are the subject of a French romance, entitled _Les Quatre fils Aymon_, by H. De Alleneuve (1165-1223). 

AZA'ZEL, one of the ginn or jinn, all of whom were made of "smokelessfire, " that is, the fire of the Simoom. These jinn inhabited theearth before man was created, but on account of their persistentdisobedience were driven from it by an army of angels. When Adam wascreated, and God commanded all to worship him, Azâzel insolently madeanswer, "Me hast Thou created of fire, and him of earth; why shouldI worship him?" Whereupon God changed the jinnee into a devil, andcalled him Iblis or Despair. In hell he was made the standard-bearerof Satan's host. 

 Upreared His mighty standard; that proud honor claimed Azâzel as his right. 

 Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 534 (1665). 

AZ'LA, a suttee, the young widow of Ar'valan, son ofKeha'ma. --Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, i. 10 (1809). 

AZ'O, husband of Parisi'na. He was marquis d'Este, of Ferrara, and hadalready a natural son, Hugo, by Bianca, who, "never made his bride, "died of a broken heart. Hugo was betrothed to Parisina before shemarried the marqnis, and after she became his mother-in-law, theyloved on still. One night Azo heard Parisina in sleep express her lovefor Hugo, and the angry marquis condemned his son to death. Althoughhe spared his bride, no one ever knew what became of her. --Byron, _Parisina_. 

AZ´RAEL (_3 syl. _), the angel of death (called Raphael in the _Gospelof Barnabas_). --_Al Korân_. 

AZ´TECAS, an Indian tribe, which conquered the Hoamen (2 _syl. _), seized their territory, and established themselves on a southernbranch of the Missouri, having Az´tlan as their imperial city. WhenMadoc conquered the Aztecas in the twelfth century, he restored theHoamen, and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

AZUCE´NA, a gipsy. Manri´co is supposed to be her son, but is inreality the son of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). --Verdi, _IlTrovato´rê_ (1853). 

AZYORU´CA (4 _syl. _), queen of the snakes and dragons. She resides inPatala, or the infernal regions. --_Hindû Mythology_. 

 There Azyoruca veiled her awful form In those eternal shadows. There she sat, And as the trembling souls who crowd around The judgment-seat received the doom of fate, Her giant arms, extending from the cloud, Drew them within the darkness. 

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xxiii 15 (1809). 

BAAL, plu. BAALIM, a general name for all the Syrian gods, asAsh´taroth was for the goddesses. The general version of the legend ofBaal is the same as that of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the Arabianmyth of El Khouder. All allegorize the Sun, six months above and sixmonths below the equator. As a title of honor, the word Baal, Bal, Bel, etc. , enters into a large number of Phoenician and Carthaginianproper names, as Hanni-bal, Hasdrubal, Bel-shazzar, etc. 

 ... [the] general names Of Baälim and Ashtaroth: those male; These female. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 422 (1665). 

BAB (_Lady_), a waiting maid on a lady so called, who assumes the airswith the name and address of her mistress. Her fellow-servants andother servants address her as "lady Bab, " or "Your ladyship. " She is afine wench, "but by no means particular in keeping her teeth clean. "She says she never reads but one "book, which is Shikspur. " Andshe calls Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of fortune, "downrighthottenpots. "--Rev. J. Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1763). 

BA´BA, chief of the eunuchs in the court of the sultanaGulbey´az. --Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 82, etc. (1820). 

BABA (_Ali_), who relates the story of the "Forty Thieves" in the_Arabian Nights' Entertainments_. He discovered the thieves' cavewhile hiding in a tree, and heard the magic word "Ses´amê, " at whichthe door of the cave opened and shut. 

_Cassim Baba_, brother of Ali Baba, who entered the cave of the fortythieves, but forgot the pass-word, and stood crying "Open Wheat!""Open Barley!" to the door, which obeyed to no sound but "OpenSesamê!"

BABA MUS´TAPHA, a cobbler who sewed together the four pieces intowhich Cassim's body had been cleft by the forty thieves. When thethieves discovered that the body had been taken away, they sent oneof the band into the city, to ascertain who had died of late. The manhappened to enter the cobbler's stall, and falling into a gossip heardabout the body which the cobbler had sewed together. Mustapha pointedout to him the house of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief marked itwith a piece of white chalk. Next day the cobbler pointed out thehouse to another, who marked it with red chalk. And the day followinghe pointed it out to the captain of the band, who instead ofmarking the door studied the house till he felt sure of recognizingit. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Baba, or The Forty Thieves"). 

BABABALOUK, chief of the black eunuchs, whose duty it was to waiton the sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to superintend theharem. --Habesci, _State of the Ottoman Empire_, 155-6. 

BABES IN THE WOOD, insurrectionary hordes that infested the mountainsof Wicklow and the woods of Enniscarthy towards the close of theeighteenth century. (See CHILDREN IN THE WOOD. )

BABIE, old Alice Gray's servant-girl. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride ofLammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

BABIE´CA (3 _syl. _), the Cid's horse. 

 I learnt to prize Babieca from his head unto his hoof. 

_The Cid_ (1128). 

BABOON (_Philip_), Philippe Bourbon, duc d'Anjou. 

_Lewis Baboon_, Louis XIV. , "a false loon of a grandfather to Philip, and one that might justly be called a Jack-of-all-trades. "

 Sometimes you would see this Lewis Baboon behind his counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes measuring linen; next day he would be dealing in mercery-ware; high heads, ribbons, gloves, fans, and lace, he understood to a nicety ... Nay, he would descend to the selling of tapes, garters, and shoebuckles. When shop was shut up he would go about the neighborhood, and earn half-a-crown, by teaching the young men and maidens to dance. By these means he had acquired immense riches, which he used to squander away at back-sword [_in war_], quarter-staff, and cudgel-play, in which he took great pleasure. --Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_, ii. (1712). 

BABY BELL, the infant whose brief beautiful life is given in the poemthat first drew the eyes of the world to the young American poet, T. B. Aldrich, then but nineteen years of age. 

 Have you not heard the poets tell How came the dainty Baby Bell Into this World of ours? The gates of heaven were left ajar: With folded hands and dreamy eyes, Wandering out of Paradise, She saw this planet like a star Hung in the glistening depths of even, -- Its bridges, running to and fro, O'er which the white-winged angels go, Bearing the holy dead to heaven. She touched a bridge of flowers--those feet So light they did not bend the bells Of the celestial asphodels, They fell like dew upon the flowers; Then all the air grew strangely sweet! And thus came dainty Baby Bell Into this world of ours. (1854. )

BACCHAN'TES (3 _syl. _), priestesses of Bacchus. 

 Round about him _Bacchus_ fair Bacchantês, Bearing cymbals, flutes, and thyrses, Wild from Naxian groves, or Zantê's Vineyards, sing delirious verses. Longfellow, _Drinking Song_. 

BACCHUS, in the _Lusiad_, an epic poem by Camoens (1569), is thepersonification of the evil principle which acts in opposition toJupiter, the lord of Destiny. Mars is made by the poet the guardianpower of Christianity, and Bacchus of Mohammedanism. 

BACKBITE (_Sir Benjamin_), nephew of Crabtree, very conceited, andvery censorious. His friends called him a great poet and wit, buthe never published anything, because "'twas very vulgar to print;"besides, as he said, his little productions circulated more "by givingcopies in confidence to friends. "--Sheridan, _School for Scandal_(1777). 

 When I first saw Miss Pope she was performing "Mrs. Candour, " to Miss Farren's "lady Teazle, " King as "sir Peter, " Parsons "Crab-tree, " Dodd "Backbite, " Baddeley "Moses, " Smith "Charles, " and John Palmer "Joseph" [Surface]. --James Smith, _Memoirs, etc_. 

BACTRIAN SAGE _(The)_, Zoroas'ter or Zerdusht, a native of Bactria, now Balkh (B. C. 589-513). 

BADE'BEC (2 _syl_. ), wife of Gargantua and mother of Pantag'ruel. Shedied in giving him birth, or rather in giving birth at the same timeto nine dromedaries laden with ham and smoked tongues, 7 camelsladen with eels, and 25 wagons full of leeks, garlic, onions, andshallots. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 2 (1533). 

BADGER _(Will)_, sir Hugh Robsart's favorite domestic. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Bad'ger (Mr. Bayham_), medical practitioner at Chelsea, under whomRichard Carstone pursues his studies. Mr. Badger is a crisp-lookinggentleman, with "surprised eyes;" very proud of being Mrs. Badger's"third, " and always referring to her former two husbands, captainSwosser and professor Dingo. --C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

BADINGUET [_Bad´. En. Gay_] one of the many nicknames of Napoleon III. It was the name of the mason in whose clothes he escaped from thefortress of Ham (1808, 1851-1873). 

BADOU´RA, daughter of Gaiour (2 _syl. _), king of China, the "mostbeautiful woman ever seen upon earth. " The emperor Gaiour wished herto marry, but she expressed an aversion to wedlock. However, one nightby fairy influence she was shown prince Camaral´zaman asleep, fellin love with him, and exchanged rings. Next day she inquired for theprince, but her inquiry was thought so absurd that she was confined asa madwoman. At length her foster-brother solved the difficulty thus:The emperor having proclaimed that whoever cured the princess of her[supposed] madness should have her for his wife, he sent Camaralzamanto play the magician, and imparted the secret to the princess bysending her the ring she had left with the sleeping prince. The curewas instantly effected, and the marriage solemnized with due pomp. When the emperor was informed that his son-in-law was a prince, whosefather was sultan of the "Island of the Children of Khal´edan, sometwenty days' sail from the coast of Persia, " he was delighted with thealliance. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

BADROUL´BOUDOUR, daughter of the sultan of China, a beautifulbrunette. "Her eyes were large and sparkling, her expression modest, her mouth small, her lips vermilion, and her figure perfect. " Shebecame the wife of Aladdin, but twice nearly caused his death; onceby exchanging "the wonderful lamp" for a new copper one, and once bygiving hospitality to the false Fatima. Aladdin killed both thesemagicians. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp"). 

BAG DAD. A hermit told the caliph Almanzor that one Moclas wasdestined to found a city on the spot where he was standing. "I am thatman, " said the caliph, and he then informed the hermit how in hisboyhood he once stole a bracelet, and his nurse ever after called him"Moclas, " the name of a well-known thief. --Marigny. 

BAGSHOT, one of a gang of thieves who conspire to break into the houseof lady Bountiful. --Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1705). 

BAGSTOCK (_Major Joe_), an apoplectic retired military officer, livingin Princess's Place, opposite to Miss Tox. The major has a covertkindness for Miss Tox, and is jealous of Mr. Dombey. He speaks ofhimself as "Old Joe Bagstock, " "Old Joey, " "Old J. , " "Old Josh, ""Rough and tough old Jo, " "J. B. , " "Old J. B. , " and so on. He is alsogiven to over-eating, and to abusing his poor native servant. --C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

BAH´ADAR, master of the horse to the king of the Magi. Prince Am´giadwas enticed by a collet to enter the minister's house, and whenBahadar returned, he was not a little surprised at the sight of hisuninvited guest. The prince, however, explained to him in private howthe matter stood, and Bahadar, entering into the fun of the thing, assumed for the nonce the place of a slave. The collet would havemurdered him, but Amgiad, to save the minister, cut off her head. Bahadar, being arrested for murder, was condemned to death, but Amgiadcame forward and told the whole truth, whereupon Bahadar was instantlyreleased, and Amgiad created vizier. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad andAssad"). 

BAHMAN (_Prince_), eldest son of the sultan Khrossou-schah of Persia. In infancy he was taken from the palace by the sultana's sisters, andset adrift on a canal, but being rescued by the superintendent of thesultan's gardens, he was brought up, and afterwards restored to thesultan. It was the "talking bird" that told the sultan the tale of theyoung prince's abduction. 

_Prince Bahman's Knife_. When prince Bahman started on his exploits, he gave to his sister Parazadê (4 _syl. _) a knife, saying, "As long asyou find this knife clean and bright, you may feel assured that I amalive and well; but if a drop of blood falls from it, you may knowthat I am no longer alive. "--_Arabian Nights_ ("The Two Sisters, " thelast tale). 

BAILEY, a sharp lad in the service of Todger's boarding-house. Hisambition was to appear quite a full-grown man. On leaving Mrs. Todgers's, he became the servant of Montague Tigg, manager of the"Anglo-Bengalee Company. "--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

BAILIE (_General_), a parliamentary leader. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend ofMontrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

_Bailie (Giles)_, a gipsy; father of Gabrael Faa (nephew to MegMerrilies). --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

BAILLY, (_Henry or Harry_), the host of the Tabard Inn, in Southwerk, London, where the nine and twenty companions of Chaucer put up beforestarting on their pilgrimage to Canterbury. 

 A semely man our hoste was withal For to han been a marshal in an halle, A fairer burgeis is ther non in Chepe. 

 Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales, Prologue_. 

BAILIFF'S DAUGHTER OF ISLINGTON (in Norfolk). A squire's son loved thebailiff's daughter, but she gave him no encouragement, and his friendssent him to London "an apprentice for to binde. " After the lapse ofseven years, the bailiff's daughter, "in ragged attire, " set out towalk to London, "her true love to inquire. " The young man on horsebackmet her, but knew her not. "One penny, one penny, kind sir!" shesaid. "Where were you born?" asked the young man. "At Islington, " shereplied. "Then prithee, sweetheart, do you know the bailiff's daughterthere?" "She's dead, sir, long ago. " On hearing this the young mandeclared he'd live an exile in some foreign land. "Stay, oh stay, thougoodly youth, " the maiden cried, "she is not really dead, for I amshe. " "Then farewell grief and welcome joy, for I have found my truelove, whom I feared I should never see again. "--Percy, _Relics ofEnglish Poetry_, ii. 8. 

BAILZOU _(Ann´aple)_, the nurse of Effie Deans in herconfinement. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

BAJAR´DO, Rinaldo's steed. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

BAJA´ZET, surnamed "The Thunderbolt" (_ilderim_), sultan of Turkey. After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Asia Minor, helaid siege to Constantinople, but was taken captive by Tamerlaneemperor of Tartary. He was fierce as a wolf, reckless, andindomitable. Being asked by Tamerlane how he would have treated himhad their lots been reversed, "Like a dog, " he cried. "I would havemade you my footstool when I mounted my saddle, and when your serviceswere not needed would have chained you in a cage like a wild beast. "Tamerlane replied, "Then to show you the difference of my spirit, Ishall treat you as a king. " So saying, he ordered his chains to bestruck off, gave him one of the royal tents, and promised to restorehim to his throne if he would lay aside his hostility. Bajazet abusedthis noble generosity; plotted the assassination of Tamerlane; andbow-strung Mone´ses. Finding clemency of no use, Tamerlane commandedhim to be used "as a dog, and to be chained in a cage like a wildbeast. "--N. Rowe, _Tamerlane_ (a tragedy, 1702). 

_Bajazet_, a black page at St. James's Palace. --Sir W. Scott, _Peverilof the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BAKER (_The_), and the "Baker's Wife. " Louis XVI. And Marie Antoinettewere so called by the revolutionary party, because on the 6th October, 1789, they ordered a supply of bread to be given to the mob whichsurrounded the palace at Versailles, clamoring for bread. 

BA´LAAM (2 _syl. _), the earl of Huntingdon, one of the rebels in thearmy of the duke of Monmouth. 

 And, therefore in the name of dulness, be The well-hung Balaam. 

 Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_. 

_Ba´laam_, a "citizen of sober fame, " who lived near the monument ofLondon. While poor he was "religious, punctual, and frugal;" but whenhe became rich and got knighted, he seldom went to church, became acourtier, "took a bribe from France, " and was hung for treason. --Pope, _Moral Essays_, iii. 

BALAAM AND JOSAPHAT, a religious novel by Johannes Damascenus, son ofAlmansur. (For plot, see JOSAPHAT. )

BALACK, Dr. Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, who wrote a history called_Burnet's Own Time_, and _History of the Reformation_. --Dryden andTate, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. 

BALAFRÉ (_Le_), _alias_ Ludovic Lesly, an old archer of the ScottishGuard at Plessis les Tours, one of the castle palaces of Louis XI. LeBalafré is uncle to Quentin Durward. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_(time, Edward IV. ). 

¤¤¤ Henri, son of Francois second duke of Gruise, was called _LeBalafré_ ("the gashed"), from a frightful scar in the face from asword-cut in the battle of Dormans (1575). 

BALÂM´, the ox on which the faithful feed in paradise. The fish iscalled Nûn, the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 70, 000 men. 

BALAN´, brother of Balyn or Balin le Savage, two of the most valiantknights that the world ever produced. --Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 31 (1470). 

_Balan_, "the bravest and strongest of all the giant race. " Am´adis deGaul rescued Gabrioletta from his hands. --Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis deGaul_, iv. 129 (fourteenth century). 

BALANCE (_Justice_), father of Sylvia. He had once been in the army, and as he had run the gauntlet himself, he could make excuses forthe wild pranks of young men. --G. Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_(1704). 

BA´LAND OF SPAIN, a man of gigantic strength, who called himselfFierabras. --_Mediaeval Romance_. 

BALATSU-USUR, the name given to the captive Jew Daniel in Babylon, meaning "May Bel protect his life!"

 Prostrate upon his royal face, prostrate before the court, the queen, the people--down like a pleading conscience or a suppliant faith, Nebuchadrezzar the Great lay in the dust, and worshipped him right royally. 

 "_Thou_ art the Master of the Magicians!" said the king. "For thou commandest the power of thy God and thou controllest the spirit of man!" ... 

 Plain moral purity and religious fervor had done for the young man what a lifetime of political scheming had failed to do for many a grey-headed disappointed adventurer. Then, as in all ages, intrigue regarded the success of sincerity with astonishment. --_The Master of the Magicians_, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward (1890). 

BALCHRIS´TIE (_Jenny_), housekeeper to the laird of Dumbiedikes. --SirW. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

BALDASSA´RE (4 _syl. _) chief of the monastery of St. Jacopo diCompostella. --Donizetti's opera, _La Favorite_ (1842). 

BAL´DER, the god of light, peace, and day, was the young and beautifulson of Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedablik ("wide-shining"), stoodin the Milky Way. He was slain by Höder, the blind old god of darknessand night, but was restored to life at the general request of thegods. --_Scandinavian Mythology_. 

 Balder the beautiful, God of the summer sun. 

 Longfellow, _Tegnier's Death_. 

(Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled _Balder_, published in 1854. )

BAL´DERSTONE (_Caleb_), the favorite old butler of the master ofRavenswood, at Wolf's Crag Tower. Being told to provide supper forthe laird of Bucklaw, he pretended that there were fat capon and goodstore in plenty, but all he could produce was "the hinder end of amutton ham that had been three times on the table already, and theheel of a ewe-milk kebbuck [_cheese_]" (ch. Vii. ). --Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

BALDRICK, an ancestor of the lady Eveline Berenger "the betrothed. " Hewas murdered, and lady Eveline assured Rose Flammock that she had seenhis ghost frowning at her. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, HenryII. ). 

BAL´DRINGHAM (_The lady Ermengarde of_), great-aunt of lady EvelineBerenger "the betrothed. "--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, HenryII. ). 

BALDWIN, the youngest and comeliest of Charlemagne's paladins, nephewof sir Roland. 

_Baldwin_, the restless and ambitious duke of Bologna, leader of 1200horse in the allied Christian army. He was Godfrey's brother, and verylike him, but not so tall. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

¤¤¤ He is introduced by sir Walter Scott in _Count Robert of Paris_. 

_Baldwin_. So the Ass is called in the beast-epic entitled _Reynardthe Fox_ (the word means "bold friend"). In pt. Iii. He is called"Dr. " Baldwin (1498). 

_Bald´win_, tutor of Rollo ("the bloody brother") and Otto, dukesof Normandy, and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put to death by Rollo, because Hamond slew Gisbert the chancellor with an axe and not with asword. Rollo said that Baldwin deserved death "for teaching Hamond nobetter. "--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639). 

_Baldwin (Count)_, a fatal example of paternal self-will. He doted onhis elder son Biron, but because he married against his inclination, disinherited him, and fixed all his love on Carlos his younger son. Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was supposed to be dead. Hiswife Isabella mourned for him seven years, and being on the point ofstarvation, applied to the count for aid, but he drove her from hishouse as a dog. Villeroy (2 _syl. _) married her, but Biron returnedthe following day. Carlos, hearing of his brother's return, employedruffians to murder him, and then charged Villeroy with the crime; butone of the ruffians impeached, Carlos was arrested, and Isabella, going mad, killed herself. Thus was the wilfulness of Baldwin thesource of infinite misery. It caused the death of his two sons, aswell as of his daughter-in-law. --Thomas Southern, _The Fatal Marriage_(1692). 

_Baldwin_, archbishop of Canterbury (1184-1190), introduced by sir W. Scott in his novel called _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

BALDWINDE OYLEY, esquire of sir Brian de Bois Guilbert (Preceptor ofthe Knights Templars). --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BALIN (_Sir_), or "Balin le Savage, " knight of the two swords. He wasa Northumberland knight, and being taken captive, was imprisoned sixmonths by king Arthur. It so happened that a damsel girded with asword came to Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, and told theking that no man could draw it who was tainted with "shame, treachery, or guile. " King Arthur and all his knights failed in the attempt, butsir Balin drew it readily. The damsel begged him for the sword, but herefused to give it to any one. Whereupon the damsel said to him, "Thatsword shall be thy plague, for with it shall ye slay your best friend, and it shall also prove your own death. " Then the Lady of the Lakecame to the king, and demanded the sword, but sir Balin cut offher head with it, and was banished from the court. After variousadventures he came to a castle where the custom was for every guest tojoust. He was accommodated with a shield, and rode forth to meet hisantagonist. So fierce was the encounter that both the combatants wereslain, but Balin lived just long enough to learn that his antagonistwas his dearly beloved brother Balan, and both were buried in onetomb. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 27-44 (1470). 

¤¤¤ "The Book of Sir Balin le Savage" is part i. Ch. 27 to 44 (bothinclusive) of sir T. Malory's _History of Prince Arthur_. 

BALINVERNO, one of the leaders in Agramant's allied army. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

BA´LIOL (_Edward_), usurper of Scotland, introduced in _Redgauntlet_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, George II. ). 

_Ba´liol (Mrs. )_, friend of Mr. Croftangry, in the introductorychapter of _The Fair Maid of Perth_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Henry IV. ). 

_Ba´liol (Mrs. Martha Bethune)_, a lady of quality and fortune, whohad a house called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edinburgh. At her deathshe left to her cousin Mr. Croftangry two series of tales called _TheChronicles of Canongate (q. V. )_, which he published. --Sir W. Scott, _The Highland Widow_ (introduction, 1827). 

BALISAR´DA, a sword made in the garden of Orgagna by the sorceressFaleri´na; it would cut through even enchanted substances, and wasgiven to Roge´ro for the express purpose of "dealing Orlando'sdeath. "--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_, xxv. 15 (1516). 

 He knew with Balisarda's lightest blows, Nor helm, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail, Nor strongly tempered plate, nor twisted mail. 

 Book xxiii. 

BALIVERSO, the basest knight in the Saracen army. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_, (1516). 

BALK or BALKH ("_to embrace_"), Omurs, surnamed _Ghil-Shah_ ("earth'sking"), founder of the Paishdadian dynasty. He travelled abroad tomake himself familiar with the laws and customs of other lands. On hisreturn he met his brother, and built on the spot of meeting a city, which he called Balk; and made it the capital of his kingdom. 

BALKIS, the Arabian name of the queen of Sheba, who went from thesouth to witness the wisdom and splendor of Solomon. According to theKoran she was a fire-worshipper. It is said that Solomon raised her tohis bed and throne. She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz. --_AlKorân_, xxvi. (Sale's notes). 

 She fancied herself already more potent than Balkis, and pictured to her imagination the genii falling prostrate at the foot of her throne. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_. 

_Balkis queen of Sheba_ or _Saba_. Solomon being told that herlegs were covered with hair "like those of an ass, " had thepresence-chamber floored with glass laid over running water filledwith fish. When Balkis approached the room, supposing the floor to bewater, she lifted up her robes and exposed her hairy ankles, of whichthe king had been rightly informed. --_Jallalo'dinn_. 

BALLENKEIROCH (_Old_), a Highland chief and old friend of FergusM'Ivor. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, Greorge II. ). 

BALMUNG, the sword of Siegfried forged by Wieland the smith of theScandinavian gods. In a trial of merit Wieland cleft Amilias (abrother smith) to the waist; but so fine was the cut that Amiliaswas not even conscious of it till he attempted to move, when he fellasunder into two pieces. --_Niebelungen Lied_. 

BALRUD´DERY (_The laird of_), a relation of Godfrey Bertram, laird ofEllangowan. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

BALTHA´ZAR, a merchant, in Shakespeare's _Comedy of Errors_ (1593). 

_Baltha´zar_, a name assumed by Portia, in Shakespeare's _Merchant ofVenice_ (1598). 

_Baltha´zar_, servant to Romeo, in Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_(1597). 

_Baltha´zar_, servant to don Pedro, in Shakespeare's _Much Ado aboutNothing_ (1600). 

_Baltha´zar_, one of the three "kings" shown in Cologne Cathedral asone of the "Magi" led to Bethlehem by the guiding star. The word means"lord of treasures. " The names of the other two are Melchior ("king oflight"), and Gaspar or Caspar ("the white one"). Klopstock, in _TheMessiah_, makes six "Wise Men, " and none of the names are like thesethree. 

_Balthazar_, father of Juliana, Volantê, and Zam´ora. A proud, peppery, and wealthy gentleman. His daughter Juliana marries the dukeof Aranza; his second daughter the count Montalban; and Zamora marriessignor Rinaldo. --J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804). 

BALUE (_Cardinal_), in the court of Louis XI. Of France (1420-1491), introduced by sir W. Scott in _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BALUGANTES (4 _syl. _), leader of the men from Leon, in Spain, and inalliance with Agramant. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

BALVENY (_Lord_), kinsman of the earl of Douglas. --Sir W. Scott, _FairMaid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

BALWHIDDER [_Bal´wither_], a Scotch presbyterian pastor, filled withall the old-fashioned national prejudices, but sincere, kind-hearted, and pious. He is garrulous and loves his joke, but is quite ignorantof the world, being "in it but not of it. "--Galt, _Annals of theParish_ (1821). 

 The _Rev. Micah Balwhidder_ is a fine representation of the primitive Scottish pastor; diligent, blameless, loyal, and exemplary in his life, but without the fiery zeal and "kirk-filling eloquence" of the supporters of the Covenant. --R. Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 591. 

BALY, one of the ancient and gigantic kings of India, who founded thecity called by his name. He redressed wrongs, upheld justice, wasgenerous and truthful, compassionate and charitable, so that at deathhe became one of the judges of hell. His city in time got overwhelmedwith the encroaching ocean, but its walls were not overthrown, norwere the rooms encumbered with the weeds and alluvial of the sea. Oneday a dwarf, named Vamen, asked the mighty monarch to allow him tomeasure three of his own paces for a hut to dwell in. Baly smiled, andbade him measure out what he required. The first pace of the dwarfcompassed the whole earth, the second the whole heavens, and thethird the infernal regions. Baly at once perceived that the dwarf wasVishnû, and adored the present deity. Vishnû made the king "Governorof Pad´alon" or hell, and permitted him once a year to revisit theearth, on the first full moon of November. 

 Baly built A city, like the cities of the gods, Being like a god himself. For many an age Hath ocean warred against his palaces, Till overwhelmed they lie beneath the waves, Not overthrown. 

 Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xv. 1 (1809). 

BAN, king of Benwick [_Brittany_], father of sir Launcelot, andbrother of Bors king of Gaul. This "shadowy king of a still moreshadowy kingdom" came over with his royal brother to the aid ofArthur, when, at the beginning of his reign, the eleven kings leaguedagainst him (pt. I. 8). 

 Yonder I see the most valiant knight of the world, and the man of most renown, for such two brethren as are king Ban and king Bors are not living. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 14 (1470). 

BANASTAR (_Humfrey_), brought up by Henry duke of Buckingham, andadvanced by him to honor and wealth. He professed to love the duke ashis dearest friend; but when Richard III. Offered £1000 reward toany one who would deliver up the duke, Banastar betrayed him to JohnMitton, sheriff of Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salisbury, wherehe was beheaded. The ghost of the duke prayed that Banastar's eldestson, "reft of his wits might end his life in a pigstye;" that hissecond son might "be drowned in a dyke" containing less than "halfa foot of water;" that his only daughter might be a leper; and thatBanastar himself might "live in death and die in life. "--ThomasSackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ ("The Complaynt, " 1587). 

BANBERG (_The Bishop of_), introduced in Donnerhugel's narrative. --SirW. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BANBURY CHEESE. Bardolph calls Slender a "Banbury cheese" (_MerryWives of Windsor_, act i. Sc. 1); and in _Jack Drum's Entertainment_we read, "You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing but paring. " TheBanbury cheese alluded to was a milk cheese, about an inch inthickness. 

BANDY-LEGGED, Armand Gouffé (1775-1845), also called _Le panard dudix-neuvième siecle_. He was one of the founders of the "Caveaumoderne. "

BANKS, a farmer, the great terror of old mother Sawyer, the witchof Edmonton. --_The Witch of Edmonton_ (by Rowley, Dekker, and Ford, 1658). 

BANQUO, a Scotch general of royal extraction, in the time of Edwardthe Confessor. He was murdered at the instigation of king Macbeth, buthis son Fleance escaped, and from this Fleance descended a race ofkings who filled the throne of Scotland, ending with James I. OfEngland, in whom were united the two crowns. The witches on theblasted heath hailed Banquo as--

 (1) Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. (2) Not so happy, yet much happier. (3) Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none. 

 Shakespeare, _Macbeth_, act i. Sc. 3 (1606). 

(Historically no such person as Banquo ever existed, and thereforeFleance was not the ancestor of the house of Stuart. )

BAN´SHEE, a tutelary female spirit. Every chief family of Ireland hasits banshee, who is supposed to give it warning of approaching deathor danger. 

BANTAM (_Angela Cyrus_), grand-master of the ceremonies at "Ba-ath, "and a very mighty personage in the opinion of the _élite_ of Bath. --C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). 

BAP, a contraction of _Bap'liomet, i. E. _ Mahomet. An imaginary idolor symbol which the Templars were accused of employing in theirmysterious religious rites. It was a small human figure cut in stone, with two heads, one male and the other female, but all the rest of thefigure was female. Specimens still exist. 

BAP'TES (2 _syl_. ), priests of the goddess Cotytto, whose midnightorgies were so obscene as to disgust even the very goddess ofobscenity. (Greek, _bapto_, "to baptize, " because these priests bathedthemselves in the most effeminate manner. )

BAPTIS'TA, a rich gentleman of Padua, father of Kathari'na "theshrew, " and Bianca. --Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594). 

BAPTISTI DAMIOTTI, a Paduan quack, who shows in the enchanted mirrora picture representing the clandestine marriage and infidelity ofsir Philip Forester. --Sir W. Scott, _Aunt Margaret's Mirror_ (time, William III. ). 

BAR'ABAS, the faithful servant of Ealph Lascours, captain of the_Uran'ia. _ His favorite expression is "I am afraid;" but he alwaysacts most bravely when he is afraid. (See BARRABAS. )--E. Stirling, _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856). 

BAR'ADAS (_Count_), the king's favorite, first gentleman of thechamber, and one of the conspirators to dethrone Louis XIII. , killRichelieu, and place the duc d'Orleans on the throne of France. Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the chevalier Adrien deMauprat. When Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king made countBaradas his chief minister, but scarcely had he so done when adespatch was put into his hand revealing the conspiracy, and Richelieuordered Baradas' instant arrest. --Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839). 

BARAK EL HADGI, the fakir´, an emissary from the court of HyderAli. --Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (time, George II. ). 

BARBARA, the widowed heroine whose vacillations of devotion to herburied husband and the living cousin who might be his twin, furnishthe _motif_ for Amelie Rives's story, _The Quick or the Dead?_ (1888). 

BARBARA FLOYD, lonely-hearted wife in George Fleming's (Julia C. Fletcher) novel, _The Head of Medusa_. The scene of the story is laidin modern Rome; Barbara, married to an Italian nobleman, has an innerand purer life with which the corruptions of the gay capital meddlenot. --(1880. )

BARBARA FRIETCHIE, heroic old woman of Frederick, Maryland, who tookup the flag the men had hauled down at the command of StonewallJackson. --John Greenleaf Whittier, _Barbara Frietchie_ (1864). 

 Barbara Frietchie's work is o'er And the Rebel rides on his raids no more. 

 Honor to her! and let a tear Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall's bier. 

 Over Barbara Frietchie's grave Flag of Freedom and Union wave. 

 Peace and order and beauty draw Bound thy symbol of light and law, And ever the stars above look down On thy stars below in Frederick Town. 

BARBARA HOLABIRD, the rattle-pate of the Holabird sisters inA. D. T. Whitney's _We Girls_. She coins words and bakes lace-edgedgriddle-cakes and contrives rhymes, and tells on the last page of thebook how it was made. "We rushed in, especially I, Barbara, and didlittle bits, and so it came to be a Song o' Sixpence, and at last fourHolabirds were 'singing in the pie. '"--(1868. )

BARBARA'S HISTORY, story of young, untrained but bright and attractivegirl who marries a man of the world. The conflict of two strong, wayward natures is long and fierce, resulting in temporary separation, and the discipline of sorrow and absence in reconciliation. --Amelia B. Edwards. 

BARBAROSSA ("_red beard_"), surname of Frederick I. Of Germany(1121-1190). It is said that he never died, but is still sleeping inKyffhauserberg in Thuringia. There he sits at a stone table with hissix knights, waiting the "fulness of time, " when he will come from hiscave to rescue Germany from bondage, and give her the foremost placeof all the-world. His beard has already grown through the table-slab, but must wind itself thrice round the table before his second advent. (See MANSUR, CHARLEMAGNE, ABTHUR, DESMOND, SEBASTIAN I. , to whomsimilar legends are attached. )

 Like Barbarossa, who sits in a cave, Taciturn, sombre, sedate, and grave. 

 Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

_Barbarossa_, a tragedy by John Brown. This is not FrederickBarbarossa, the emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but Horne Barbarossa, the corsair (1475-1519). He was a renegade Greek, of Mitylenê, whomade himself master of Algeria, which was for a time subject toTurkey. He killed the Moorish king; tried to cut off Selim the son, but without success; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, the king's widow, who rejected his suit with scorn, and was kept in confinement forseven years. Selim returned unexpectedly to Algiers, and a generalrising took place; Barbarossa was slain by the insurgents; Zaphira wasrestored to the throne; and Selim her son married Irenê the daughterof Barbarossa (1742). 

BAR'BARA (_St. _), the patron saint of arsenals. When her father wasabout to strike off her head, she was killed by a flash of lightning. 

BARBASON, the name of a demon. Amaimon sounds well; Lucifer well;Barbason well; yet they are ... The names of fiends. --_Merry Wives ofWindsor_, ii. 2. 

 I am not Barbason, you cannot conjure me. --_Henry V_. Ii. 1. 

BAR'BASON, the name of a demon mentioned in _The Merry Wives ofWindsor_, act ii. Sc. 2 (1596). 

 I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me. --Shakespeare, _Henry V_. Act ii. Sc. I (1599). 

BARBY ELSTER, sharp-tongued and sweet-hearted "help" in the Rossiterfamily in Susan Warner's _Queechy_. She considers herself heremployers' more-than-equal and loses no opportunity of expressing theconviction. --(1852. )

BARCLAY OF URY, an Aberdeen laird, persecuted as a "Quaker coward"by a mob of former friends and dependents, offers no resistance and refuses defence from the sword of an ancient henchman. 

 "Is the sinful servant more Than his gracious Lord who bore Bonds and stripes in Jewry?"

 J. G. Whittier, _Barclay of Ury_. 

BARCO'CHEBAH, an antichrist. 

 Shared the fall of the antichrist Barcochebar. --Professor Selwin, _Ecce Homo_. 

BARD OF AVON, Shakespeare, born and buried at Stratford-upon-Avon(1564-1616). 

_Bard of Ayrshire_, Robert Burns, a native of Ayrshire (1759-1796). 

_Bard of Hope_, Thomas Campbell, author of _The Pleasures of Hope_(1777-1844). 

_Bard of the Imagination_, Mark Akenside, author of _The Pleasures ofthe Imagination_ (1721-1770). 

_Bard of Memory_, S. Rogers, author of _The Pleasures of Memory_(1762-1855). 

_Bard of Olney_, W. Cowper _[Coo'-per]_, who lived for many years atOlney, in Bucks (1731-1800). 

_Bard of Prose_, Boccaccio. 

 He of the hundred tales of love. 

 Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 56 (1818). 

_Bard of Rydal Mount_, William Wordsworth, who lived at RydalMount; also called "Poet of the Excursion, " from his principal poem(1770-1850). 

_Bard of Twickenham_, Alexander Pope, who lived at Twickenham(1688-1744). 

BARDELL _(Mrs. )_, landlady of "apartments for single gentlemen" inGroswell Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for a time. She persuadedherself that he would make her a good second husband, and on oneoccasion was seen in his arms by his three friends. Mrs. Bardell putherself in the hands of Messrs. Dodson and Fogg (two unprincipledlawyers), who vamped up a case against Mr. Pickwick of "breach ofpromise, " and obtained a verdict against the defendant. SubsequentlyMessrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested their own client, and lodged her inthe Fleet. --C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). 

BARDE'SANIST (4 _syl_. ), a follower of Barde'san, founder of a Gnosticsect in the second century. 

BARDO BARDI, aged blind scholar, father of Romola. She is hiscolaborer in the studies he pursues despite his infirmity. --GeorgeEliot, _Romola_. 

BAR'DOLPH, corporal of captain sir John Falstaff, in 1 and 2 _HenryIV. _ and in _The Merry Wives of Windsor_. In _Henry V. _ he is promotedto lieutenant, and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. Bardolph is abravo, but great humorist; he is a lowbred, drunken swaggerer, whollywithout principle, and always poor. His red, pimply nose is aneverlasting joke with sir John and others. Sir John in allusionthereto calls Bardolph "The Knight of the Burning Lamp. " He says tohim, "Thou art our admiral, and bearest the lantern in the poop. "Elsewhere he tells the corporal he had saved him a "thousand marks inlinks and torches, walking with him in the night betwixt tavern andtavern. "--Shakespeare. 

 We are much of the mind of Falstaff's tailor. We must have better assurance for sir John than Bardolph's. --Macaulay. 

(The reference is to 2 _Henry IV_. Act i. Sc. 2. When Falstaff asksPage, "What said Master Dumbleton about the satin for my short cloakand slops!" Page replies, "He said, sir, you should procure him betterassurance than Bardolph. He ... Liked not the security. ")

BARDON _(Hugh)_, the scout-master in the troop of lieutenantFitzurse. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BAREFOOT BOY, reminiscence of the author's own boyhood in Whittier'spoem, _The Barefoot Boy_. 

 Prince thou art, --the grown-up man Only is republican. 

BARÈRE (2 _syl_. ), an advocate of Toulouse, called "The Anacreon ofthe Guillotine. " He was president of the Convention, a member of theConstitutional Committee, and chief agent in the condemnation to deathof Louis XVI. As member of the Committee of Public Safety, he decreedthat "Terror must be the order of the day. " In the first empire Barèrebore no public part, but at the restoration he was banished fromFrance, and retired to Brussels (1755-1841). 

 The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo of the fiction was a noble creature compared with the Barère of history. --Lord Macaulay. 

BARFÜSLE, pretty German child, left an orphan at a tender age, andcast upon the world. She maintains herself reputably and resistsmany temptations until she is happily married. --Bernard Auerbach, _Barfüsle. _

BAR'GUEST, a goblin armed with teeth and claws. It would sometimes setup in the streets a most fearful scream in the "dead waste and middleof the night. " The faculty of seeing this monster was limited to afew, but those who possessed it could by the touch communicate the"gift" to others. --_Fairy Mythology, North of England_. 

BAR'GULUS, an Illyrian robber or pirate. 

 Bargulus, Illyrius latro, de quo est apud Theopompum magnas opes habuit. --Cicero, _De Officiis_, ii. 11. 

BARICONDO, one of the leaders of the Moorish army. He was slain by theduke of Clarence. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

BARKER (. Mr. ), friend to Sowerberry. _Mrs. Barker_, his wife. --W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_. 

BAR'KIS, the carrier who courted [Clara] Peggot'ty, by tellingDavid Copperfield when he wrote home to say to his nurse "Barkis iswillin'. " Clara took the hint and became Mrs. Barkis. 

 He dies when the tide goes out, confirming the superstition that people can't die till the tide goes out, or be born till it is in. The last words he utters are "Barkis is willin'. "--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, xxx. (1849). 

(Mrs. Quickly says of sir John Falstaff, "'A parted even just betweentwelve and one, e'en at the turning o' the tide. "--_Henry V_. Act ii. Sc. 3, 1599. )

BAR'LAHAM AND JOSAPHAT, the heroes and title of a minnesong, theobject of which was to show the triumph of Christian doctrines overpaganism. Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josaphat, an Indianprince. This "lay" was immensely popular in the Middle Ages, andhas been translated into every European language. --Rudolf of Ems (aminnesinger, thirteenth century). 

BARLEY _(Bill)_, Clara's father. Chiefly remarkable for drinking rum, and thumping on the floor. --C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). 

BARLEYCORN (_Sir John_), Malt-liquor personified. His neighbors vowedthat sir John should die, so they hired ruffians to "plough him withploughs and bury him;" this they did, and afterwards "combed him withharrows and thrust clods on his head, " but did not kill him. Then withhooks and sickles they "cut his legs off at the knees, " bound him likea thief, and left him "to wither with the wind, " but he died not. Theynow "rent him to the heart, " and having "mowed him in a mow, " sent twobravos to beat him with clubs, and they beat him so sore that "all hisflesh fell from his bones, " but yet he died not. To a kiln they nexthauled him, and burnt him like a martyr, but he survived the burning. They crushed him between two stones, but killed him not. Sir John boreno malice for this ill-usage, but did his best to cheer the flaggingspirits even of his worst persecutors. 

[Illustration] This song, from the _English Dancing-Master_ (1651), isgenerally ascribed to Robert Burns, but all that the Scotch poet didwas slightly to alter parts of it. The same may be said of "Auld langSyne, " "Ca' the Yowes, " "My Heart is Sair for Somebody, " "Green growthe Rashes, O!" and several other songs, set down to the credit ofBurns. 

BARLOW, the favorite archer of Henry VIII. He was jocosely createdby the merry monarch "Duke of Shoreditch, " and his two companions"Marquis of Islington" and "Earl of Pancras. "

_Barlow (Billy)_, a jester, who fancied himself a "mighty potentate. "He was well known in the east of London, and died in Whitechapelworkhouse. Some of his sayings were really witty, and some of hisattitudes truly farcical. 

BAR'MECIDE. Schacabac "the hare-lipped, " a man in the greatestdistress, one day called on the rich Barmecide, who in merry jestasked him to dine with him. Barmecide first washed in hypotheticalwater, Schacabac followed his example. Barmecide then pretended to eatof various dainties, Schacabac did the same, and praised them highly, and so the "feast" went on to the close. The story says Barmecide wasso pleased that Schacabac had the good sense and good temper to enterinto the spirit of the joke without resentment, that he ordered ina real banquet, at which Schacabac was a welcome guest. --_ArabianNights_ ("The Barber's Sixth Brother"). 

BAR'NABAS _(St. )_, a disciple of Gamaliel, cousin of St. Mark, andfellow-laborer with St. Paul. He was martyred at Salamis, A. D. 63. _St. Barnabas' Day_ is June 11. --_Acts_ iv. 36, 37. 

BAR'NABY _(Widow)_, the title and chief character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1839). The widow is a vulgar, pretentious husband-hunter, wholly without principle. _Widow Barnaby_ has a sequel called _TheBarnabys in America, or The Widow Married_, a satire on America andthe Americans (1840). 

BARNABY RUDGE, a half-witted whose companion is a raven. He is enticedinto joining the Gordon rioters. --C. Dickens, _Barnaby Budge_ (1841). (See RUDGE. )

BARNACLE, brother of old Nicholas Cockney, and guardian of PriscillaTomboy of the West Indies. Barnacle is a tradesman of the old school, who thinks the foppery and extravagance of the "Cockney" schoolinconsistent with prosperous shop-keeping. Though brusque andeven ill-mannered, he has good sense and good discernment ofcharacter. --_The Romp_ (altered from Bickerstaff's _Love in theCity_). 

BARNADINE, malefactor, condemned to death, "who will not die that day, upon any man's persuasion. "--Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_. 

BARNES (1 _syl_. ), servant to colonel Mannering, at Woodburne. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

BARNEY, a repulsive Jew, who waited on the customers at the lowpublic-house frequented by Fagin and his associates. Barney alwaysspoke through his nose. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

BARN'STABLE (_Lieutenant_), in the British navy, in love with KatePlowden, niece of colonel Howard of New York. The alliance not beingapproved of, Kate is removed from England to America, but Barnstablegoes to America to discover her retreat. In this he succeeds, butbeing seized as a spy, is commanded by colonel Howard to be hung tothe yardarm of an American frigate called the _Alacrity_. Scarcely isthe young man led off, when the colonel is informed that Barnstable ishis own son, and he arrives at the scene of execution just in timeto save him. Of course after this he marries the lady of hisaffection. --E. Fitzball, _The Pilot_ (a burletta). 

BARNWELL (_George_), the chief character and title of a tragedy byGeorge Lillo. George Barnwell is a London apprentice, who falls inlove with Sarah Millwood of Shoreditch, who leads him astray. He firstrobs his master of £200. He next robs his uncle, a rich grazier atLudlow, and murders him. Having spent all the money of his iniquity, Sarah Millwood turns him off and informs against him. Both areexecuted (1732). 

[Illustration] For many years this play was acted on boxing-night, asa useful lesson to London apprentices. BARON (_The old English_), aromance by Clara Reeve (1777). 

BAR'RABAS, the rich "Jew of Malta. " He is simply a human monster, who kills in sport, poisons whole nunneries, and invents infernalmachines. Shakespeare's "Shylock" has a humanity in the very whirlwindof his resentment, but Marlowe's "Barrabas" is a mere ideal ofthat "thing" which Christian prejudice once deemed a Jew. (SeeBARABAS. )--Marlowe, _The Jew of Malta_ (1586). 

_Bar'rabas_, the famous robber and murderer set free instead of Christby desire of the Jews. Called in the New Testament _Barab'has_. Marlowe calls the word "Barrabas" in his _Jew of Malta_, andShakespeare says:

 "Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas Had been her husband, rather than a Christian. "

 _Merchant of Venice_, act iv. Sc. 1 (1598). 

BARRY CORNWALL, the _nom de plume_ of Bryan Waller Procter. It is animperfect anagram of his name (1788-1874). 

BARSAD (_John), alias_ Solomon Pross, a spy. 

 He had an aquiline nose, but not straight, having a peculiar inclination towards the left cheek; expression, therefore, sinister. --C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_, ii. 16 (1859). 

BARSIS'A (_Santon_), in _The Guardian_, the basis of the story called_The Monk_, by M. G. Lewis (1796). 

BARSTON, _alias_ captain Fenwicke, a jesuit and secret correspondentof the conntess of Derby. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BARTHOL'OMEW (_Brother_), guide of the two Philipsons on their way toStrasburg. 

--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

_Bartholomew (St. ). _ His day is August 24, and his symbol a knife, inallusion to the knife with which he is said to have been flayed alive. 

BARTLEY HUBBARD, the "smart" newspaper-man in _A Modern Instance_, byWilliam Dean Howells (1883). He also plies his trade and exhibits hisassurance in _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ (1885). 

BARTOLDO, a rich old miser, who died of fear and want of sustenance. Fazio rifled his treasures, and on the accusation of his own wife wastried and executed. --Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (1815). 

_Bartoldo_, same as _Bertoldo_ (_q. V. _). 

BARTOLI (in French _Barthole_, better known, however, by the Latinform of the name, _Bartolus_) was the most famous master of thedialectical school of jurists (1313-1356). He was born at SassoFerrata in Italy, and was professor of Civil Law at the University ofPerugia. His reputation was at one time immense, and his works werequoted as authority in nearly every European court. Hence the Frenchproverb, applied to a well-read lawyer, _He knows his "Barthole" aswell as a Cordelier his "Dormi_" (an anonymous compilation of sermonsfor the use of the Cordelier monks). Another common French expression, _Résolu comme Barthole_ ("as decided as Barthole"), is a sort ofpunning allusion to his _Resolutiones Bartoli_, a work in which theknottiest questions are solved with _ex cathedra_ peremptoriness. 

BAR'TOLUS, a covetous lawyer, husband of Amaran'ta. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622). 

BARTON (_Sir Andrew_), a Scotch sea-officer, who had obtained in 1511letters of marque for himself and his two sons, to make reprisals uponthe subjects of Portugal. The council-board of England, at which theearl of Surrey presided, was daily pestered by complaints from Britishmerchants and sailors against Barton, and at last it was decided toput him down. Two ships were, therefore, placed under the commands ofsir Thomas and sir Edward Howard, an engagement took place, and sirAndrew Barton was slain, bravely fighting. A ballad in two parts, called "Sir Andrew Barton, " is inserted in Percy's _Reliques_, II. Ii. 12. 

BARTRAM, the lime-burner, an obtuse, middle-aged clown in _EthanBrand_ by Nathaniel Hawthorne. When he finds the suicide's skeleton inthe kiln, the heart whole within the ribs, he congratulates himselfthat "his kiln is half a bushel richer for him" (1846). 

BARUCH. _Dites, donc, avez-vous lu Baruch?_ Said when a person putsan unexpected question, or makes a startling proposal. It arose thus:Lafontaine went one day with Racine to _tenebrae_, and was given aBible. He turned at random to the "Prayer of the Jews, " in Baruch, andwas so struck with it that he said aloud to Racine, "Dites, donc, whowas this Baruch? Why, do you know, man, he was a fine genius;" andfor some days afterwards the first question he asked his friends was, _Diles, done, Mons. , avez-vous lu Baruch?_

BARZIL'LAI (3 _syl_. ), the duke of Ormond, a friend and firm adherentof Charles II. As Barzillai assisted David when he was expelled byAbsalom from his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles II. When he wasin exile. 

 Barzillai, crowned with honors and with years, ... In exile with his god-like prince he mourned, For him he suffered, and with him returned. 

Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. 

BASA-ANDRE, the wild woman, a sorceress, married to Basa-Jaun, asort of vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is a sort of land mermaid (abeautiful lady who sits in a cave combing her locks with a goldencomb). She hates church bells. (See BASA-JAUN. )

BASA-JAUN, a wood-sprite, married to Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Bothhated the sound of church bells. Three brothers and their sisteragreed to serve him, but the wood-sprite used to suck blood from thefinger of the girl, and the brothers resolved to kill him. This theyaccomplished. The Basa-Andre induced the girl to put a tooth into eachof the footbaths of her brothers, and lo! they became oxen. The girlcrossing a bridge saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did not restore herbrothers she would put her into a red-hot oven, so Basa-Andre told thegirl to give each brother three blows on the back with a hazel wand, and on so doing they were restored to their proper forms. --Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_, 49 (1877). 

BAS BLEU, nickname applied to literary women in the days succeedingthe French Revolution, made familiar in America by J. K. Paulding's_Azure Hose_. 

BASHABA, sachem in J. G. L. Whittier's poem, _The Bridal of Pennacock_. His beautiful daughter, scorned by the chief to whom Bashaba gave herin marriage, and detained against her will by her angry father, stealsaway by night in a canoe and IS drowned in a vain attempt

 To seek the wigwam of her chief once more. 

BASHFUL MAN (_The_), a comic drama by

W. T. Moncrieff. Edward Blushington, a young man just come into alarge fortune, is so bashful and shy that life is a misery to him. Hedines at Friendly Hall, and makes all sorts of ridiculous blunders. His college chum, Frank Friendly, sends word to say that he and hissister Dinah, with sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine with himat Blushington House. After a few glasses of wine, Edward loses hisshyness, makes a long speech, and becomes the accepted suitor of DinahFriendly. 

BASIL, the blacksmith of Grand Pré, in Acadia (now _Nova Scotia_), andfather of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeline. When, the colony wasdriven into exile in 1713 by George II. , Basil settled in Louisiana, and greatly prospered; but his son led a wandering life, looking forEvangeline, and died in Pennsylvania of the plague. --Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849). 

BASIL MARCH, a clever, cynical, and altogether charming man of letterswho takes one of the leading parts in William Dean Howells's _TheirWedding Journey. A Chance Acquaintance_, and _A Hazard of NewFortunes_. 

BA'SILE (2 _syl_. ), a calumniating, niggardly bigot in _Le Mariage deFigaro_, and again in _Le Barbier de Séville_, both by Beaumarchais. Basile and Tartuffe are the two French incarnations of religioushypocrisy. The former is the clerical humbug, and the latter thelay religious hypocrite. Both deal largely in calumny, and trade inslander. 

BASILIS'CO, a bully and a braggart, in _Solyman and Perseda_ (1592). Shakespeare has made Pistol the counterpart of Basilisco. 

 Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-like. 

 Shakespeare, _King John_, act i. Sc. 1 (1596). 

(That is, "my boasting like Basilisco has made me a knight, goodmother. ")

BASILISK, supposed to kill with its gaze the person who looked on it. Thus Henry VI. Says to Suffolk, "Come, basilisk, and kill the innocentgazer with thy sight. "

 Natus in ardente Lydiæ basiliscus arena, Vulnerat aspectu, luminibusque nocet. 

 Mantuanus. 

BASILIUS, a neighbor of Quiteria, whom he loved from childhood, butwhen grown up the father of the lady forbade him the house, andpromised Quiteria in marriage to Camacho, the richest man of thevicinity. On their way to church they passed Basilius, who had fallenon his sword, and all thought he was at the point of death. He prayedQuiteria to marry him, "for his soul's peace, " and as it was deemeda mere ceremony, they were married in due form. Up then started thewounded man, and showed that the stabbing was only a ruse, and theblood that of a sheep from the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefullyaccepted the defeat, and allowed the preparations for the generalfeast to proceed. 

 Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar admirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and is an excellent cricketer. He runs like a buck, leaps like a wild goat, and plays at skittles like a wizard. Then he has a fine voice for singing, he touches the guitar so as to make it speak, and handles a foil as well as any fencer in Spain. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Ii. 4 (1615). 

BASRIG or BAGSECG, a Scandinavian king, who with Halden or Halfdene(2 _syl_. ) king of Denmark, in 871, made a descent on Wessex. In thisyear Ethelred fought nine pitched battles with the Danes. The firstwas the battle of Englefield, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes; thenext was the battle of Beading, won by the Danes; the third was thefamous battle of Æscesdun or Ashdune (now _Ashton_), lost by theDanes, and in which king Bagsecg was slain. 

 And Ethelred with them [_the Danes_] nine sundry fields that fought ... Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord, Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613). 

Next year (871) the Danes for the first time entered Wessex.... Thefirst place they came to was Reading.... Nine great battles, besidessmaller skirmishes, were fought this year, in some of which theEnglish won, and in others the Danes. First, alderman Æthelwulf foughtthe Danes at Englefield, and beat them. Four days after that there wasanother battle at Reading ... Where the Danes had the better of it, and Æthelwulf was killed. Four days afterwards there was another morefamous battle at Æscesdun ... And king Æthelred fought against thetwo kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own hand. --E. A. Freeman, _OldEnglish History_ (1869); see Asser, _Life of Alfred_ (ninth century). 

BASSA'NIO, the lover of Portia, successful in his choice of the threecaskets, which awarded her to him as wife. It was for Bassanio thathis friend Antonio borrowed 3000 ducats of the Jew Shylock, on thestrange condition that if he returned the loan within three months nointerest should be required, but if not, the Jew might claim a poundof Antonio's flesh for forfeiture. --Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_(1598). 

BAS'SET _(Count)_, a swindler and forger, who assumes the title of"count" to further his dishonest practices. --C. Cibber, _The ProvokedHusband_ (1728). 

BASSIA'NUS, brother of Satur'nius emperor of Rome, in love withLavin'ia daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly _Andronicus_). Heis stabbed by Deme'trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen of theGoths. --(?) Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus_ (1593). 

BASSI'NO _(Count)_, the "perjured husband of Aurelia" slain byAlonzo. --Mrs. Centlivre, _The Perjured Husband_ (1700). 

BASSANIO, a youth of noble birth but crippled fortunes, whose desireto win the hand of Portia, a rich heiress, is the moving spring of theaction of Shakespeare's _The Merchant of Venice_. Portia's father hasleft three caskets, and has ordered in his will that his daughter isto marry only the man who chooses the casket that holds her portrait. That Bassanio may enter the list of Portia's suitors, his friendAntonio borrows money of Shylock, a Jew, who, out of hatred to themerchant, entraps him into pledging a pound of his flesh as surety forthe loan. Bassanio marries Portia, but misfortune overtakes Antonio, he forfeits his bond, and his life is only saved by a quibble devisedby Portia. 

BASTARD OF ORLEANS, in Shakespeare's _Henry VI_ Part 1, is Jean Dunoisa natural son of Louis of Orleans, brother of Charles VI. 

BAT (_Dr_. ), naturalist in Cooper's _Prairie_, who mistakes his ass atnight for a monster described in his note-book. 

BATES (1 _syl_. ), a soldier in the army of Henry V. He with Court andWilliams are sentinals before the English camp at Agincourt, and theking disguised comes to them during the watch, and talks with themrespecting the impending battle, --Shakespeare, _Henry V_. 

_Bates (Charley)_, generally called "Master Bates, " one of Fagin's"pupils, " training to be a pickpocket. He is always laughinguproariously, and is almost equal in artifice and adroitness to "TheArtful Dodger" himself. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

_Bates (Frank)_, the friend of Whittle. A man of good plain sense, whotries to laugh the old beau out of his folly. --Garrick, _The IrishWidow_ (1757). 

BATH (_King of_), Richard Nash, generally called _Beau_ Nash, master of-the ceremonies for fifteen years in that fashionable city(1674-1761). 

_Bath (The Maid of_), Miss Linley, a beautiful and accomplishedsinger, who married Richard B. Sheridan, the statesman and dramatist. 

_Bath (The Wife of_), one of the pilgrims travelling from Southwarkto Canterbury, in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_. She tells her tale inturn, and chooses "Midas" for her subject (1388). 

BATHSHEBA in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_ is Louisa deQueronailles, a young French lady brought into England by the Duchessof Orleans, and who became the mistress of Charles II. The King madeher Duchess of Portsmouth. 

 My father [_Charles II. _] whom with reverence I name ... Is grown in Bathsheba's embraces old. 

 Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. 

BATHSHEBA EVERDEIIE, handsome heiress of an English farmstead, belovedby two honest men and one knave. She marries the knave in haste, andrepents it at leisure for years thereafter. Released by his death, she marries Gabriel Oak. --Thomas Hardy, _Far from the Madding Crowd_(1874). 

BATTAR _(Al), i. E. The trenchant_, one of Mahomet's swords. 

BATTUS, a shepherd of Arcadia. Having witnessed Mercury's theft ofApollo's oxen, he received a cow from the thief to ensure hissecrecy; but, in order to test his fidelity, Mercury re-appeared soonafterwards, and offered him an ox and a cow if he would blab. Battusfell into the trap, and was instantly changed into a touchstone. 

 When Tantalus in hell sees store and starves; And senseless Battus for a touchstone serves. 

Lord Brooke, _Treatise on Monarchie_, iv. 

BAU'CIS AND PHILEMON, an aged Phrygian woman and her husband, whoreceived Jupiter and Mercury hospitably when every one else in theplace had refused to entertain them. For this courtesy the godschanged the Phrygians' cottage into a magnificent temple, andappointed the pious couple over it. They both died at the same time, according to their wish, and were converted into two trees before thetemple. --_Greek and Roman Mythology_. 

BAUL'DIE (2 _syl. _), stable-boy of Joshua Geddes the quaker. --Sir W. Scott, _Red-gauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

_Baul'die_ (2 _syl. _), the old shepherd in the introduction of thestory called _The Black Dwarf_, by sir W. Scott (time, Anne). 

BAVIAN FOOL (_The_), one of the characters in the old morris-dance. Hewore a red cap faced with yellow, a yellow "slabbering-bib, " a bluedoublet, red hose, and black shoes. He represents an overgrown baby, but was a tumbler, and mimicked the barking of a dog. The word Bavianis derived from _bavon_, a "bib for a slabbering child" (see Cotgrave, _French Dictionary_). In modern French _bave_ means "drivel, ""slabbering, " and the verb _baver_ "to slabber, " but the bib is nowcalled _bavette_. (See MORRIS-DANCE. )

BAVIE'CA, the Cid's horse. He survived his master two years and ahalf, and was buried at Valencia. No one was ever allowed to mount himafter the death of the Cid. 

BAVIUS, any vile poet. (See MÆVIUS. )

BAWTRY. _Like the saddler of Baivtry, who was hanged for leaving hisliquor_. (_Yorkshire Proverb_. ) It was customary for criminals ontheir way to execution to stop at a certain tavern in York for a"parting draught. " The saddler of Bawtry refused to accept the liquor, and was hanged, whereas if he had stopped a few minutes at the tavernhis reprieve, which was on the road, would have arrived in time tosave him. 

BA'YARD, _Le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche_; born in France in1475. He served under Charles VIII. And Louis XII. ; bore a gallantpart in the "Battle of the Spurs, " and died in 1524 of wounds receivedwhile in action. 

_The British Bayard_, sir Philip Sidney (1554-1584). 

_The Polish Bayard_, prince Joseph Poniatowski (1763-1814). 

_The Bayard of India_, sir James Outram (1803-1863). So called by sirCharles Napier. 

_Ba'yard_, a horse of incredible speed, belonging to the four sons ofAymon. If only one mounted, the horse was of the ordinary size, butincreased in proportion as two or more mounted. (The word means"bright bay color. ")--Villeneuve, _Les Quatre fils Aymon_. 

_Bayard_, the steed of Fitz-James. --Sir W. Scott, _Lady of the Lake_, v. 18 (1810). 

BAYAR'DO, the famous steed of Rinaldo, which once belonged to Amadisof Gaul. It was found in a grotto by the wizard Malagigi, along withthe sword Fusberta, both of which he gave to his cousin Rinaldo. 

 His color bay, and hence his name he drew-- Bayardo called. A star of silver hue Emblazed his front. 

Tasso, _Rinaldo_, ii. 220 (1562). 

BAYES (1 _syl. _), the chief character of _The Rehearsal_, a farce byGeorge Villiers, duke of Buckingham (1671). Bayes is representedas greedy of applause, impatient of censure, meanly obsequious, regardless of plot, and only anxious for claptrap. The character ismeant for John Dryden. 

[Illustration] C. Dibdin, in his _History of the Stage_, states thatMrs. Mountford played "Bayes" "with more variety than had ever beenthrown into the part before. "

 No species of novel-writing exposes itself to a severer trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes' pretensions "to elevate the imagination, " ... But places its productions within the range of [general] criticism. --_Encyc. Brit. _ Art. "Romance. "

BAYNARD (_Mr. _), introduced in an episode in the novel called_Humphrey Clinker_, by Smollett (1771). 

BEA'CON (_Tom_), groom to Master Chiffinch (private emissary ofCharles II. ). --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, CharlesII. ). 

BEA'GLE (_Sir Harry_), a horsy country gentleman, who can talk ofnothing but horses and dogs. He is wofully rustic and commonplace. SirHarry makes a bargain with lord Trinket to give up Harriet to him inexchange for his horse. (See GOLDFINCH. )--George Colman, _The JealousWife_ (1761). 

BEAK. Sir John Fielding was called "The Blind Beak" (died 1780). BEANLEAN (_Donald_), _alias_ Will Ruthven, a Highland robber-chief. He also appears disguised as a peddler on the roadside leading toStirling. Waverley is rowed to the robber's cave and remains there allnight. 

_Alice Bean_, daughter of Donald Bean Lean, who attends on Waverleyduring a fever. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

BEAR (_The Brave_). Warwick is so called from his cognizance, whichwas _a bear and ragged staff_. 

BEARCLIFF (_Deacon_), at the Gordon Arms or Kippletringam inn, wherecolonel Mannering stops on his return to England, and hears ofBertram's illness and distress. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

BEARDED (_The_). (1) Geoffrey the crusader. (2) Bouchard of the houseof Montmorency. (3) Constantine IV. (648-685). (4) Master GeorgeKillingworthe of the court of Ivan _the Terrible_ of Russia, whosebeard (says Hakluyt) was five feet two inches long, yellow, thick, andbroad. Sir Hugh Willoughby was allowed to take it in his hand. 

_The Bearded Master_. Soc'ratês was so called by Persius (B. C. 468-399). 

_Handsome Beard_, Baldwin IV. Earl of Flanders (1160-1186). 

_John the Bearded_, John Mayo, the German painter, whose beard touchedthe ground when he stood upright. 

BEARNAIS (_Le_), Henri IV. Of France, so called from his nativeprovince, Le Béarr. (1553-1610). 

BEATON, the artist of _Every Other Week_, the story of whichperiodical is told in W. D. Howells's _A Hazard of New Fortunes_(1889). 

His name was Beaton--Angus Beaton. His father was a Scotchman, butBeaton was born in Syracuse, New York, and it had taken only threeyears to obliterate many traces of native and ancestral manner in him. He wore his thick beard cut shorter than his moustache, and a littlepointed; he stood with his shoulders well thrown back, and with alateral curve of his person when he talked about art which would alonehave carried conviction, even if he had not had a thick, dark bangcoming almost to the brows of his mobile gray eyes, and had not spokenEnglish with quick, staccato impulses, so as to give it the effect ofepigrammatic and sententious French. 

BE'ATRICE (3 _syl_. ), a child eight years old, to whom Dantê at theage of nine was ardently attached. She was the daughter of FolcoPortina'ri, a rich citizen of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni deBardi, and died before she was twenty-four years old (1266-1290). Dantê married Gemma Donati, and his marriage was a most unhappy one. His love for Beatrice remained after her decease. She was the fountainof his poetic inspiration, and in his _Divina Commedia_ he makes herhis guide through paradise. 

Dantê's Beatrice and Milton's Eve Were not drawn from their spousesyou conceive. Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 10 (1820). 

(Milton, who married Mary Powell, of Oxfordshire, was as unfortunatein his choice as Dantê. )

_Beatrice_, wife of Ludov'ico Sforza. 

_Beatrice_, daughter of Ferdinando king of Naples, sister of Leonoraduchess of Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Corvi'nus of Hungary. 

_Beatrice_, niece of Leonato governor of Messina, lively andlight-hearted, affectionate and impulsive. Though wilful she is notwayward, though volatile she is not unfeeling, though teeming with witand gaiety she is affectionate and energetic. At first she dislikesBenedick, and thinks him a flippant conceited coxcomb; but overhearinga conversation between her cousin Hero and her gentlewoman, in whichHero bewails that Beatrice should trifle with such deep love as thatof Benedick, and should scorn so true and good a gentleman, she cries, "Sits the wind thus? then, farewell, contempt. Benedick, love on; Iwill requite you. " This conversation of Hero's was a mere ruse, butBenedick had been caught by a similar trick played by Claudio, donPedro, and Leonato. The result was they sincerely loved each other, and were married. --Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600). 

BEATRICE CENCI, the _Beautiful Parricide (q. V. ). _

BEATRICE D'ESTE, canonized at Rome. 

BEATRICE GIORGINI, an Italian contessa whose parents contract a secretmarriage, an unequal match as to birth and fortune, and, dying young, one by violence, leave their child in charge of Betta, a faithfulnurse, who takes her to her mother's mother, an old peasant. At hergrandmother's death she becomes companion to a relative of her father;marries don Leonardo, her father's cousin and one of the witnesses tothe secret marriage, and uses him to prove her legitimacy and his owntreachery. --Mary Agnes Tincker, _Two Coronets_ (1889). 

BEAU BRUMMEL, George Bryan Brummel, son of a London pastry-cook, whobecame the fashion at the court of George III. And reigning favoriteof the Prince of Wales. His story has been made the foundation of abrilliant American play by Clyde Fitch, in which Richard Mansfieldtakes the part of Brummel (1890). 

BEAU CLARK, a billiard-maker at the beginning of the nineteenthcentury. He was called "The Bean, " assumed the name of _Beauelerc_, and paid his addresses to a _protégée_ of lord Fife. 

BEAU FIELDING, called "Handsome Fielding" by Charles II. , by a play onhis name, which was Hendrome Fielding. He died in Scotland Yard. 

BEAU HEWITT was the original of sir George Etherege's "Sir FoplingFlutter, " in the comedy called _The Man of Mode or Sir FoplingFlutter_ (1676). 

BEAU NASH, Richard Nash, called also "King of Bath;" a Welshgentleman, who for fifteen years managed the bath-rooms of Bath, andconducted the balls with unparalleled splendor and decorum. In his oldage he sank into poverty (1674-1761). 

BEAU D'ORSAY _(Le)_, father of count d'Orsay, whom Byron calls "_JeuneCupidon. _"

BEAU SEANT, the Templars' banner, half white and half black; the whitesignified that the Templars were good to Christians, the black, thatthey were evil to infidels. 

BEAU TIBBS, in Goldsmith's _Citizen of the World_, a dandy noted forhis finery, vanity, and poverty. 

BEAUCLERK, Henry I. King of England (1068, 1100-1135). 

BEAUFORT, the lover of Maria Wilding, whom he ultimately marries. --A. Murphy, _The Citizen_ (a farce). 

BEAUJEU (_Mons. Le chevalier de_), keeper of a gambling-house to whichDalgarno takes Nigel. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, JamesI. ). 

_Beaujeu_ (_Mons. Le comte de_), a French officer in the army of theChevalier Charles Edward, the Pretender. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_(time, George II. ). 

BEAUMAINS ("_big hands_"), a nickname which sir Key (Arthur's steward)gave to Gareth when he was kitchen drudge in the palace. "He had thelargest hands that ever man saw. " Gareth was the son of king Lot andMargawse (king Arthur's sister). His brothers were sir Gaw'ain, sirAgravain, and sir Gaheris. Mordred was his half-brother. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 120 (1470). 

[Illustration] His achievements are given under the name "Gareth"(q. V. ). 

Tennyson, in his _Gareth and Lynette_, makes sir Key tauntinglyaddress Lancelot thus, referring to Gareth:

 Fair and fine, forsooth! Sir Fine-face, sir Fair-hands? But see thou to it That thine own fineness, Lancelot, some fine day, Undo thee not. 

Be it remembered that Key himself called Gareth "Beaumain" from theextraordinary size of the lad's hands; but the taunt put into themouth of Key by the poet indicates that the lad prided himself on his"fine" face and "fair" hands, which is not the case. If "fair hands"is a translation of this nickname, it should be "fine hands, " whichbears the equivocal sense of _big_ and _beautiful_. 

BEAU'MANOIR (_Sir Lucas_), Grand-Master of the Knights Templars. --SirW. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BEAUPRE [_Bo-pray_'], son of judge Vertaigne (2 _syl_. ) and brother ofLami'ra. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647). 

BEAUTÉ (2 _syl_). _La dame de Beauté_. Agnes Sorel, so called from thechâteau de Beauté, on the banks of the Marne, given to her by CharlesVII. (1409-1450). 

BEAUTIFUL CORISANDE (3 _syl_). Diane comtesse de Guiche et deGrammont. She was the daughter of Paul d'Andouins, and marriedPhilibert de Grammont, who died in 1580. The widow outlived herhusband for twenty-six years. Henri IV. , before he was king ofNavarre, was desperately smitten by La belle Corisande, and when Henriwas at war with the League, she sold her diamonds to raise for him alevy of 20, 000 Gascons (1554-1620). 

(The letters of Henri to Corisande are still preserved in the_Bibliothéque de l'Arsenal_, and were published in 1769. )

BEAUTIFUL PARRICIDE (_The_), Beatrice Cenci, daughter of a Romannobleman, who plotted the death of her father because he violentlydefiled her. She was executed in 1605. Shelley has a tragedy on thesubject, entitled _The Cenci_. Guido Reni's portrait of Beatrice iswell known through its numberless reproductions. 

BEAUTY (_Queen of_). So the daughter of Schems'edeen' Mohammed, vizierof Egypt, was called. She married her cousin, Bed'redeen' Hassan, sonof Nour'edeen' Ali, vizier of Basora. --_Arabian Nights_ ("NouredeenAli, " etc. ). 

BEAUTY AND THE BEAST (_La Belle et la Bête_'), from _Les ContesMarines_ of Mde. Villeneuvre (1740), the most beautiful of all nurserytales. A young and lovely woman saved her father by putting herself inthe power of a frightful but kind-hearted monster, whose respectfulaffection and melancholy overcame her aversion to his ugliness, andshe consented to become his bride. Being thus freed from enchantment, the monster assumed his proper form and became a young and handsomeprince. 

BEAUTY OF BUTTERMERE (3 syl. ), Mary Robinson, who married JohnHatfield, a heartless impostor executed for forgery at Carlisle in1803. 

BEAUX' STRATAGEM (_The_), by George Farquhar. Thomas viscount Aimwelland his friend Archer (the two beaux), having run through all theirmoney, set out fortune-hunting, and come to Lichfield as "master andman. " Aimwell pretends to be very unwell, and as lady Bountiful'shobby is tending the sick and playing the leech, she orders him tobe removed to her mansion. Here he and Dorinda (daughter of ladyBountiful) fall in love with each other, and finally marry. Archerfalls in love with Mrs. Sullen, the wife of squire Sullen, who hadbeen married fourteen months but agreed to a divorce on the score ofincompatibility of tastes and temper. This marriage forms no partof the play; all we are told is that she returns to the roof of herbrother, sir Charles Freeman (1707). 

BEDE (_Adam_ and _Seth_), brothers, carpenters. Seth loves the fairgospeller Dinah Morris, but she marries Adam. --George Eliot, _AdamBede_. 

_Bede (Cuthbert_), the Rev. Edward Bradley, author of _The Adventuresof Mr. Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman_ (1857). 

BED'ER ("_the full moon_"), son of Gulna'rê (3 syl. ), the young kingof Persia. As his mother was an under-sea princess, he was enabled tolive under water as well as on land. Beder was a young man of handsomeperson, quick parts, agreeable manners, and amiable disposition. Hefell in love with Giauha'rê, daughter of the king of Samandal, themost powerful of the under-sea empires, but Giauharê changed him intoa white bird with red beak and red legs. After various adventures, Beder resumed his human form and married Giauharê. --_Arabian Nights_("Beder and Giauharê"). 

BED'IVERE (_Sir_) or BED'IVER, king Arthur's butler and a knight ofthe Round Table. He was the last of Arthur's knights, and was sent bythe dying king to throw his sword Excalibur into the mere. Being castin, it was caught by an arm "clothed in white samite, " and drawn intothe stream. --Tennyson, _Morte d'Arthur_. 

Tennyson's _Morte d'Arthur_ is a very close and in many parts a verbalrendering of the same tale in sir Thomas Malory's _Morte d'Arthur_, iii. 168 (1470). 

BEDLOE (_Augustus_), an eccentric Virginian, an opium-eater, andeasily hypnotized, in Edgar Allan Poe's _Tale of the Ragged Mountains_(1846). 

BEDOTT (_Widow_). (See HEZEKIAH BEDOTT. )

BED'OUINS [_Bed'. Winz_], nomadic tribes of Arabia. In commonparlance, "the homeless street poor. " Thus gutter-children are called"Bedouins. "

BED'REDEEN' HAS'SAN of Baso'ra, son of Nour'edeen' Ali grand vizierof Basora, and nephew to Schems'edeen' Mohammed vizier of Egypt. Hisbeauty was transcendent and his talents of the first order. Whentwenty years old his father died, and the sultan, angry with him forkeeping from court, confiscated all his goods, and would have seizedBedredeen if he had not made his escape. During sleep he was conveyedby fairies to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly groom (Hunchback) towhom his cousin, the Queen of Beauty, was to have been married. Nextday he was carried off by the same means to Damascus, where he livedfor ten years as a pastry-cook. Search was made for him, and thesearch party, halting outside the city of Damascus, sent for somecheese-cakes. When the cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nouredeendeclared that they must have been made by her son, for no one elseknew the secret of making them, and that she herself had taught it tohim. On hearing this, the vizier ordered Bedredeen to be seized, "formaking cheese-cakes without pepper, " and the joke was carried on tillthe party arrived at Cairo, when the pastry-cook prince was reunitedto his wife, the Queen of Beauty. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Nouredeen Ali, "etc. ). 

BEDWIN (_Mrs. _), housekeeper to Mr. Brownlow. A kind, motherly soul, who loves Oliver Twist most dearly. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_(1837). 

BEE OF ATTICA, Soph'oclês the dramatist (B. C. 495-405). The "AthenianBee" was Plato the philosopher (B. C. 428-347). 

 The Bee of Attica rivalled Æschylus when in the possession of the stage. --Sir W. Scott, _The Drama. _

BEEF'INGTON (_Milor_), introduced in _The Rovers. _ Casimir is a Polishemigrant, and Beefington an English nobleman exiled by the tyranny ofking John. --_Anti-Jacobin. _

 "Will without power, " said the sagacious Casimir, to Milor Beefington, "is like children playing at soldiers. "--Macaulay. 

BE'ELZELBUB (4 _syl_. ), called "prince of the devils" (_Matt. _ xii. 24), worshipped at Ekron, a city of the Philistines (2 _Kings_ i. 2), and made by Milton second to Satan. 

 One next himself in power and next in crime--Beëlzebub. 

 _Paradise Lost_, i. 80 (1665). 

BEE'NIE (2 _syl_. ), chambermaid at Old St. Ronan's inn, held by MegDods. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

BEES (_Telling the_), a superstition still prevalent in some ruraldistricts that the bees must be told at once if a death occur in thefamily, or every swarm will take flight. In Whittier's poem, _Tellingthe Bees_, the lover coming to visit his mistress sees the smallservant draping the hives with black, and hears her chant:

 "Stay at home, pretty bees, fly not hence, Mistress Mary is dead and gone. "

BEFA'NA, the good fairy of Italian children. She is supposed to filltheir shoes and socks with toys when they go to bed on Twelfth Night. Some one enters the bedroom for the purpose, and the wakeful youngterscry out, "_Ecco la Befana!_" According to legend, Befana was too busywith house affairs to take heed of the Magi when they went to offertheir gifts, and said she would stop for their return; but theyreturned by another way, and Befana every Twelfth Night watches to seethem. The name is a corruption of _Epiphania_. 

BEG (_Callum_), page to Fergus M'Ivor, in _Waverley_, a novel by sirW. Scott (time, George II. ). 

_Beg (Toshach)_, MacGillie Chattanach's second at the combat. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN (_The_), a drama by S. Knowles (recast andproduced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, "the blind beggar ofBethnal Green, " was intensely loved by Wilford, who first saw herin the streets of London, and subsequently, after diligent search, discovered her in the Queen's Arms inn at Romford. It turned out thather father Albert was brother to lord Woodville, and Wilford was histruant son, so that Bess was his cousin Queen Elizabeth sanctionedtheir nuptials, and took them under her own conduct. (See BLIND. )

BEGGARS (_King of the_), Bampfylde Moore Carew. He succeeded ClausePatch (1693, 1730-1770). 

BEGGAR'S DAUGHTER (_The_), "Bessee the beggar's daughter of BethnalGreen, " was very beautiful, and was courted by four suitors atonce--a knight, a country squire, a rich merchant, and the son of aninn-keeper at Romford. She told them all they must first obtain theconsent of her poor blind father, the beggar of Bethnal Green, and allslunk off except the knight, who went and asked leave to marry "thepretty Bessee. " The beggar gave her for a "dot, " £3000, and £100 forher trousseau, and informed the knight that he (the beggar) was Henry, son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, and that he had disguisedhimself as a beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, who were inquest of all those engaged on the baron's side in the battle ofEvesham. --Percy's _Reliques_, II. Ii 10. 

The value of money was about twelve times more than its presentpurchase value, so that the "dot" given was equal to £36, 000. 

BEGGAR'S OPERA (_The_), by Gay (1727). The beggar is captain Macheath. (For plot, see MACHEATH. )

BEGGAR'S PETITION (_The_), a poem by the Rev. Thomas Moss, ministerof Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Staffordshire. It was given to Mr. Smart, the printer, of Wolverhampton. --_Gentleman's Magazine_, lxx. 41. BEGUINES [_Beg-wins_], the earliest of all lay societies of womenunited for religious purposes. Brabant says the order received itsname from St. Begga, daughter of Pepin, who founded it at Namur', in 696; but it is more likely to be derived from _le Bègue_ ("theStammerer"); and if so, it was founded at Liège, in 1180. 

BEH'RAM, captain of the ship which was to convey prince Assad to the"mountain of fire, " where he was to be offered up in sacrifice. Theship being driven on the shores of queen Margia'na's kingdom, Assadbecame her slave, but was recaptured by Behram's crew, and carriedback to the ship. The queen next day gave the ship chase. Assad wasthrown overboard, and swam to the city whence he started. Behram alsowas drifted to the same place. Here the captain fell in with theprince, and reconducted him to the original dungeon. Bosta'na, adaughter of the old fire-worshipper, taking pity on the prince, released him; and, at the end, Assad married queen Margiana, Bostanamarried prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), and Behram, renouncinghis religion, became a mussulman, and entered the service of Amgiad, who became king of the city. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad"). 

BELA'RIUS, a nobleman and soldier in the army of Cym'beline (3 _syl. _)king of Britain. Two villains having sworn to the king that he was"confederate with the Romans, " he was banished, and for twenty yearslived in a cave; but he stole away the two infant sons of the king outof revenge. Their names were Guide'rius and Arvir'agus. When these twoprinces were grown to manhood, a battle was fought between the Romansand Britons, in which Cymbeline was made prisoner, but Belarius comingto the rescue, the king was liberated and the Roman general in turnwas made captive. Belarius was now reconciled to Cymbeline, andpresenting to him the two young men, told their story; whereupon theywere publicly acknowledged to be the sons of Cymbeline and princes ofthe realm. --Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605). 

BEL BREE, wide-awake country girl in _The Other Girls_, by A. D. T. Whitney. Dissatisfied with rustic life, she accompanies aunt Blin, adressmaker, to Boston, works hard, is exposed to the temptations thatbeset a pretty girl in a city, but resists them. She is thrown outof work by the Boston fire, and "enters service" with satisfactoryconsequences to all concerned. 

BELCH (_Sir Toby_), uncle of Olivia the rich countess of Illyria. Heis a reckless roysterer of the old school, and a friend of sir AndrewAgue-cheek. --Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614). 

BELCOUR, a foundling adopted by Mr. Belcour, a rich Jamaica merchant, who at death left him all his property. He was in truth the son of Mr. Stockwell, the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clandestinely married hismaster's daughter, and afterwards became a wealthy merchant. On thedeath of old Belcour, the young man came to England as the guest ofhis unknown father, fell in love with Miss Dudley, and married her. He was hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and generous, his veryfaults serving as a foil to his noble qualities; ever erring andrepenting, offending and atoning for his offences. --Cumberland, _TheWest Indian_ (1771). 

BE'LED, one of the six Wise Men of the East, led by the guiding starto Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his enemy who sought todethrone him half of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe into a fastfriend. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, v. (1747). 

BELERMA, the lady whom Durandarte served for seven years as aknight-errant and peer of France. When, at length, he died atRoncesvalles, he prayed his cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart toBelerma. 

I saw a procession of beautiful damsels in mourning, with whiteturbans on their heads. In the rear came a lady with a veil so longthat it reached the ground: her turban was twice as large as thelargest of the others; her eyebrows were joined, her nose was ratherflat, her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion color. Her teethwere thin-set and irregular, though very white; and she carried in herhand a fine linen cloth, containing a heart. Montesinos informed methat this lady was Belerma. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Ii. 6(1615). 

BELE'SES (3 _syl_. ), a Chaldaean soothsayer and Assyrian satrap, whotold Arba'ces (3 _syl_. ) governor of Me'dia, that he would one daysit on the throne of Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy came true, and Beleses was rewarded with the government of Babylon. --Byron, _Sardanapalus_ (1819). 

BEL'FIELD _(Brothers). _ The elder brother is a squire in Cornwall, betrothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Benjamin Dove), who loves hisyounger brother Bob. The younger brother is driven to sea by thecruelty of the squire, but on his return renews his acquaintancewith Sophia. He is informed of her unwilling betrothal to the elderbrother, who is already married to Violetta, but parted from her. Violetta returns home in the same ship as Bob Belfield, becomesreconciled to her husband, and the younger brother marriesSophia. --Rich. Cumberland, _The Brothers_ (1769). 

BEL'FORD, a friend of Lovelace (2 _syl_. ). They made a covenantto pardon every sort of liberty which they took with eachother. --Richardson, _Clarissa Harlowe_ (1749). 

_Belford (Major)_, the friend of colonel Tamper, and the plightedhnsband of Mdlle. Florival. --G. Colman, sen. , _The Deuce is in Him_(1762). 

BELGE (2 _syl_. ), the mother of seventeen sons. She applied to queenMercilla for aid against Geryon'eo, who had deprived her of all heroffspring except five. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 10 (1596). 

[Illustration] "Beige" is Holland, the "seventeen sons" are theseventeen provinces which once belonged to her; "Geryoneo" is PhilipII. Of Spain; and "Mercilla" is queen Elizabeth. 

BELIAL, sons of, in the Bible _passim_ means the lewd and profligate. Milton has created the personality of Belial:

 Belial came last; than whom a spirit more lewd Fell not from Heaven, or more gross to love Vice for itself. To him no temple stood Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than he In temples, and at altars, when the priest Tarns atheist, as did Eli's sons, who filled With lust and violence the house of God? In courts and palaces he also reigns, And in luxurious cities, where the noise Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers And injury and outrage; and when night Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 490

 On the other side up rose Belial, in act more graceful and humane; A fairer person lost not Heaven; he seemed For dignity composed, and high exploit. But all was false and hollow; though his tongue. Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear The better reason, to perplex and dash Maturest counsels; for his thoughts were low To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds Timorous and slothful. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. 108. 

BELIA'NIS OF GREECE _(Don)_, the hero of an old romance of chivalryon the model of _Am'adis de Gaul_. It was one of the books in donQuixote's library, but was not one of those burnt by the cure aspernicious and worthless. 

"Don Belianis, " said the curé, "with its two, three, and four parts, hath need of a dose of rhubarb to purge off that mass of bile withwhich he is inflamed. His Castle of Fame and other impertinencesshould be totally obliterated. This done, we would show him lenity inproportion as we found him capable of reform. Take don Belianishome with you, and keep him in close confinement. "--Cervantes, _DonQuixote_, I. I. 6 (1605). 

BELINDA, niece and companion of lady John Brute. Young, pretty, fullof fun, and possessed of £10, 000. Heartfree marries her. --Vanbrugh, _The Provoked Wife_ (1697). 

_Belin'da_, the heroine of Pope's _Rape of the Lock_. This mock heroicis founded on the following incident:--Lord Petre cut a lock of hairfrom the head of Miss Arabella Fermor, and the young lady resented theliberty as an unpardonable affront. The poet says Belinda wore on herneck two curls, one of which the baron cut off with a pair of scissorsborrowed of Clarissa, and when Belinda angrily demanded that it shouldbe delivered up, it had flown to the skies and become a meteor there. (See BERENICE. )

_Belinda_, daughter of Mr. Blandford, in love with Beverley thebrother of Clarissa. Her father promised sir William Bellmont thatshe should marry his son George, but George was already engagedto Clarissa. Belinda was very handsome, very independent, mostirreproachable, and devotedly attached to Beverley. When he hintedsuspicions of infidelity, she was too proud to deny their truth, buther pure and ardent love instantly rebuked her for giving her lovercauseless pain. --A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_ (1761). 

_Belin'da_, the heroine of Miss Edgeworth's novel of the same name. The object of the tale is to make the reader _feel_ what is good, andpursue it (1803). 

_Belin'da_, a lodging-house servant-girl, very poor, very dirty, very kind-hearted, and shrewd in observation. She married, and Mr. Middlewick the butter-man set her husband up in business in the butterline. --H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (1875). 

BELINE (2 _syl_. ), second wife of Argan the _malade imaginaire_, andstep-mother of Angelique, whom she hates. Beline pretends to loveArgan devotedly, humors him in all his whims, calls him "mon fils, "and makes him believe that if he were to die it would be the death ofher. Toinette induces Argan to put these specious protestations to thetest by pretending to be dead. He does so, and when Beline enters theroom, instead of deploring her loss, she cries in ecstasy:

"Le ciel en soit loué! Me voilà délivrée d'un pesant fardeau!... Dequoi servait-il sur la terre? Un homme incommode à tout le monde, malpropre, dégoûtant ... Mouchant, toussant, crachant toujours, sansesprit, ennuyeux, de manvaise humeur, fatiguant sans cesse les gens, et grondant jour et nuit servantes et valets. "--(iii. 18). 

She then proceeds to ransack the room for bonds, leases, and money;but Argan starts up and tells her she has taught him one useful lessonfor life at any rate. --Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673). 

BELISA'RIUS, the greatest of Justinian's generals. Being accused oftreason, he was deprived of all his property, and his eyes were putout. In this state he retired to Constantinople, where he lived bybegging. The story says he fastened a label to his hat, containingthese words, "_Give an obolus to poor old Belisarius_. " Marmontel haswritten a tale called _Belisaire_, which has helped to perpetuatethese fables, originally invented by Tzetzês or Caesios, a Greek poet, born at Constantinople in 1120. 

BÉLISE (2 _syl_. ), sister of Philaminte (3 _syl_. ), and, like her, a _femme savante_. She imagines that every one is in love withher. --Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672). 

BELL (_Adam_), a wild, north-country outlaw, noted, like Robin Hood, for his skill in archery. His place of residence was Englewood Forest, near Carlisle; and his two comrades were Clym of the Clough [_Clementof the Cliff_] and William of Cloudesly (3 _syl_. ). William wasmarried, but the other two were not. When William was captured atCarlisle, and was led to execution, Adam and Clym rescued him, andall three went to London to crave pardon of the king, which, at thequeen's intercession, was granted them. They then showed the kingspecimens of their skill in archery, and the king was so well pleasedthat he made William a "gentleman of fe, " and the two others yeomen ofthe bedchamber. --Percy, _Reliques_ ("Adam Bell, " etc. ), I. Ii. I. 

_Bell_. Anne, Charlotte, and Emily Bronté assumed the _noms de plume_of Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell (first half of the nineteenthcentury). Currer Bell or Bronté married the Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls. She was the author of _Jane Eyre_. 

It will be observed that the initial letter of both names is in everycase preserved throughout--_Acton_ (Anne), _Currer_ (Charlotte), _Ellis_ (Emily), and _Bell_ (Bronté). 

_Bell_ (_Bessy_). Bessy Bell and Mary Gray were the daughters of twocountry gentlemen near Perth. When the plague broke out in 1666 theybuilt for themselves a bower in a very romantic spot called BurnBraes, to which they retired, and were supplied with food, etc. , by ayoung man who was in love with both of them. The young man caughtthe plague, communicated it to the two young ladies, and all threedied. --Allan Eamsay, _Bessy Bell and Mary Gray_ (a ballad). 

_Bell (Peter)_, the subject of a "tale in verse" by Wordsworth. Shelley wrote a burlesque upon it, entitled _Peter Bell the Third. _

_Bell (The Old Chapel_) J. G. Saxe's poem under this title is foundedupon a legend of a boy, who, wandering in a churchyard, hears amusical articulate murmur from a disused bell hidden by matted grass. 

 Its very name and date concealed Beneath a cankering crust. (1859. )

BELL-THE-CAT, sobriquet of Archibald Douglas, great-earl of Angus, whodied in 1514. 

The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions of a cat, resolvedthat a bell should be hung about her neck to give notice of herapproach. The measure was agreed to in full council, but one of thesager mice inquired, "Who would undertake to bell the cat?" WhenLauder told this fable to a council of Scotch nobles, met to declaimagainst one Cochran, Archibald Douglas started up and exclaimed inthunder, "I will;" and hence the sobriquet referred to. --Sir W. Scott, _Tales of a Grandfather_, xxii. 

BELLA, sweet girl-cousin, the first love and life-long friend of thehero of _Dream-Life_, by Ik Marvel. Re-visiting his native place afteryears of foreign travel, he learns that Bella is dead, and goes to hergrave, where dry leaves are entangled in the long grass, "giving it aragged, terrible look" (1851). 

BELLA WILFER, a lovely, wilful, lively spoilt darling. She marriedJohn Rokesmith (i. E. , John Harmon). --C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_(1864). 

BELLAMY, a steady young man, looking out for a wife "capable offriendship, love, and tenderness, with good sense enough to be easy, and good nature enough to like him. " He found his beau-ideal inJacintha, who had besides a fortune of £30, 000. --Dr. Hoadly, _TheSuspicious Husband_ (1761). 

BELLA'RIO, the assumed name of Euphrasia, when she put on boy'sapparel that she might enter the service of prince Philaster, whomshe greatly loved. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Philaster, or Love LiesA-Bleeding_ (1622). 

BELLASTON (_Lady_), a profligate, from whom Tom Jones accepts support. Her conduct and conversation may be considered a fair photograph ofthe "beauties" of the court of George II. --Fielding, _History of TomJones, a Foundling_ (1750). 

 The character of Jones, otherwise a model of generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless dissipation, is unnecessarily degraded by the nature of his intercourse with lady Bellaston. --_Encyc. Brit. _ Art. "Fielding. "

BELLE CORDIERE (_La_), Louise Labé, who married Ennemond Perrin, awealthy rope-maker (1526-1566). 

BELLE CORISANDE (_La_), Diane comtesse de Gruiche et de Grammont(1554-1620). 

BELLEFONTAINE _(Benedict)_, the wealthy farmer of Grande Pré [_NovaScotia_] and father of Evangeline. When the inhabitants of his villagewere driven into exile, Benedict died of a broken heart as he wasabout to embark, and was buried on the sea-shore. --Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849). 

BEL'LENDEN (_Lady Margaret_), an old Tory lady, mistress of the Towerof Tillietudlem. 

_Old major Miles Bellenden_, brother of lady Margaret. 

_Miss Edith Bellenden_, granddaughter of lady Margaret, betrothed tolord Evendale, of the king's army, but in love with Morton (a leaderof the covenanters and the hero of the novel). After the death oflord Evendale, who is shot by Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and thisterminates the tale. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, CharlesII. ). 

BELLERO'PHON was falsely accused by Antea, wife of Proetos, King ofArgos, and the enraged husband sent him to Lycia, to King Iobates, thefather of Antea, with sealed tablets, asking that the bearer might beput to death. Iobates sent the youth on dangerous errands, but he cameoff unharmed from all. Among other exploits he killed the Chimæra andslew the Amazons. Later, he tried to mount to Olympus on the wingedhorse Pegasus, but he fell and wandered about in melancholy madnesson the Aleian field until he died. This peculiar form of madness iscalled _morbus Bellerophonteus_. Homer tells the story of Bellerophonin the Iliad, Book VI. Milton alludes to him, _Paradise Lost_, VII. 15-20. Hawthorne has told the story of the Chimæra in _A Wonder Book. _

BELLE'RUS is the name of a personage invented by Milton as thesupposed guardian of Land's End in Cornwall, the Bellerium of theRomans. In questioning as to where the body of the drowned Lycidasq. V. Has been carried by the waves, he asks:

 Or whether thou to our moist vows denied Sleep'st by the fable of Bellerus old. 

_Lycidas_, 159-60. 

BELLE'S STRATAGEM (_The_). The "belle" is Letitia Hardy, and herstratagem was for the sake of winning the love of Doricourt, to whomshe had been betrothed. The very fact of being betrothed to Letitiasets Doricourt against her, so she goes unknown to him to amasquerade, where Doricourt falls in love with "the beautifulstranger. " In order to accomplish the marriage of his daughter, Mr. Hardy pretends to be "sick unto death, " and beseeches Doricourt to wedLetitia before he dies. Letitia meets her betrothed in her masqueradedress, and unbounded is the joy of the young man to find that "thebeautiful stranger" is the lady to whom he has been betrothed. --Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle's Stratagem_ (1780). 

BELLE THE GIANT. It is said that the giant Belle mounted on his sorrelhorse at a place since called mount Sorrel. He leaped one mile, andthe spot on which he lighted was called Wanlip (one-leap); thence heleaped a second mile, but in so doing "burst all" his girths, whencethe spot was called Burst-all; in the third leap he was killed, andthe spot received the name of Bellegrave. 

BELLEUR', companion of Pinac and Mirabel ("the wild goose"), ofstout blunt temper; in love with Rosalu'ra, a daughter ofNantolet. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild Goose Chase_ (1652). 

BELL HAMLYN, young American girl, engaged to one man and in love withanother, in _Kismet_, by George Fleming (Julia C. Fletcher, 1877). 

BELLICENT, daughter of Gorloïs lord of Tintag'il and his wife Ygernêor Igerna. As the widow married Uther the pen-dragon, and was then themother of king Arthur, it follows that Bellicent was half-sister ofArthur. Tennyson in _Gareth and Lynette_ says that Bellicent was thewife of Lot king of Orkney, and mother of Gaw'ain and Mordred, butthis is not in accordance either with the chronicle or the history, for Geoffrey in his _Chronicle_ says that Lot's wife was Anne, thesister (not half-sister) of Arthur (viii. 20, 21), and sir T. Malory, in his _History of Prince Arthur_ says:

 King Lot of Lothan and Orkney wedded Margawse; Nentres, of the land of Carlot, wedded Elain; and that Morgan le Fay was [_Arthurs_] third sister. --Pt. I. 2, 35, 36. 

BEL'LIN, the ram, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_. The wordmeans "gentleness" (1498). 

BELLINGHAM, a man about town. --D. Boucicault, _After Dark_. 

BEL'LISANT, sister of king Pepin of France, and wife of Alexanderemperor of Constantinople. Being accused of infidelity, the emperorbanished her, and she took refuge in a vast forest, where she becamethe mother of Valentine and Orson. --_Valentine and Orson_. 

BELLMONT (_Sir William_), father of George Bellmont; tyrannical, positive, and headstrong. He imagines it is the duty of a son tosubmit to his father's will, even in the matter of matrimony. 

_George Bellmont_, son of sir William, in love with Clarissa, hisfriend Beverley's sister; but his father demands of him to marryBelinda Blandford, the troth-plight wife of Beverley. Ultimately allcomes right. --A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_ (1761). 

BELLO'NA'S HANDMAIDS, Blood, Fire, and Famine. 

The goddesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre handmaids everattendynge on her: BLOOD, FIRE, and FAMINE, which thre damosels beof that force and strength that every one of them alone is able andsufficient to torment and afflict a proud prince; and they all joynedtogether are of puissance to destroy the most populous country andmost richest region of the world. --Hall, _Chronicle_ (1530). 

BELLUM (_Master_), war. 

 A difference [_is_] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres, -- Yet have I shot at Maister Bellum's butte, And thrown his ball, although I toucht no tutte [_benefit_]. 

G. Gascoigne, _The Fruites of Warre_, 94 (died 1577). 

BELMONT (_Sir Robert_), a proud, testy, mercenary country gentleman;friend of his neighbor, sir Charles Raymond. 

_Charles Belmont_, son of sir Robert, a young rake. He rescuedFidelia, at the age of twelve, from the hands of Villard, a villainwho wanted to abuse her, and taking her to his own home, fell inlove with her, and in due time married her. She turns out to be thedaughter of sir Charles Raymond. 

_Rosetta Belmont_, daughter of sir Robert, high-spirited, witty, andaffectionate. She is in love with colonel Raymond, whom she delightsin tormenting. --Ed. Moore, _The Foundling_ (1748). 

_Belmont_ (_Andrew_), the elder of two brothers, who married Violetta(an English lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. He then promisedmarriage to Lucy Waters, the daughter of one of his tenants, but hadno intention of making her his wife. At the same time he engagedhimself to Sophia, the daughter of sir Benjamin Dove. The day ofthe wedding arrived, and it was then discovered that he was marriedalready, and that Violetta his wife was actually present. 

_Robert Belmont_, the younger of the two brothers, in love with SophiaDove. He went to sea in a privateer under captain Ironside, his uncle, and changed his name to Lewson. The vessel was wrecked on the Cornwallcoast, and he renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, but heard that shewas engaged in marriage to his brother. As, however, it was provedthat his brother was already married, the young lady willinglyabandoned the elder for the younger brother. --K. Cumberland, _TheBrothers_ (1769). 

BELMOUR (_Edward_), a gay young man about town. --Congreve, _The OldBachelor_ (1693). 

_Belmour (Mrs_. ), a widow of "agreeable vivacity, entertainingmanners, quickness of transition from one thing to another, a feelingheart, and a generosity of sentiment. " She it is who shows Mrs. Lovemore the way to keep her husband at home, and to make him treather with that deference which is her just due. --A. Murphy, _The Way toKeep Him_ (1760). 

BELOVED DISCIPLE (_The_), St. John "the divine, " and writer of thefourth Gospel. --_John_ xiii. 23, etc. 

BELOVED PHYSICIAN (_The_), St. Luke the evangelist. --_Col. _ iv. 14. 

BEL'PHEGOR, a Moabitish deity, whose orgies were celebrated on mountPhegor, and were noted for their obscenity. 

BELPHOE'BE (3 _syl. _). "All the Graces rocked her cradle when she wasborn. " Her mother was Chrysog'onê (4 _syl. _), daughter of Amphisa offairy lineage, and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While the mother andher babes were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebê) to bring up, andVenus took the other. 

[Illustration] Belphoebe is the "Diana" among women, cold, passionless, correct, and strong-minded. Amoret is the "Venus, " butwithout the licentiousness of that goddess, warm, loving, motherly, and wifely. Belphoebê was a lily; Amoret a rose. Belphoebê a moonbeam, light without heat; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and warm and life-giving. Belphoebê would go to the battle-field, and make a most admirablenurse or lady-conductor of an ambulance; but Amoret would prefer tolook after her husband and family, whose comfort would be her firstcare, and whose love she would seek and largely reciprocate. --SeeSpenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. Vi. (1590). 

[Illustration] "Belphoebê" is queen Elizabeth. As _queen_ she isGloriana, but as _woman_ she is Belphoebê, the beautiful and chaste. 

 Either Grloriana let her choose, Or in Belphoebe fashioned to be;

 In one her rule, in the other her rare chastitie. 

 Spenser, _Faery Queen_ (introduction to bk. Iii. ). 

BELTED WILL, lord William Howard, warden of the western marches(1563-1640). 

 His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, Hung in a broad and studded belt; Hence in rude phrase the Borderers still Called noble Howard "Belted Will. "

 Sir W. Scott. 

BELTEN'EBROS (4 _syl. _). Amadis of Graul assumes the name when heretires to the Poor Rock, after receiving a cruel letter from Oria'nahis lady-love. --Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis de Gaul_, ii. 6 (before1400). 

 One of the most distinguishing testimonies which that hero gave of his fortitude, constancy, and love, was his retiring to the Poor Rock when in disgrace with his mistress Oriana, to do penance under the name of _Beltenebros_ or the _Lovely Obscure. _--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iii. 11 (1605). 

BELVIDE'RA, daughter of Priu'li a senator of Venice. She was savedfrom the sea by Jaffier, eloped with him, and married him. Her fatherthen discarded her, and her husband joined the conspiracy of Pierre tomurder the senators. He tells Belvidera of the plot, and Belvidera, in order to save her father, persuades Jaffier to reveal the plot toPriuli, if he will promise a general free pardon. Priuli gives therequired promise, but notwithstanding, all the conspirators, exceptJaffier, are condemned to death by torture. Jaffier stabs Pierre tosave him from the dishonor of the wheel, and then kills himself. Belvidera goes mad and dies. --Otway, _Venice Preserved_ (1682). 

BEN [LEGEND], sir Sampson Legend's younger son, a sailor anda "sea-wit, " in whose composition there enters no part of theconventional generosity and open frankness of a British tar. His slangphrase is "D'ye see, " and his pet oath "Mess!"--W. Congreve, _Love forLove_ (1695). I cannot agree with the following sketch:--

What is _Ben_--the pleasant sailor which Bannister gives us--but apiece of satire ... A dreamy combination of all the accidents of asailor's character, his contempt of money, his credulity to women, with that necessary estrangement from home?... We never think theworse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his character. --C. Lamb. 

C. Dibdin says: "If the description of Thom. Doggett's performance ofthis character be correct, the part has certainly never been performedsince to any degree of perfection. "

BEN BOLT, old schoolmate with whom Thomas Dunn English exchangesreminiscences in the ballad, _Ben Bolt_, beginning:

 Don't you remember sweet Alice, Ben Bolt? Sweet Alice, whose hair was so brown; Who wept with delight when you gave her a smile, And trembled with fear at your frown. (1845. )

BEN-HUR, a young Jew, who, for accidentally injuring a Roman soldier, is condemned to the galleys for life. Escaping, after three years ofservitude, through the favor of Arrius, a Roman Tribune, he seeks hismother and sister to find both lepers. They are healed by Christ, whose devoted followers they become. --Lew Wallace, _Ben-Hur: A Tale ofthe Christ_ (1880). 

BEN ISRAEL (_Nathan_) or NATHAN BEN SAMUEL, the physician and friendof Isaac the Jew. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BEN JOC'HANAN, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Drydenand Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel Johnson, who suffered muchpersecution for his defence of the right of private judgment. 

 Let Hebron, nay, let hell produce a man So made for mischief as Ben Jochanan. A Jew of humble parentage was he, By trade a Levite, though of low degree. 

 Part ii. 

BENAI'AH (3 _syl_. ), in _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for generalGeorge Edward Sackville. As Benaiah, captain of David's guard, adheredto Solomon against Adonijah, so general Sackville adhered to the dukeof York against the prince of Orange (1590-1652). 

 Nor can Benaiah's worth forgotten lie, Of steady soul when public storms were high. 

 Dryden and Tate, part ii. 

BENAS'KAR or BENNASKAR, a wealthy merchant and magician ofDelhi. --James Ridley, _Tales of the Genii_ ("History of Mahoud, " talevii. , 1751). 

BENBOW (_Admiral_). In an engagement with the French near St. Marthaon the Spanish coast in 1701, admiral Benbow had his legs and thighsshivered into splinters by chain-shot, but supported in a wooden framehe remained on the quarter-deck till morning, when Du Casse sheeredoff. 

Similar acts of heroism are recorded of Almeyda, the Portuguesegovernor of India, of Cynaegiros brother of the poet AEschylos, ofJaafer the standard-bearer of "the prophet" in the battle of Muta, andof some others. 

_Benbow_, an idle, generous, free-and-easy sot, who spent a goodinheritance in dissipation, and ended life in the workhouse. 

 Benbow, a boon companion, long approved By jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved, Was judged as one to joy and friendship prone, And deemed injurious to himself alone. 

 Crabbe, _Borough_, xvi. (1810). 

BEND-THE-BOW, an English archer at Dickson's cottage. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

BENEDICK, a wild, witty, and light-hearted young lord of Padua, whovowed celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice and married her. Itfell out thus: He went on a visit to Leonato, governor of Messina;here he sees Beatrice, the governor's niece, as wild and witty ashimself, but he dislikes her, thinks her pert and forward, andsomewhat ill-mannered withal. However, he hears Claudio speaking toLeonata about Beatrice, saying how deeply she loves Benedick, andbewailing that so nice a girl should break her heart with unrequitedlove. This conversation was a mere ruse, but Benedick believed it tobe true, and resolved to reward the love of Beatrice with love andmarriage. It so happened that Beatrice had been entrapped by a similarconversation which she had overheard from her cousin Hero. The endwas they sincerely loved each other, and became man andwife. --Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600). BENEDICT[BELLEFONTAINE], the wealthiest farmer of Grand Pré, in Acadia, fatherof Evangeline ("the pride of the village"). He was a stalwart manof seventy, hale as an oak, but his hair was white as snow. ColonelWinslow in 1713 informed the villagers of Grand Pré that the Frenchhad formally ceded their village to the English, that George II. Nowconfiscated all their lands, houses, and cattle, and that the people, amounting to nearly 2000, were to be "exiled into other landswithout delay. " The people assembled on the sea-shore; old BenedictBellefontaine sat to rest himself, and fell dead in a fit. The oldpriest buried him in the sand, and the exiles left their village homesforever. --Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849). 

BEN'ENGEL'I (_Cid Hamet_), the hypothetical Moorish chronicler fromwhom Cervantês pretends he derived the account of the adventures ofdon Quixote. 

The Spanish commentators ... Have discovered that _cid HametBenengeli_ is after all no more than an Arabic version of the nameof Cervantês himself. _Hamet_ is a Moorish prefix, and _Benengeli_signifies "son of a stag, " in Spanish _Cervanteno. _--Lockhart. 

_Benengeli_ (_Cid Hamet_), Thomas Babington lord Macaulay. Hissignature in his _Fragment of an Ancient Romance_ (1826). (See Cid, etc. )

BENEV'OLUS, in Cowper's _Task_, is John Courtney Throckmorton, ofWeston Underwood. 

BENJAMIN PENGUILLAN. _The Pioneers_, by J. F. Cooper. A servant in thefamily of Judge Temple. His sobriquet is "Ben Pump. " (1823. )

BENJIE _(Little)_, or Benjamin Colthred, a spy employed by CristalNixon, the agent of Redgauntlet. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

BEN'NET _(Brother)_, a monk at St. Mary's convent. --Sir W. Scott, _TheMonastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Ben'net (Mrs. )_, a demure, intriguing woman in _Amelia_, a novel byFielding (1751). 

BEN'OITON _(Madame)_, a woman who has been the ruin of the family byneglect. In the "famille Benoiton" the constant question was "_Oùest Madame?_" and the invariable answer "_Elle est sortie_" At the_dénouement_ the question was asked again, and the answer was variedthus, "Madam has been at home, but is gone out again. "--_La FamilleBenoiton_. 

BEN'SHEE, the domestic spirit or demon of certain Irish families. Thebenshee takes an interest in the prosperity of the family to whichit is attached, and intimates to it approaching disaster or death bywailings or shrieks. The Scotch Bodach Glay or "grey spectre" is asimilar spirit. Same as _Banshee_ (which see). 

 How oft has the Benshee cried! How oft has death untied Bright links that glory wove, Sweet bonds entwined by love!

 T. Moore, _Irish Melodies_, ii. 

BENVO'LIO, nephew to Montague, and Romeo's friend. A testy, litigiousfellow, who would quarrel about goat's wool or pigeon's milk. Mercutiosays to him, "Thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in thestreet, because he hath wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in thesun" (act iii. Sc. 1), --Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1598). 

BEOWULF, the name of an Anglo-Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. Itreceived its name from Beowulf, who delivered Hrothgar king of Denmarkfrom the monster Grrendel. This Grendel was half monster and half man, and night after night stole into the king's palace called Heorot, andslew sometimes as many as thirty of the sleepers at a time. Beowulfput himself at the head of a mixed band of warriors, went against themonster and slew it. This epic is very Ossianic in style, is full ofbeauties, and is most interesting. --_Kemble's Translation. _

(A. D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 a metrical translation of thisAnglo-Saxon poem, of considerable merit. )

BEPPO. Byron's _Beppo_ is the husband of Laura, a Venetian lady. Hewas taken captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, grewrich, and after several years returned to his native land. He foundhis wife at a carnival ball with a _cavaliero_, made himself knownto her, and they lived together again as man and wife. (Beppo is acontraction of _Guiseppe_, as Joe is of _Joseph_, 1820. )

_Beppo_, in _Fra Diavolo_, an opera by Auber (1836). 

BERALDE (2 _syl. _), brother of Argan the _malade imaginaire_. He tellsArgan that his doctors will confess this much, that the cure of apatient is a very minor consideration with them, "_toute l'excellencede leur art consiste en un pompeux galimatias, en un spécieux babil, qui vous donne des mots pour des raisons, et des promesses pour deseffets. _" Again he says, "_presque tous les hommes meurent de leurremèdes et non pas de leurs maladies_. " He then proves that Argan'swife is a mere hypocrite, while his daughter is a true-hearted, loving girl; and he makes the invalid join in the dancing and singingprovided for his cure. --Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673). BERCH'TA ("_the white lady_"), a fairy of southern Germany, answeringto Hulda ("the gracious lady") of northern Germany. After theintroduction of Christianity, Berchta lost her first estate and lapsedinto a bogie. 

BERECYNTHIAN GODDESS (_The_). Cybelê is so called from mountBerecyntus, in Phrygia, where she was held in especial adoration. Sheis represented as crowned with turrets, and holding keys in her hand. 

 Her helmèd head Rose like the Berecynthian goddess crowned With towers. 

 Southey, _Roderick, etc. _, ii. (1814). 

BERECYN'THIAN HERO (_The_), Midas king of Phyrgia, so called frommount Berecyn'tus (4 _syl_. ), in Phrygia. 

BERENGA'RIA, queen-consort of Richard Coeur de Lion, introduced in_The Talisman_, a novel by sir W. Scott (1825). Berengaria died 1230. 

BERENGER (_Sir Raymond_), an old Norman warrior, living at the castleof Garde Doloureuse. 

_The lady Eveline_, sir Raymond's daughter, betrothed to sir Hugo deLacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own betrothal in favor of his nephew (sirDamian de Lacy), who marries the lady Eveline, "the betrothed. "--SirW. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

BERENI'CE (4 _syl_. ), sister-wife of Ptolemy III. She vowed tosacrifice her hair to the gods if her husband returned home thevanquisher of Asia. On his return, she suspended her hair in thetemple of the war-god, but it was stolen the first night, and Conon ofSamos told the king that the winds had carried it to heaven, whereit still forms the seven stars near the tail of Leo, called _ComaBerenices_. 

Pope, in _his Rape of the Lock_, has borrowed this fable to accountfor the lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the restoration of whichthe young lady insisted upon. 

_Bereni'ce_ (4 _syl_. ), a Jewish princess, daughter of Agrippa. Shemarried Herod king of Chalcis, then Polemon king of Cilicia, and thenwent to live with Agrippa II. Her brother. Titus fell in love with herand would have married her, but the Romans compelled him to renouncethe idea, and a separation took place. Otway (1672) made this thesubject of a tragedy called _Titus and Berenicê_; and Jean Racine(1670), in his tragedy of _Bérénice_, has made her a sort of Henrietted'Orleans. 

(Henriette d'Orleans, daughter of Charles I. Of England, marriedPhilippe due d'Orléans, brother of Louis XIV. She was brilliant intalent and beautiful in person, but being neglected by her husband, she died suddenly after drinking a cup of chocolate, probablypoisoned. )

_Berenice_, heroine of a tragic-comic fantasy by Edgar Allan Poe, in which Berenice's teeth hold a position as conspicuous as ghastly(1845). 

BERINGHEN (_The Sieur de_), an old gourmand, who preferred patties totreason; but cardinal Richelieu banished him from France, saying:

 Sleep not another night in Paris, Or else your precious life may be in danger. 

 Lord Lytton, _Richelieu_ (1839). 

BERIN'THIA, cousin of Amanda; a beautiful young widow attached tocolonel Townly. In order to win him she plays upon his jealousy bycoquetting with Loveless. --Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_ (1777). 

BERKE'LEY (_The Old Woman of_), a woman whose life had been verywicked. On her death-bed she sent for her son who was a monk, and forher daughter who was a nun, and bade them put her in a strong stonecoffin, and to fasten the coffin to the ground with strong bands ofiron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers were to pray and sing overher for three days, and the bell was to toll without ceasing. Thefirst night passed without much disturbance. The second night thecandles burnt blue and dreadful yells were heard outside the church. But the third night the devil broke into the church and carried offthe old woman on his black horse. --R. Southey, _The Old Woman ofBerkeley_ (a ballad from Olaus Magnus). 

Dr. Sayers pointed out to us in conversation a story related by OlausMagnus of a witch whose coffin was confined by three chains, butnevertheless was carried off by demons. Dr. Sayers had made aballad on the subject; so had I; but after seeing _The Old Woman ofBerkeley_, we awarded it the preference. --W. Taylor. 

BERKE'LY (_The lady Augusta_), plighted to sir John de Walton, governor of Douglas Castle. She first appears under the name ofAugustine, disguised as the son of Bertram the minstrel, and the novelconcludes with her marriage to De Walton, to whom Douglas Castle hadbeen surrendered. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

BERKSHIRE LADY (_The_), Miss Frances Kendrick, daughter of sir WilliamKendrick, second baronet; his father was created baronet by CharlesII. The line, "Faint heart never won fair lady, " was the advice of afriend to Mr. Child, the son of a brewer, who sought the hand of thelady. --_Quarterly Review_, cvi. 205-245. 

BERNARD. Solomon Bernard, engraver of Lions (sixteenth century), called _Le petit Bernard_. Claud Bernard of Dijon, the philanthropist(1588-1641), is called _Poor Bernard. _ Pierre Joseph Bernard, theFrench poet (1710-1755), is called _Le gentil Bernard. _

_Bernard_, an ass; in Italian _Bernardo_. In the beast-epic called_Reynard the Fox_, the _sheep_ is called "Bernard, " and the _ass_ is"Bernard l'archipêtre" (1498). 

BERNARD LANGDON, fine young fellow of the "Brahmin Caste, " who teachesschool while preparing for a profession. --Oliver Wendell Holmes, _Elsie Venner_ (1861). 

BERNAR'DO, an officer in Denmark, to whom the ghost of themurdured king appeared during the night-watch at the royalcastle. --Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596). 

BERNARDO DEL CARPIO, one of the favorite subjects of the old Spanishminstrels. The other two were _The Cid_ and _Lara's Seven Infants_. Bernardo del Carpio was the person who assailed Orlando (or Rowland)at Roncesvalles, and finding him invulnerable, took him up in his armsand squeezed him to death, as Hercules did Antae'os. --Cervantes, _DonQuixote_, II. Ii. 13 (1615). 

[Illustration] The only vulnerable part of Orlando was the sole of thefoot. 

BERSER'KER, grandson of the eight-handed Starka'der and the beautifulAlfhil'de. He was so called because he wore "no shirt of mail, " butwent to battle unharnessed. He married the daughter of Swaf'urlam, andhad twelve sons. (_Baer-syrce_, Anglo-Saxon, "bare of shirt;" Scotch, "bare-sark. ")

You say that I am a Berserker, and ... Bare-sark I go to-morrow to thewar, and bare-sark I win that war or die. --Rev. C. Kingsley, _Herewardthe Wake_, i. 247. 

BERTHA, the supposed daughter of Vandunke (2 _syl_. ), burgomaster ofBruges, and mistress of Goswin, a rich merchant of the same city. Inreality. Bertha is the duke of Brabant's daughter _Gertrude_, andGoswin is _Florez_, son of Gerrard king of the beggars. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Beggars' Bush_ (1622). 

_Ber'tha_, daughter of Burkhard duke of the Alemanni, and wife ofRudolf II. King of Burgundy beyond Jura. She is represented onmonuments of the time as sitting on her throne spinning. 

 Yon are the beautiful Bertha the Spinner, the queen of Helvetia; ... Who as she rode on her palfrey o'er valley, and meadow, and mountain, Ever was spinning her thread from the distaff fixed to her saddle. She was so thrifty and good that her name passed into a proverb. 

 Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_, viii. 

_Bertha, alias_ AGATHA, the betrothed of Hereward (3 _syl_. ), one ofthe emperor's Varangian guards. The novel concludes with Herewardenlisting under the banner of count Robert, and marrying Bertha. --SirW. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

_Ber'tha_, the betrothed of John of Leyden. When she went with hermother to ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, the count resolvedto make his pretty vassal his mistress, and confined her in hiscastle. She made her escape and went to Munster, intending to set fireto the palace of "the prophet, " who, she thought, had caused thedeath of her lover. Being seized and brought before the prophet, sherecognized in him her lover, and exclaiming, "I loved thee once, butnow my love is turned to hate, " stabbed herself and died. --Meyerbeer, _Le Prophète_ (an opera, 1849). 

BERTHA AMORY, wife of Richard Amory and used by him in politicalintrigues, in _Through One Administration_, by Francis HodgsonBurnett. Secretly, and against her will, in love with Trevannion, anarmy officer whom she has known from childhood (1883). 

BERTHE AN GRAND-PIED, mother of Charlemagne, so called from aclub-foot. 

BERTIE CECIL, noble young Englishman who assumes his brother's crimeto save the family name, and exiles himself as a soldier in the Frencharmy of Algiers. Eventually his fame is cleared and he returns toEngland as lord Royalieu. --Ouida, _Under Two Flags_. 

BERTIE THE LAMB, professional dude, with a heart yet softer than hishead, in _The Henrietta_, a play of New York life, by Bronson Howard. Stuart Robson's impersonation of "Bertie" is without a flaw (1887). 

BERTOLDE (3 _syl_. ), the hero of a little _jeu d'esprit_ in Italianprose by Julio Cæsare Crocê (2 _syl_. ). He is a comedian byprofession, whom nothing astonishes. He is as much at his ease withkings and queens as with those of his own rank. Hence the phrase_Imperturbable as Bertolde_, meaning "never taken by surprise, " "neverthrown off one's guard, " "never disconcerted. "

BERTOLDO _(Prince)_, a knight of Malta, and brother of Roberto king ofthe two Sicilies. He was in love with Cami'ola "the maid of honor, "but could not marry without a dispensation from the pope. Whilematters were at this crisis, Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and wastaken prisoner. Camiola paid his ransom, but before he was releasedthe duchess Aurelia requested him to be brought before her. As soonas the duchess saw him, she fell in love with him, and offered himmarriage, and Bertoldo, forgetful of Camiola, accepted the offer. Thebetrothed then presented themselves before the king. Here Camiolaexposed the conduct of the knight; Roberto was indignant;Aurelia rejected her _fiancé_ with scorn; and Camiola took theveil. --Massinger, _The Maid of Honor_ (1637). 

_Bertol'do_, the chief character of a comic romance called _Vita diBertoldo_, by Julio Cesare Crocê, who flourished in the sixteenthcentury. It recounts the successful exploits of a clever but uglypeasant, and was for two centuries as popular in Italy as _RobinsonCrusoe_ is in England. Same as, _Bertolde_ and _Bartoldo_. 

BERTOLDO'S SON, Rinaldo. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

BERTRAM _(Baron)_, one of Charlemagne's paladins. 

_Ber'tram_, count of Rousillon. While on a visit to the king ofFrance, Helena, a physician's daughter, cured the king of a. Disorderwhich had baffled the court physicians. For this service the kingpromised her for husband any one she chose to select, and her choicefell on Bertram. The haughty count married her, it is true, butdeserted her at once, and left for Florence, where he joined theduke's army. It so happened that Helena also stopped at Florence whileon a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. In Florenceshe lodged with a widow whose daughter Diana, was wantonly loved byBertram. Helena obtained permission to receive his visits in lieu ofDiana, and in one of these visits exchanged rings with him. Soon afterthis the count went on a visit to his mother, where he saw the king, and the king observing on his finger the ring he had given to Helena, had him arrested on the suspicion of murder. Helena now cameforward to explain matters, and all was well, for all endedwell. --Shakespeare, _All's Well that Ends Well_ (1598). 

I cannot reconcile my heart to "Bertram, " a man noble withoutgenerosity, and young without truth; who marries Helena as a coward, and leaves her as a profligate. When she is dead by his unkindness hesneaks home to a second marriage, is accused by a woman whom hehas wronged, defends himself by falsehood, and is dismissed tohappiness. --Dr. Johnson. 

_Bertram_ (_Sir Stephen_), an austere merchant, very just but notgenerous. Fearing lest his son should marry the sister of his clerk(Charles Ratcliffe), he dismissed Ratcliffe from his service, andbeing then informed that the marriage had already taken place, hedisinherited his son. Sheva the Jew assured him that the lady had£10, 000 for her fortune, so he relented. At the last all parties weresatisfied. 

_Frederick Bertram_, only son of sir Stephen; he marries MissRatcliffe clandestinely, and incurs thereby his father's displeasure, but the noble benevolence of Sheva the Jew brings about areconciliation and opens sir Bertram's eyes to "see ten thousandmerits, " a grace for every pound. --Cumberland, _The Jew_ (1776). 

_Ber'tram_ (_Count_), an outlaw, who becomes the leader of a band ofrobbers. Being wrecked on the coast of Sicily, he is conveyed to thecastle of lady Imogine, and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart towhom in his prosperous days he was greatly attached. Her husband (St. Aldobrand), who was away at first, returning unexpectedly is murderedby Bertram; Imogine goes mad and dies; and Bertram puts an end to hisown life. --C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1782-1825). 

_Bertram_ (_Mr. Godfrey_), the laird of Ellangowan. 

_Mrs. Bertram_, his wife. 

_Harry Bertram, alias_ captain Vanbeest Brown, _alias_ Dawson, _alias_Dudley, son of the laird, and heir to Ellangowan. Harry Bertram is inlove with Julia Mannering, and the novel concludes with his takingpossession of the old house at Ellangowan and marrying Julia. 

_Lucy Bertram_, sister of Harry Bertram. She marries CharlesHazlewood, son of sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood. 

_Sir Allen Bertram_, of Ellangowan, an ancestor of Mr. GodfreyBertram. 

_Dennis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram_, and _Lewis Bertram_, ancestors ofMr. Godfrey Bertram. 

_Captain Andrew Bertram_, a relative of the family. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

_Bertram_, the English minstrel, and guide of lady Augusta Berkely;when in disguise she calls herself the minstrel's son. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

_Ber'tram_, one of the conspirators against the republic of Venice. Having "a hesitating softness, fatal to a great enterprise, " hebetrayed the conspiracy to the senate. --Byron, _Marino Faliero_(1819). 

BERTRA'MO, the fiend-father of Robert le Diable. After alluring hisson to gamble away all his property, he meets him near St. Ire'nê, and Hel'ena seduces him to join in "the Dance of Love. " When at lastBertramo comes to claim his victim, he is resisted by Alice (theduke's foster-sister), who reads to Robert his mother's will. Being thus reclaimed, angels celebrate the triumph of good overevil. --Meyerbeer, _Roberto il Diavolo_ (an opera, 1831). 

BERTRAND, a simpleton and a villain. He is the accomplice of RobertMacaire, a libertine of unblushing impudence, who sins withoutcompunction. --Daumier, _L'Auberge des Adrets. _

BERTRAND DU GUESLIN, a romance of chivalry, reciting the adventures ofthis connétable de France, in the reign of Charles V. 

_Bertrand du Gueslin in prison. _ The prince of Wales went to visit hiscaptive Bertrand, and asking him how he fared, the Frenchman replied, "Sir, I have heard the mice and the rats this many a day, but it islong since I heard the song of birds, " _i. E. _ I have been long acaptive and have not breathed the fresh air. 

The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin calls to mind that of Douglas, called"The Good sir James, " the companion of Robert Bruce, "It is better, Iween, to hear the lark sing than the mouse cheep, " _i. E. _ It is betterto keep the open field than to be shut up in a castle. 

BERTULPHE (2 _syl_. ), provost of Bruges, the son of a serf. By hisgenius and energy he became the richest, most honored, and mostpowerful man in Bruges. His arm was strong in fight, his wisdom swayedthe council, his step was proud, and his eye untamed. He had onechild, most dearly beloved, the bride of sir Bouchard, a knight ofnoble descent. Charles "the Good, " earl of Flanders, made a law (1127)that whoever married a serf should become a serf, and that serfs wereserfs till manumission. By these absurd decrees Bertulphe the provost, his daughter Constance, and his knightly son-in-law were all serfs. The result was that the provost slew the earl and then himself, hisdaughter went mad and died, and Bouchard was slain in fight. --S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836). 

BER'WINE (2 _syl_. ), the favorite attendant of lady Er'mengarde(3 _syl_. ) of Baldringham, great-aunt of lady Eveline "thebetrothed. "--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

BER'YL MOL'OZANE (3 _syl_. ), the lady-love of George Geith. Allbeauty, love, and sunshine. She has a heart for every one, is readyto help every one, and is by every one beloved, yet her lot is mostpainfully unhappy, and ends in an early death. --F. G. Trafford [J. H. Riddell], _George Geith_. 

BESO'NIAN (_A_), a scoundrel. From the Italian, _bisognoso_, "a needyperson, a beggar. "

Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their high descents; and betrod under feet of every inferior besonian. --Thomas Nash, _PiercePennylesse, His Supplication, etc. _ (1592). 

BESS (_Good queen_), Elizabeth (1533, 1558-1603). 

_Bess_, the daughter of the "blind beggar of Bethnal Green, " a lady bybirth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for constancy and sweetness. Shewas loved to distraction by Wilford, and it turned out that he wasthe son of lord Woodville, and Bess the daughter of lord Woodville'sbrother; so they were cousins. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned theirnuptials, and took them under her own especial conduct. --S. Knowles, _The Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (1834). 

BESS O' BEDLAM, a female lunatic vagrant, the male lunatic vagrantbeing called a _Tom o' Bedlam_. 

BESSUS, governor of Bactria, who seized Dari'us (after the battleof Arbe'la) and put him to death. Arrian says, Alexander caused thenostrils of the regicide to be slit, and the tips of his ears to becut off. The offender being then sent to Ecbat'ana, in chains, was putto death. 

 Lo! Bessus, he that armde with murderer's knyfe And traytrous hart agaynst his royal king, With bluddy hands bereft his master's life. What booted him his false usurped raygne. When like a wretche led in an iron chayne, He was presented by his chiefest friende Unto the foes of him whom he had slayne?

 T. Sackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ ("The Complaynt, " 1587). 

_Bes'sus_ a cowardly bragging captain, a sort of Bobadil or Vincent dela Rosa. Captain Bessus, having received a challenge, wrote word backthat he could not accept the honor for thirteen weeks, as he hadalready 212 duels on hand, but he was much grieved that he could notappoint an earlier day. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _King and No King_(1619). 

 Rochester I despise for want of wit. So often does he aim, so seldom hit ... Mean in each action, lewd in every limb, Manners themselves are mischievous in him ... For what a Bessus has he always lived!

Dryden, _Essay upon Satire_. 

BETH MARCH, the third and gentlest sister in Louisa M. Alcott's novel"_Little Women_" (1868). 

BETSEY, the wife in Will Carleton's farm ballad, _Betsey and I areOut_. In dictating to a lawyer the terms of separation, the farmerreminds himself of the many excellent points of the offending spouse, and how "she and I was happy before we quarrelled so. "

 And when she dies, I wish that she would be laid by me, And, lyin' together in silence, perhaps we will agree; And, if ever we meet in heaven I wouldn't think it queer If we loved each other better because we quarrelled here. 

 (1873. )

BETSEY BOBBET, the sentimental spinster who wears out the patience ofJosiah Allen's wife with poetry and opinions. 

"She is fairly activ' to make a runnin' vine of herself.... It seemsstrange to me that them that preach up the doctrine of woman'sonly spear don't admire one who carries it out to its fullextent. "--Marietta Holley, _My Opinions and Betsey Bobbet's_ (1872). 

BETTINA WARD, a Southern girl, poor and proud, in Constance FenimoreWoolson's story of _Rodman the Keeper_. "A little creature that fairlyradiated scorn at thought of receiving charity from a Yankee" (1880). 

BETTY DOXY, Captain Macheath says to her, "Do you drink as hard asever? You had better stick to good wholesome beer; for, in troth, Betty, strong waters will in time ruin your constitution. You shouldleave those to your betters. "--Gray, _The Beggar's Opera_, ii. 1(1727). 

BETTY FOY, "the idiot mother of an idiot boy "--W. Wordsworth(1770-1850). 

BETTY [HINT], servant in the family of sir Pertinax and ladyMcSycophant. She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who hates Constantia(the beloved of Egerton McSycophant), simply because every one elseloves her. --C. Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1764). 

BETTY LEICESTER, "vivacious, whole-souled girl of the period, " whosesummer residence in a New England village introduces elements offuller and sweeter life. A home-missionary of the better sort. --SarahOrne Jewett, _Betty Leicester_ (1889). 

BEULAH, a poor girl taken from an orphan asylum and brought up in afamily of refinement and education. She develops strong traits ofcharacter and much intellectual ability. Her long struggles throughthe mists of rationalism result in clear views of and high faith inrevealed religion. Her guardian, and long her teacher, loves her, andafter years of waiting, wins her. 

"Have you learned that fame is an icy shadow?" he asks upon his returnfrom the protracted wanderings that have taught both how much theyneed one another. "That gratified ambition cannot make you happy? Doyou love me?"

"Yes. "

"Better than teaching school and writing learned articles?"

"Rather better, I believe, sir. "

_Beulah_, a novel by Augusta Evans Wilson (1859). 

BEUVES (1 _syl_. ), or BUO'VO OF AY'GREMONT, father of Malagigi, anduncle of Rinaldo. Treacherously slain by Ga'no. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

BEUVES DE HANTONE, French form for Bevis of Southampton (_q. V. _). "Hantone" is a French corruption of Southampton. 

BEV'AN (_Mr. _), an American physician, who befriends Martin Chuzzlewitand Mark Tapley in many ways during their stay in the New World. --C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

BEV'ERLEY, "the gamester, " naturally a good man, but led astray byStukely, till at last he loses everything by gambling, and dies amiserable death. 

_Mrs. Beverley_, the gamester's wife. She loves her husband fondly, and clings to him in all his troubles. 

_Charlotte Beverley_, in love with Lewson, but Stukely wishes to marryher. She loses all her fortune through her brother, "the gamester, "but Lewson notwithstanding marries her. --Edward Moore, _The Gamester_(1712-1757). 

_Beverley_, brother of Clarissa, and the lover of Belinda Blandford. He is extremely jealous, and catches at trifles light as air toconfirm his fears; but his love is most sincere, and his penitencemost humble when he finds out how causeless his suspicions are. Belinda is too proud to deny his insinuations, but her love is so deepthat she repents of giving him a moment's pain. --A. Murphy, _All inthe Wrong_ (1761). 

BEVERLEY THURSTON, a lawyer, belonging to an old New York family, inlove with Claire Twining, _The Ambitious Woman_ of Edgar Fawcett'ssociety novel (1883). 

He was a man of about forty years old, who had never married. Hisfigure was tall and shapely; his face, usually grave, was capable ofmuch geniality. He had travelled, read, thought, and observed. Hestood somewhat high in the legal profession, and came, on the maternalside, of a somewhat noted family. 

BEV'IL, a model gentleman, in Steele's _Conscious Lovers_. 

 Whatever can deck mankind Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed. 

 Thomson, _The Seasons_ ("Winter, " 1726). 

_Bevil_ (_Francis, Harry, and George_), three brothers--one an M. P. , another in the law, and the third in the Guards--who, unknown toeach other, wished to obtain in marriage the hand of Miss Grubb, the daughter of a rich stock-broker. The M. P. Paid his court to thefather, and obtained his consent; the lawyer paid his court to themother, and obtained her consent; the officer paid his court to theyoung lady, and having obtained her consent, the other two brothersretired from the field. --O'Brien, _Cross Purposes_. 

BE'VIS, the horse of lord Marmion. --Sir W. Scott, _Marmion_ (1808). 

_Be'vis_ (_Sir_) of Southampton. Having reproved his mother, whilestill a lad, for murdering his father, she employed Saber to kill him;but Saber only left him on a desert land as a waif, and he was broughtup as a shepherd. Hearing that his mother had married Mor'dure (2_syl_. ), the adulterer, he forced his way into the marriage hall andstruck at Mordure; but Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the blow. Bevis was now sent out of the country, and being sold to an Armenian, was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the king's daughter, fell in lovewith him; they were duly married, and Bevis was knighted. Having slainthe boar which made holes in the earth as big as that into whichCurtius leapt, he was appointed general of the Armenian forces, subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and made Damascus tributary toArmenia. Being sent, on a future occasion, as ambassador to Damascus, he was thrust into a prison, where were two huge serpents; thesehe slew, and then effected his escape. His next encounter was withAscupart the giant, whom he made his slave. Lastly, he slew the greatdragon of Colein, and then returned to England, where he was restoredto his lands and titles. The French call him _Beuves de Hantone_. --M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). 

_The Sword of Bevis of Southampton_ was Morglay, and his _steed_Ar'undel. Both were given him by his wife Josian, daughter of the kingof Armenia. 

BEZA'LIEL, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for themarquis of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beaufort. As Bezaliel, the famous artificer, "was filled with the Spirit of God to deviseexcellent works in every kind of workmanship, " so on the marquis ofWorcester--

 ... So largely Nature heaped her store, There scarce remained for arts to give him more. 

 Dryden and Tate, part ii. 

BEZO'NIAN, a beggar, a rustic. (Italian, _bisognoso_, "necessitous. ")

The ordinary tillers of the earth, such as we call _husbandmen_;in France, _pesants_; in Spane, _besonyans_; and generally_cloutshoe_. --Markham, _English Husbandman_, 4. 

BIAN'CA, the younger daughter of Baptista of Pad'ua, as gentle andmeek as her sister Katherine was violent and irritable. As it was notlikely any one would marry Katherine "the shrew, " the father resolvedthat Bianca should not marry before her sister. Petruchio married "theshrew, " and then Lucentio married Bianca. --Shakespeare, _Taming of theShrew_ (1594). 

_Bianca_, daughter of a noble family in "The Young Italian, " one ofthe _Tales of a Traveller_, by Washington Irving. She is belovedpassionately by the young Italian and betrothed to him. In his absenceFilippo, the false friend of her lover, weds her. The betrayed friendon learning the truth kills Filippo, and is ever afterwards haunted byhis dying face (1824). 

_Bian'ca_, a courtesan, the "almost" wife of Cassio. Iago, speaking ofthe lieutenant, says:

 And what was he? Forsooth a great arithmetician. One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, A fellow almost damn'd in a fair wife. 

 Shakespeare, _Othello_, act i. Sc. I (1611). 

_Bian'ca_, wife of Fazio. When her husband wantons with themarchioness Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, accuses him to theduke of Florence of being privy to the death of Bartol'do, an oldmiser. Fazio being condemned to death, Bianca repents of her rashness, and tries to save her husband, but not succeeding, goes mad anddies. --Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (1815). 

BIBBET (_Master_), secretary to major-general Harrison, one of theparliamentary commissioners. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

BIBBIE'NA (_Il_), cardinal Bernardo, who resided at Bibbiena, inTuscany. He was the author of _Calandra_, a comedy (1470-1520). 

"BIBLE" BUTLER, _alias_ Stephen Butler, grandfather of Reuben Butler, the presbyterian minister (married to Jeanie Deans). --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

BIB'LIS, a woman who fell in love with her brother Caunus, and waschanged into a fountain near Mile'tus. --Ovid, _Met_. Ix. 662. 

 Not that [_fountain_] where Biblis dropt, too fondly light, Her tears and self may dare compare with this. 

 Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, v. (1633). 

BIB'ULUS, a colleague of Julius Cæsar, but a mere cipher in office;hence his name became a household word for a nonentity. 

BIC'KERSTAFF (_Isaac_), a pseudonym of dean Swift, assumed in thepaper-war with Partridge, the almanac-maker, and subsequently adoptedby Steele in _The Tatler_, which was announced as edited by "IsaacBickerstaff, Esq. , astrologer. "

BICKERTON (_Mrs. _), landlady of the Seven Stars inn of York, whereJeanie Deans stops on her way to London, whither she is going to pleadfor her sister's pardon. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

BID'DENDEN MAIDS (_The_), two sisters named Mary and ElizabethChulkhurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They were joined together bythe shoulders and hips, and lived to the age of thirty-four. Some saythat it was Mary and Elizabeth Chulkhurst who left twenty acres ofland to the poor of Biddenden. This tenement called "Bread and CheeseLand, " because the rent derived from it is distributed on EasterSunday in doles of bread and cheese. Halstead says, in his _History ofKent_, that it was the gift of two maidens named Preston, and not ofthe Biddenden Maids. 

BIDDY, servant to Wopsle's great-aunt, who kept an "educationalinstitution. " A good, honest girl who falls in love with Pip, isloved by Dolge Orlick, but marries Joe Grargery. --C. Dickens, _GreatExpectations_ (1860). 

BIDDY [BELLAIR] (_Miss_), "Miss in her teens, " in love with captainLoveit. She was promised in marriage by her aunt and guardian to anelderly man whom she detested; and during the absence of captainLoveit in the Flanders war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and captainFlash. On the return of her "Strephon, " she set Fribble and Flashtogether by the ears; and while they stood menacing each other, butafraid to fight, captain Loveit entered and sent them both to theright-about. --D. Garrick, _Miss in Her Teens_ (1753). 

BIDÉFORD POSTMAN (_The_), Edward Capern, a poet, at one time aletter-carrier in Bidéford (3 _syl_). 

BIDE-THE-BENT (_Mr. Peter_), minister of Wolf's Hope village. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

BID'MORE (_Lord_), patron of the Rev Josiah Cargill, minister of St. Ronan's. 

_The Hon. Augustus Bidmore_, son of lord Bidmore, and pupil of theRev. Josiah Cargill. 

_Miss Augusta Bidmore_, daughter of lord

Bidmore, beloved by the Rev. Josiah Cargill--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

BIE'DERMAN (_Arnold_), _alias_ count Arnold of Geierstein[_Gi'. Er. Stine_], landamman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geierstein, hisbrother's daughter, is under his charge. 

_Bertha Biederman_, Arnold's late wife. 

_Ru'diger Biederman_, Arnold Biederman's son. 

_Ernest Biederman_, brother of Rudiger. 

_Sigismund Biederman_, nicknamed "The Simple, " another brother. 

_Ulrick Biedermen_, youngest of the four brothers. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BIG-EN'DIANS (_The_), a hypothetical religious party of Lilliput, whomade it a matter of "faith" to break their eggs at the "big end. "Those who broke them at the other end were considered heretics, andcalled _Little-endians_. --Dean Swift, _Gulliver's Travels_ (1726). 

BIG'LOW (_Hosea_), the feigned author of _The Biglow Papers_ (1848), really written by Professor James Russell Lowell of Boston, Mass. (1819-1891). 

BIG'OT (_De_), seneschal of prince John. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_(time, Richard I. ). 

_Big'ot_, in C. Lamb's _Essays_, is John Fenwick, editor of the_Albion_ newspaper. 

BIL'DAI (2 _syl_. ), a seraph and the tutelar guardian of Matthewthe apostle, the son of wealthy parents and brought up in greatluxury. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). 

BILLINGS (_Josh_). A. W. Shaw so signs _His Book of Sayings_ (1866). 

Ef a man hezn't a well-balanced mind I _du_ admire to see him part hishair in the middle. 

Ef thar iz wun sayin' trewer than anuther it is that the devil izallwaies ready fur kumpany. 

_Josh Billings's Alminax_ (1870). 

BILLINGSGATE (3 _syl_. ). Beling was a friend of "Brennus" the Gaul, who owned a wharf called Beling's-gate. Geoffrey of Momnouth derivesthe word from Belin, a mythical king of the ancient Britons, who"built a gate there, " B. C. 400 (1142). 

BILLY BARLOW, a merry Andrew, so-called from a semi-idiot, who fanciedhimself "a great potentate. " He was well known in the east of London, and died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some of his sayings were reallywitty, and some of his attitudes truly farcical. 

BILLY BLACK, the conundrum-maker. --_The Hundred-pound Note_. 

When Keeley was playing "Billy Black" at Chelmsford, he advanced tothe lights at the close of the piece, and said, "I've one more, andthis is a good un. Why is Chelmsford Theatre like a half-moon? D'yegive it up? Because it is never full. "--_Records of a Stage Veteran_. 

BIMATER ("_two-mother_"). Bacchus was so called because at the deathof his mother during gestation, Jupiter put the foetus into his ownthigh for the rest of the time, when the infant Bacchus was dulybrought forth. 

BIMBISTER (_Margery_), the old Ranzelman's spouse. --Sir W. Scott, _ThePirate_ (time, William III. ). 

BIND'LOOSE (_John_), sheriff's clerk and banker at Marchthorn. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

BINGEN (_Bishop of_), generally called bishop Hatto. The tale is thatduring a famine, he invited the poor to his barn on a certain day, under the plea of distributing corn to them; but when the barn wascrowded he locked the door and set fire to the building; for whichiniquity he was himself devoured by an army of mice or rats. Hiscastle is the Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 

 They almost devour me with kisses, Their arms about me entwine, Till I think of the bishop of Bingen, In his Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 

 Longfellow, _Birds of Passage_. 

BINKS (_Sir Bingo_), a fox-hunting baronet, and visitor at the Spa. 

_Lady Binks_, wife of sir Bingo, but before marriage Miss RachaelBonnyrigg. Visitor at the Spa with her husband. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, Greorge III. ). 

BI'ON, the rhetorician, noted for his acrimonious and sharp sayings. 

 Bioneis sermonibus et sale nigro. 

 Horace, _Epist_. Ii. 2, 60. 

BIONDEL'LO, one of the servants of Lucentio the future husbandof Bianca (sister of "the shrew"). His fellow-servant isTra'nio. --Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594). 

BIORN, the son of Heriulf, a Northman, who first touched the shores ofthe New World. 

 Across the unpathwayed seas, Shot the brave prow that cut on Vinland sands The first rune in the Saga of the West. 

James Russell Lowell, _The Voyage to Vinland_. 

BIRCH (_Harvey_), a prominent character in _The Spy_, a novel by J. F. Cooper. 

BIRD (_My_). Fanny Forester (Emily Chubbuck Judson) thus addressed herbaby daughter (1848). 

 There's not in Ind a lovelier bird: Broad earth owns not a happier nest. Oh, God! Thou hast a fountain stirred Whose waters never more shall rest. 

 * * * * * The pulse first caught its tiny stroke. The blood its crimson hue from mine; The life which I have dared invoke Henceforth is parallel with THINE!

_Bird (The Little Green)_, of the frozen regions, which could revealevery secret and impart information of events past, present, or tocome. Prince Chery went in search of it, so did his two cousins, Brightsun and Felix; last of all Fairstar, who succeeded inobtaining it, and liberating the princes who had failed in theirattempts. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Chery, " 1682). 

This tale is a mere reproduction of "The Two Sisters, " the last taleof the _Arabian Nights_, in which the bird is called "Bulbulhezar, thetalking bird. "

BIRD SINGING TO A MONK. The monk was Felix. --Longfellow, _GoldenLegend_, ii. 

BIRE'NO, the lover and subsequent husband of Olympia queen of Holland. He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king of Friza, but was released byOrlando. Bireno, having forsaken Olympia, was put to death by Obertoking of Ireland, who married the young widow. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_, iv. V. (1516). 

_Bire'no_ (_Duke_), heir to the crown of Lombardy. It is the king'swish that he should marry Sophia, his only child, but the princessloves Pal'adore (3 _syl_. ), a Briton. Bireno has a mistress namedAlin'da, whom he induces to personate the princess, and in Paladore'spresence she casts down a rope-ladder for the duke to climb up by. Bireno has Alinda murdered to prevent the deception being known, andaccuses the princess of unchastity--a crime in Lombardy punished bydeath. As the princess is led to execution, Paladore challenges theduke, and kills him. The villainy is fully revealed, and the princessis married to the man of her choice, who had twice saved herlife. --Robert Jephson, _The Law of Lombardy_ (1779). 

BIRMINGHAM POET (_The_), John Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, whowrote his own songs; set them to music, and sang them (1730-1808). 

BIRON, a merry mad-cap young lord, in attendance on Ferdinand king ofNavarre. Biron promises to spend three years with the king in study, during which time no woman is to approach his court; but no sooner hashe signed the compact, than he falls in love with Rosaline. Rosalinedefers his suit for twelve months and a day, saying, "If you my favormean to get, for twelve months seek the weary beds of people sick. "

 A merrier man, Within the limit of becoming mirth, I never spent an hour's talk withal. His eye begets occasion for his wit: For every object that the one doth catch, The other turns to a mirth-moving jest; Which his fair tongue (conceit's expositor) Delivers in such apt and gracious words, That agéd ears play truant at his tales, And younger hearings are quite ravished. 

Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_, act ii. Sc. 1 (1594). 

_Biron_ (_Charles de Gontaut due de_), greatly beloved by Henri IV. OfFrance. He won immortal laurels at the battles of Arques and Ivry, andat the sieges of Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him with honors: hewas admiral of France, marshal, governor of Bourgoyne, duke and peerof France. This too-much honor made him forget himself, and he enteredinto a league with Spain and Savoy against his country. The plot wasdiscovered by Lafin; and although Henri wished to pardon him, he wasexecuted (1602, aged 40). 

George Chapman has made him the subject of two tragedies, entitled_Biron's Conspiracy_ and _Biron's Tragedy_ (1557-1634). 

_Biron_, eldest son of count Baldwin, who disinherited him formarrying Isabella, a nun. Biron now entered the army and was sent tothe siege of Candy, where he fell, and it was supposed died. After thelapse of seven years, Isabella, reduced to abject poverty, marriedVilleroy (2 _syl_. ), but the day after her espousals Biron returned, whereupon Isabella went mad and killed herself. --Thomas Southern, _Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage_. 

 During the absence of the elder Macready, his son took the part of "Biron" in _Isabella_. The father was shocked, because he desired his son for the Church; but Mrs. Siddons remarked to him, "In the Church your son will live and die a curate on £50 a year, but if successful, the stage will bring him in a thousand. "--Donaldson, _Recollections_. 

BIRTHA, the motherless daughter and only child of As'tragon theLombard philosopher. In spring she gathered blossoms for her father'sstill, in autumn, berries, and in summer, flowers. She fell in lovewith duke Grondibert, whose wounds she assisted her father to heal. Birtha, "in love unpractised and unread, " is the beau-ideal ofinnocence and purity of mind. Grondibert had just plighted his love toher when he was summoned to court, for king Aribert had proclaimed himhis successor and future son-in-law. Gondibert assured Birtha he wouldremain true to her, and gave her an emerald ring which he told herwould lose its lustre if he proved untrue. Here the tale breaksoff, and as it was never finished the sequel is not known. --Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668). 

BISHOP MIDDLEHAM, who was always declaiming against ardent drinks, andadvocating water as a beverage, killed himself by secret intoxication. 

BISHOPS. The seven who refused to read the declaration of indulgencepublished by James II. And were by him imprisoned for recusancy, werearchbishop Sancroft _(Canterbury)_, bishops Lloyd _(St. Asaph)_, Turner _(Ely)_, Kew _(Bath and Wells)_, White _(Peterborough)_, Lake_(Chichester)_, Trelawney _(Bristol). _ Being tried, they were allacquitted (June, 1688). 

BISTO'NIANS, the Thracians, so called from Biston (son of Mars), whobuilt Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis. 

 So the Bistonian race, a maddening train, Exult and revel on the Thracian plain. 

Pitt's _Statius_, ii. 

BIT'ELAS(3 _syl_. ), sister of Fairlimb, and daughter of Rukenaw theape, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). 

BIT'TLEBRAINS _(Lord)_, friend of sir William Ashton, lord-keeper ofScotland. 

_Lady Bittlebrains_, wife of the above lord. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride ofLammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

BIT'ZER, light porter in Bounderby's bank at Coketown. He is educatedat M'Choakumchild's "practical school, " and becomes a general spy andinformer. Bitzer finds out the robbery of the bank, and discovers theperpetrator to be Tom Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, Esq. , M. P. ), informs against him, and gets promoted to his place. --C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854). 

BIZARRE _[Be. Zar'(1)]_, the friend of Orian'a, forever coquettingand sparring with Duretete _[Dure. Tait]_, and placing him in awkwardpredicaments. --G. K. Farquhar, _The Inconstant_ (1702). 

BLACK AG'NES, the countess of March, noted for her defence of Dunbarduring the war which Edward III. Maintained in Scotland (1333-1338). 

Sir Walter Scott says: "The countess was called 'Black Agnes' fromher complexion. She was the daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl ofMurray. "--_Tales of a Grandfather_, i. 14. (See BLACK PRINCE. )

BLACK COLIN CAMPBELL, general Campbell, in the army of George III. , introduced by sir W. Scott in _Redgauntlet_. 

BLACK DOUGLAS, William Douglas, lord of Nithsdale, who died 1390. 

 He was tall, strong, and well made, of a swarthy complexion, with dark hair, from which he was called "The Black Douglas. "--Sir Walter Scott, _Tales of a Grandfather_, xi. 

BLACK DWARF (_The_), of sir Walter Scott, is meant for David Ritchie, whose cottage was and still is on Manor Water, in the county ofPeebles. 

BLACK-EYED SUSAN, one of Dibdin's sea-songs. 

BLACK GEORGE, the gamekeeper in Fielding's novel, called _The Historyof Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1750). 

_Black George_, Greorge Petrowitsch of Servia, a brigand; called bythe Turks _Kara George_, from the terror he inspired. 

BLACK HORSE (_The_), the 7th Dragoon Guards (_not_ the 7th Dragoons). So called because their facings (or collar and cuffs) are blackvelvet. Their plumes are black and white; and at one time their horseswere black, or at any rate dark. 

BLACK KNIGHT OF THE BLACK LANDS (_The_), sir Pereard. Called byTennyson "Night" _or_ "Nox. " He was one of the four brothers whokept the passages of Castle Dangerous, and was overthrown by sirGareth. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 126 (1470);Tennyson, _Idylls_ ("Gareth and Lynette"). 

BLACK LORD CLIFFORD, John ninth lord Clifford, son of Thomas lordClifford. Also called "The Butcher" (died 1461). 

BLACK PRINCE, Edward prince of Wales, son of Edward III. Froissartsays he was styled _black_ "by terror of his arms" (c. 169). Similarly, lord Clifford was called "The Black Lord Clifford" for hiscruelties (died 1461). George Petrowitsch was called by the Turks"Black George" from the terror of his name. The countess of March wascalled "Black Agnes" from the terror of her deeds, and not (as sir W. Scott says) from her dark complexion. Similarly, "The Black Sea, "or Axinus, as the Greeks once called it, received its name from theinhospitable character of the Scythians. 

BLACK'ACRE (_Widow_), a masculine, litigious, pettifogging, headstrongwoman. --Wycherly, _The Plain Dealer_ (1677). 

BLACKCHESTER (_The countess of_), sister of lord Dalgarno. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I. ). 

BLACKGUARDS (Victor Hugo says), soldiers condemned for some offencein discipline to wear their red coats (which were lined with black)inside out. The French equivalent, he says, is _Blaqueurs. --L'Hommequi Rit_, II. In. 1. 

It is quite impossible to believe this to be the true derivation ofthe word. Other suggestions will be found in the _Dictionary of Phraseand Fable_. 

BLACKLESS (_Tomalin_), a soldier in the guard of Richard Coeur deLion. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BLACKMANTLE (_Bernard_), Charles Molloy Westmacott, author of _TheEnglish Spy_ (1826). 

BLACK'POOL (_Stephen_), a power-loom weaver in Bounderby's mill atCoketown. He had a knitted brow and pondering expression of face, wasa man of the strictest integrity, refused to join the strike, and wasturned out of the mill. When Tom Gradgrind robbed the bank of £150, hethrew suspicion on Stephen Blackpool, and while Stephen was hasteningto Coketown to vindicate himself he fell into a shaft, known as "theHell Shaft, " and although rescued, died on a litter. Stephen Blackpoolloved Rachael, one of the hands, but had already a drunken, worthlesswife. --C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854). 

BLACKSMITH (_The Flemish_), Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter(1460-1529). 

_Blacksmith_ (_The Learned_), Elihu Burritt, United States(1810-1879). 

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE. The vignette on the wrapper of this magazine ismeant for George Buchanan, the Scotch historian and poet (1506-1582). He is the representative of Scottish literature generally. 

The magazine originated in 1817 with William Blackwood of Edinburgh, publisher. 

BLAD'DERSKATE (_Lord_) and lord Kaimes, the two judges in PeterPeeble's lawsuit. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

BLADE O' GRASS, child of the gutter, bright, saucy, and warm-hearted. She is taken from her wretched environment by philanthropists, whowould aid her to lead a different life. However great the outwardchange, she is ever Bohemian at heart. --B. L. Farjeon, _Blade o'Grass_. 

BLA'DUD, father of king Lear. Geoffrey of Monmouth says that "ThisPrince Bladud was a very ingenious man and taught necromancy in hiskingdom; nor did he leave off pursuing his magic operations till heattempted to fly to the upper regions of the air with wings which hehad prepared, and fell down upon the temple of Apollo in the city ofTrinovantum, where he was dashed to pieces. "

BLAIR (_Adam_), the hero of a novel by J. G. Lockhart, entitled _AdamBlair, a Story of Scottish Life_ (1794-1854). 

_Blair_ (_Father Clement_), a Carthusian monk, confessor of CatherineGlover, "the fair maid of Perth. "--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_(time, Henry IV. ). 

_Blair_ (_Rev. David_), sir Richard Philips, author of _The UniversalPreceptor_ (1816), _Mother's Question Book_, etc. He issued booksunder a legion of false names. 

BLAISE, a hermit, who baptized Merlin the enchanter. 

_Blaise_ (_St. _), patron saint of wool-combers, because he was torn topieces with iron combs. 

BLAKE (_Franklin_), handsome, accomplished, and desperately in lovewith his cousin Rachel. Almost wild concerning the safety of theMoonstone which he has conveyed to her, he purloins it while under theinfluence of opium, taken to relieve insomnia, and gives it to theplausible villain of the book--Godfrey Ablewhite. The latter pawns itto pay his debts, and is murdered by East Indians, who believe that hestill has the gem. --Wilkie Collins, _The Moonstone_. 

BLANCHE (1 _syl. _), one of the domestics of lady Eveline "thebetrothed. "--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

_Blanche_ (_La reine_), the queen of France during the first six weeksof her widowhood. During this period of mourning she spent her timein a closed room, lit only by a wax taper, and was dressed wholly inwhite. Mary, the widow of Louis XII. , was called _La reine Blanche_during her days of mourning, and is sometimes (but erroneously) socalled afterwards. 

_Blanche (Lady)_ makes a vow with lady Anne to die an old maid, andof course falls over head and ears in love with Thomas Blount, ajeweller's son, who enters the army, and becomes a colonel. She isvery handsome, ardent, brilliant, and fearless. --S. Knowles, _OldMaids_ (1841). 

BLANCHE LOMBARD, girl of the period, who solaces herself for theapparent defection of one lover by flirting with a new acquaintance;registered in his note-book as "Blonde; superb physique; fine animalspirits; giggles. "--Robert Grant, _The Knave of Hearts_ (1886). 

BLANCHE´FLEUR (2 _syl. _), the heroine of Boccaccio's prose romancecalled _Il Filopoco_. Her lover Flores is Boccaccio himself, and Blanchefleur was the daughter of king Robert. The story ofBlanchefleur and Flores is substantially the same as that of _Dor´igenand Aurelius_, by Chaucer, and that of "Diano´ra and Ansaldo, " in the_Decameron_. 

BLAND´MOUR (_Sir_), a man of "mickle might, " who "bore great swayin arms and chivalry, " but was both vainglorious and insolent. Heattacked Brit´omart, but was discomfited by her enchanted spear; henext attacked sir Ferraugh, and having overcome him took him fromthe lady who accompanied him, "the False Florimel. "--Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, iv. 1 (1596). 

BLANDE´VILLE (_Lady Emily_), a neighbor of the Waverley family, afterwards married to colonel Talbot. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

BLAND´FORD, the father of Belin´da, who he promised sir WilliamBellmont should marry his son George. But Belinda was in love withBeverley, and George Bellmont with Clarissa (Beverley's sister). Ultimately matters arranged themselves, so that the lovers marriedaccording to their inclinations. --A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_(1761). 

BLAN´DIMAN, the faithful man-servant of the fair Bellisant, and herattendant after her divorce. --_Valentine and Orson_. 

BLANDI´NA, wife of the churlish knight Turpin, who refused hospitalityto sir Calepine and his lady Sere´na (canto 3). She had "the art of asuasive tongue, " and most engaging manners, but "her words were onlywords, and all her tears were water" (canto 7). --Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, iv. (1596). 

BLANDISH, a "practised parasite. " His sister says to him, "May youfind but half your own vanity in those you have to work on!" (act i. 1). 

_Miss Letitia Blandish_, sister of the above, a fawning timeserver, who sponges on the wealthy. She especially toadies to Miss Alscrip"the heiress, " flattering her vanity, fostering her conceit, andencouraging her vulgar affectations. --General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_(1781). 

BLANE (_Niell_), town piper and publican. 

_Jenny Blane_, his daughter. --Sir W, Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BLA´NEY, a wealthy heir, ruined by dissipation. --Crabbe, _Borough_. 

BLARNEY (_Lady_), one of the flash women introduced by squireThornhill to the Primrose family. --Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_(1765). 

BLAS´PHEMOUS BALFOUR. Sir James Balfour, the Scottish judge, was socalled from his apostacy (died 1583). 

BLA´TANT BEAST (_The_), the personification of slander or publicopinion. The beast had 100 tongues and a sting. Sir Artegal muzzledthe monster, and dragged it to Faëry-land, but it broke loose andregained its liberty. Subsequently sir Cal´idore (_3 syl. _) went inquest of it. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. And vi. (1596). 

[Illustration] "Mrs. Grundy" is the modern name of Spenser's "BlatantBeast. "

BLATH´ERS AND DUFF, detectives who investigate the burglary in whichBill Sikes had a hand. Blathers relates the tale of Conkey Chickweed, who robbed himself of 327 guineas. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

BLAT´TERGROWL (_The Rev. Mr. _), minister of Trotcosey, nearMonkbarns. --Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BLEEDING-HEART YARD (London). So called because it was the place wherethe devil cast the bleeding heart of lady Hatton (wife of the dancingchancellor), after he had torn it out of her body with his claws. --Dr. Mackay, _Extraordinary Popular Delusions_. 

BLEISE (1 _syl. _) of Northumberland, historian of king Arthur'speriod. 

BLEM´MYES (3 _syl. _), a people of Africa, fabled to have no head, buthaving eyes and mouth in the breast. (See GAOKA. )

 Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori affixis. --Pliny. 

Ctesias speaks of a people of India near the Gangês, _sine cervice, oculos in humeris habentes_. Mela also refers to a people _quibuscapita et vultus in pectore sunt_. 

BLENHEIM SPANIELS. The Oxford electors are so called, because formany years they obediently supported any candidate which the duke ofMarlborough commanded them to return. Lockhart broke through thiscustom by telling the people the fable of the _Dog and the Wolf_. Thedog, it will be remembered, had on his neck the marks of his collar, and the wolf said he preferred liberty. 

(The race of the little dog called the Blenheim spaniel, has beenpreserved ever since Blenheim House was built for the duke ofMarlborough in 1704. )

BLET´SON (_Master Joshua_), one of the three parliamentarycommissioners sent by Cromwell with a warrant to leave the royal lodgeto the Lee family. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

BLI´FIL, a noted character in Fielding's novel entitled _The Historyof Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1750). 

¤¤¤ Blifil is the original of Sheridan's "Joseph Surface" in the_School for Scandal_ (1777). 

BLIGH (_William_), captain of the _Bounty_, so well known for themutiny, headed by Fletcher Christian, the mate (1790). 

BLIMBER (_Dr. _), head of a school for the sons of gentlemen, atBrighton. It was a select school for ten pupils only; but there waslearning enough for ten times ten. "Mental green peas were produced atChristmas, and intellectual asparagus all the year round. " The doctorwas really a ripe scholar, and truly kind-hearted; but his great faultwas over-tasking his boys, and not seeing when the bow was too muchstretched. Paul Dombey, a delicate lad, succumbed to this strongmental pressure. 

_Mrs. Blimber_, wife of the doctor, not learned, but wished to bethought so. Her pride was to see the boys in the largest possiblecollars and stiffest possible cravats, which she deemed highlyclassical. 

_Cornelia Blimber_, the doctor's daughter, a slim young lady, who kepther hair short and wore spectacles. Miss Blimber "had no nonsenseabout her, " but had grown "dry and sandy with working in the gravesof dead languages. " She married Mr. Feeder, B. A. , Dr. Blimber'susher. --C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

BLIND BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN, Henry, son and heir of sir Simon deMontfort. At the battle of Evesham the barons were routed, Montfortslain, and his son Henry left on the field for dead. A baron'sdaughter discovered the young man, nursed him with care, and marriedhim. The fruit of the marriage was "pretty Bessee, the beggar'sdaughter. " Henry de Montfort assumed the garb and semblance of a blindbeggar, to escape the vigilance of king Henry's spies. 

Day produced, in 1659, a drama called _The Blind Beggar of BethnalGreen_, and S. Knowles, in 1834, produced his amended drama onthe same subject. There is [or was], in the Whitechapel Road apublic-house sign called the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. --_Historyof Sign-boards. _

BLIND EMPEROR (_The_), Ludovig III. Of Germany (880, 890-934). 

BLIND HARPER (_The_), John Parry, who died 1739. 

John Stanley, mnsician and composer, was blind from his birth(1713-1786). 

BLIND HARRY, a Scotch minstrel of the fifteenth century, blind frominfancy. His epic of _Sir William Wallace_ runs to 11, 861 lines. Hewas minstrel in the court of James IV. 

BLIND MECHANICIAN (_The_). John Strong, a great mechanical genius, wasblind from his birth. He died at Carlisle, aged sixty-six (1732-1798). 

BLIND POET (_The_), Luigi Groto, an Italian poet called _Il Cieco_(1541-1585). John Milton (1608-1674). 

Homer is called _The Blind Old Bard_ (fl. B. C. 960). 

BLIND TRAVELLER (_The_), lieutenant James Holman. He became blind atthe age of twenty-five, but, notwithstanding, travelled round theworld, and published an account of his travels (1787-1857). 

BLIN´KINSOP, a smuggler in _Redgauntlet_, a novel by sir W. Scott(time, George III. ). 

BLISTER, the apothecary, who says, "Without physicians, no one couldknow whether he was well or ill. " He courts Lucy by talking shop toher. --Fielding, _The Virgin Unmasked_. 

BLITHE-HEART KING (_The_). David is so called by Caedmon. 

 Those lovely lyrics written by his hand Whom Saxon Caedmon calls "The Blithe-heart King. " Longfellow, _The Poet's Tale_ (ref. Is to _Psalm_ cxlviii. 9). 

BLOCK (_Martin_), one of the committee of the Estates of Burgundy, whorefuse supplies to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BLOK (_Nikkel_), the butcher, one of the insurgents at Liege. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BLONDEL DE NESLE [_Neel_], the favorite trouvère or minstrel ofRichard Coeur de Lion. He chanted the _Bloody Vest_ in presence ofqueen Berengaria, the lovely Edith Plantagenet. --Sir W. Scott, _TheTalisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BLON´DINA, the mother of Fairstar and two boys at one birth. She wasthe wife of a king, but the queen-mother hated her, and taking awaythe three babes substituted three puppies. Ultimately her childrenwere restored to her, and the queen-mother with her accomplices wereduly punished. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Fairstar, "1682). 

BLOOD (_Colonel Thomas_), emissary of the duke of Buckingham(1628-1680), introduced by sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_, anovel (time, Charles II. ). 

BLOODS (_The Five_): (1) The O'Neils of Ulster; (2) the O'Connors ofConnaught; (3) the O'Brians of Thomond; (4) the O'Lachlans of Meath;and (5) the M'Murroughs of Leinster. These are the five principalsepts or families of Ireland, and all not belonging to one of thesefive septs are accounted aliens or enemies, and could "neither sue norbe sued, " even down to the reign of Elizabeth. 

William Fitz-Roger, being arraigned (4th Edward II. ) for the murder ofRoger de Cantilon, pleads that he was not guilty of felony, becausehis victim was not of "free blood, " _i. E. _ one of the "five bloods ofIreland. " The plea is admitted by the jury to be good. 

BLOODY (_The_), Otho II. Emperor of Germany (955, 973-983). 

BLOODY-BONES, a bogie. 

 As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford (_i. E. _ sir Thomas Lunsford, governor of the Tower, the dread of every one). --S. Butler, _Hudibras_. 

BLOODY BROTHER (_The_), a tragedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639). The"bloody brother" is Rollo duke of Normandy, who kills his brother Ottoand several other persons, but is himself killed ultimately by Hamondcaptain of the guard. 

BLOODY BUTCHER (_The_), the duke of Cumberland, second son of GeorgeII. , so called from his barbarities in the suppression of therebellion in favor of Charles Edward, the young pretender. "BlackClifford" was also called "The Butcher" for his cruelties (died 1461). 

BLOODY HAND, Cathal, an ancestor of the O'Connors of Ireland. 

BLOODY MARY, queen Mary of England, daughter of Henry VIII. And elderhalf-sister of queen Elizabeth. So called on account of the sanguinarypersecutions carried on by her government against the protestants. It is said that 200 persons were burned to death in her short reign(1516, 1553-1558). 

BLOOMFIELD (_Louisa_), a young lady engaged to lord Totterly the beauof sixty, but in love with Charles Danvers the embryo barrister. --C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_. 

BLOUNT (_Nicholas_), afterwards knighted; master of the horse to theearl of Sussex. 

--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Blount_ (_Sir Frederick_), a distant relative of sir John Vesey. Hehad a great objection to the letter _r_, which he considered "woughand wasping. " He dressed to perfection, and though not "wich, " pridedhimself on having the "best opewa-box, the best dogs, the best horses, and the best house" of any one. He liked Greorgina Vesey, and as shehad £10, 000 he thought he should do himself no harm by "mawy-wing thegirl. "--Lord E. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840). 

_Blount_ (_Master_), a wealthy jeweller of Ludgate Hill, London. Anold-fashioned tradesman, not ashamed of his calling. He had two sons, John and Thomas; the former was his favorite. 

_Mistress Blount_, his wife. A shrewd, discerning woman, who loved herson Thomas, and saw in him the elements of a rising man. 

_John Blount_, eldest son of the Ludgate jeweller. Being leftsuccessor to his father, he sold the goods and set up for a man offashion and fortune. His vanity and snobbism were most gross. Hehad good-nature, but more cunning than discretion, thought himselffar-seeing, but was most easily duped. "The phaeton was built aftermy design, my lord, " he says, "mayhap your lordship has seen it. " "Mytaste is driving, my lord, mayhap your lordship has seen me handle theribbons. " "My horses are all bloods, mayhap your lordship has noticedmy team. " "I pride myself on my seat in the saddle, mayhap yourlordship has seen me ride. " "If I am superlative in anything, 'its inmy wines. " "So please your ladyship, 'tis dress I most excel in ... 'tis walking I pride myself in. " No matter what is mentioned, 'tis theone thing he did or had better than any one else. This conceited foolwas duped into believing a parcel of men-servants to be lords anddukes, and made love to a lady's maid, supposing her to be a countess. 

_Thomas Blount_, John's brother, and one of nature's gentlemen. Heentered the army, became a colonel, and married lady Blanche. He isdescribed as having "a lofty forehead for princely thought to dwellin, eyes for love or war, a nose of Grecian mould with touch of Rome, a mouth like Cupid's bow, ambitious chin dimpled and knobbed. "--S. Knowles, _Old Maids_ (1841). 

BLOUZELIN´DA or BLOWZELINDA, a shepherdess in love with Lobbin Clout, in _The Shepherd's Week_. 

 My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass, Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass. My Blouzelind's than gilliflower more fair, Than daisie, marygold, or kingcup rare. Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714). 

 Sweet is my toil when Blowzelind is near, Of her bereft 'tis winter all the year ... Come, Blowzelinda, ease thy swain's desire, My summer's shadow, and my winter's fire. Ditto. 

BLOWER (_Mrs. Margaret_), the shipowner's widow at the Spa. Shemarries Dr. Quackleben, "the man of medicine" (one of the managingcommittee at the Spa). --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, GeorgeIII. ). 

BLUCHER was nicknamed "Marshal Forward" for his dash and readiness inthe campaign of 1813. 

BLUE BEARD (_La Barbe Bleue_), from the _contes_ of Charles Perrault(1697). The chevalier Raoul is a merciless tyrant, with a blue beard. His young wife is entrusted with all the keys of the castle, withstrict injunctions on pain of death not to open one special room. During the absence of her lord the "forbidden fruit" is too temptingto be resisted, the door is opened, and the young wife finds the floorcovered with the dead bodies of her husband's former wives. She dropsthe key in her terror, and can by no means obliterate from it thestain of blood. Blue Beard, on his return, commands her to prepare fordeath, but by the timely arrival of her brothers her life is saved andBlue Beard put to death. 

Dr. C. Taylor thinks Blue Beard is a type of the castle-lords in thedays of knight-errantry. Some say Henry VIII. (the noted wife-killer)was the "academy figure. " Others think it was Giles de Retz, marquisde Laval, marshal of France in 1429, who (according to Mézeray)murdered six of his seven wives, and was ultimately strangled in 1440. 

Another solution is that Blue Beard was count Conomar´, and theyoung wife Triphy´na, daughter of count Guerech. Count Conomar waslieutenant of Brittany in the reign of Childebert. M. HippolyteVioleau assures us that in 1850, during the repairs of the chapel ofSt. Nicolas de Bieuzy, some ancient frescoes were discovered withscenes from the life of St. Triphyna: (1) The marriage; (2) thehusband taking leave of his young wife and entrusting to her a key;(3) a room with an open door, through which are seen the corpses ofseven women hanging; (4) the husband threatening his wife, whileanother female [_sister Anne_] is looking out of a window above; (5)the husband has placed a halter round the neck of his victim, but thefriends, accompanied by St. Gildas, abbot of Rhuys in Brittany, arrivejust in time to rescue the future saint. --_Pélerinages de Bretagne_. 

BLUE KNIGHT (_The_), sir Persaunt of India, called by Tennyson"Morning Star" _or_ "Phosphorus. " He was one of the four brotherswho kept the passages of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by sirGareth. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 131 (1470);Tennyson, _Idylls_ ("Gareth and Lynette"). 

[Illustration] It is evidently a blunder in Tennyson to call the_Blue_ Knight "Morning Star, " and the _Green_ Knight "Evening Star. "The reverse is correct, and in the old romance the combat with theGreen Knight was at day-break, and with the Blue Knight at sunset. 

BLUE-SKIN, Joseph Blake, an English burglar, so called from hiscomplexion. He was executed in 1723. 

BLUFF (_Bachelor_), celibate philosopher upon social, domestic, andcognate themes. 

 "Give me, " he says emphatically, "in our household, color and cheeriness--not cold art, nor cold pretensions of any kind, but warmth, brightness, animation. Bring in pleasing colors, choice pictures, _bric-à-brac_, and what-not. But let in, also, the sun; light the fires; and have everything for daily use. "--Oliver Bell Bunce, _Bachelor Bluff_ (1882). 

_Bluff (Captain Noll)_, a swaggering bully and boaster. He says, "I think that fighting for fighting's sake is sufficient cause forfighting. Fighting, to me, is religion and the laws. "

 "You must know, sir, I was resident in Flanders the last campaign ... There was scarce anything of moment done, but a humble servant of yours ... Had the greatest share in't.... Well, would you think it, in all this time ... That rascally _Gazette_ never so much as once mentioned me? Not once, by the wars! Took no more notice of Noll Bluff than if he had not been in the land of the living. "--Congreve, _The Old Bachelor_ (1693). 

BLUFF HAL or BLUFF HARRY, Henry VIII. 

 Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence, And numbered bead and shrift, Bluff Harry broke into the spence, And turned the cowls adrift. Tennyson, _The Talking Oak_. 

BLUN'DERBORE (3 _syl. _), the giant who was drowned because Jackscuttled his boat. --_Jack the Giant-killer_. 

BLUNT (_Colonel_), a brusque royalist, who vows "he'd woo no woman, "but falls in love with Arbella, an heiress, woos and wins her. T. Knight, who has converted this comedy into a farce, with the title of_Honest Thieves_, calls colonel Blunt "captain Manly. "--Hon. Sir R. Howard, _The Committee_ (1670). 

_Blunt_ (_Major-General_), an old cavalry officer, rough in speech, but brave, honest, and a true patriot. --Shadwell, _The Volunteers_. 

BLUSHINGTON (_Edward_), a bashful young gentleman of twenty-five, sentas a poor scholar to Cambridge, without any expectations, but by thedeath of his father and uncle, left all at once as "rich as a nabob. "At college he was called "the sensitive plant of Brazenose, " becausehe was always blushing. He dines by invitation at Friendly Hall, andcommits ceaseless blunders. Next day his college chum, Frank Friendly, writes word that he and his sister Dinah, with sir Thomas and ladyFriendly, will dine with him. After a few glasses of wine, he loseshis bashful modesty, makes a long speech, and becomes the acceptedsuitor of the pretty Miss Dinah Friendly. --W. T. Moncrieff, _TheBashful Man_. 

BO or _Boh_, says Warton, was a fierce Gothic chief, whose name wasused to frighten children. 

BOADICEA, queen of a tribe of ancient Britons. Her husband having beenkilled by the Romans, she took the field in person. She was defeatedand committed suicide. 

BOANER´GES (_4 syl. _), a declamatory pet parson, who anathematizes allexcept his own "elect. " "He preaches real rousing-up discourses, butsits down pleasantly to his tea, and makes hisself friendly. "--Mrs. Oliphant, _Salem Chapel_. 

 A protestant Boanerges, visiting Birmingham, sent an invitation to Dr. Newman to dispute publicly with him in the Town Hall. --E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xxii. 

[Illustration] Boanerges or "sons of thunder" is the name given byJesus Christ to James and John, because they wanted to call down firefrom heaven to consume the Samaritans. --Mark iii. 17. 

BOAR (_The_), Richard III. , so called from his cognizance. 

 The bristled boar, In infant gore, Wallows beneath the thorny shade. Gray, _The Bard_ (1757). 

In contempt Richard III. Is called _The Hog_, hence the populardistich:

 The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the dog, Rule all England, under the Hog. 

("The Cat" is Catesby, and "the Rat" Ratcliffe). 

_Boar (The Blue)_. This public-house sign (Westminster) is the badgeof the Veres earls of Oxford. 

_The Blue Boar Lane_ (St. Nicholas, Leicester) is so named from thecognizance of Richard III. , because he slept there the night beforethe battle of Bosworth Field. 

BOAR OF ARDENNES (_The Wild_), in French _Le Sanglier des Ardennes_(_2 syl. _), was Guillaume comte de la Marck, so called because he wasas fierce as the wild boar he delighted to hunt. The character isintroduced by sir W. Scott in _Quentin_ _Durward_, under the name of"William count of la Marck. "

BOB'ADIL, an ignorant, shallow bully, thoroughly cowardly, butthought by his dupes to be an amazing hero. He lodged with Cob (thewater-carrier) and his wife Tib. Master Stephen was greatly struckwith his "dainty oaths, " such as "By the foot of Pharaoh!" "Body ofCæsar!" "As I am a gentleman and a soldier!" His device to savethe expense of a standing army is inimitable for its conceit andabsurdity:

"I would select 19 more to myself throughout the land; gentlemen theyshould be, of a good spirit and able constitution. I would choose themby an instinct, ... And I would teach them the special rules ... Tillthey could play _[fence]_ very near as well as myself. This done, saythe enemy were 40, 000 strong, we 20 would ... Challenge 20 of theenemy; ... Kill them; challenge 20 more, kill them; 20 more, kill themtoo; ... Every man his 10 a day, that's 10 score ... 200 a day; fivedays, a thousand; 40, 000, 40 times 5, 200 days; kill them all. "--BenJonson, _Every Man in his Humour_, iv. 7 (1598). 

Since his [_Henry Woodward, 1717-1777_] time the part of "Bobadil" hasnever been justly performed. It may be said to have died with him. 

--Dr. Doran. 

The name was probably suggested by Bobadilla first governor of Cuba, who superseded Columbus sent home in chains on a most frivolouscharge. Similar characters are "Metamore" and "Scaramouch" (Molière);"Parolles" and "Pistol" (Shakespeare); "Bessus" (Beaumont andFletcher). (See also BASILISCO, BOROUGHCLIFF, CAPTAIN BRAZEN, CAPTAINNOLL BLUFF, SIR PETRONEL FLASH, SACRIPANT, VINCENT DE LA ROSE, etc. )

BOBOLINKON. Christopher Pearse Cranch calls the bobolink:

 Still merriest of the merry birds, and Pied harlequins of June. 

 O, could I share without champagne Or muscadel, your frolic; The glad delirium of your joy, Your fun unapostolic; Your drunken jargon through the fields, Your bobolinkish gabble, Your fine Anacreontic glee, Your tipsy reveller's babble!

Christopher Pearse Cranch, _The Bird and the Bell_ (1875). 

BODACH GLAY or "Grey Spectre, " a house demon of the Scotch, similar tothe Irish banshee. 

BODLEY FAMILY, an American household, father, mother, sisters, andbrothers, whose interesting adventures at home and abroad are detailedby Horace E. Scudder in _The Bodley Books_ (1875-1887). 

BOE´MOND, the Christian king of Antioch, who tried to teach hissubjects arts, law, and religion. He is of the Norman race, Roge´ro'sbrother, and son of Roberto Guiscar´do. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_(1575). 

BOEUF (_Front de_), a gigantic, ferocious follower of princeJohn. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BOFFIN (_Nicodemus_), "the golden dustman, " foreman of old JohnHarmon, dustman and miser. He was "a broad, round-shouldered, one-sided old fellow, whose face was of the rhinoceros build, withoverlapping ears. " A kind, shrewd man was Mr. Boffin, devoted to hiswife, whom he greatly admired. Being residuary legatee of John Harmon, dustman, he came in for £100, 000. Afterwards, John Harmon, the son, being discovered, Mr. Boffin surrendered the property to him, andlived with him. 

_Mrs. Boffin_, wife of Mr. N. Boffin, and daughter of a cat's-meatman. She was a fat, smiling, good-tempered creature, the servant of oldJohn Harmon, dustman and miser, and very kind to the miser's son(young John Harmon). After Mr. Boffin came into his fortune she became"a high flyer at fashion, " wore black velvet and sable, but retainedher kindness of heart and love for her husband. She was devoted toBella Wilfer, who ultimately became the wife of young John Harmon, _alias_ Rokesmith. --C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864). 

BO'GIO, one of the allies of Charlemagne. He promised his wife toreturn within six months, but was slain by Dardinello. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

BOHEMIAN (_A_), a gipsy, from the French notion that the first gipsiescame from Bohemia. 

_A Literary Bohemian_, an author of desultory works and irregularlife. 

Never was there an editor with less about him of the literaryBohemian. --_Fortnightly Review_ ("Paston Letters"). 

_Bohemian Literature_, desultory reading. 

_A Bohemian Life_, an irregular, wandering, restless way of living, like that of a gipsy. 

BO'HEMOND, prince of Antioch, a crusader. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robertof Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

BOIS'GRELIN (_The young countess de_), introduced in the ball given byking René at Aix. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, EdwardIV. ). 

BOIS-GUILBERT (_Sir Brian de_), a preceptor of the Knights Templars. Ivanhoe vanquishes him in a tournament. He offers insult to Rebecca, and she threatens to cast herself from the battlements if he touchesher. "When the castle is set on fire by the sibyl, sir Brian carriesoff Rebecca from the flames. The Grand-Master of the Knights Templarscharges Rebecca with sorcery, and she demands a trial by combat. SirBrian de Bois-Guilbert is appointed to sustain the charge against her, and Ivanhoe is her champion. Sir Brian being found dead in the lists, Rebecca is declared innocent. "--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ time, (RichardI. ). 

BOISTERER, one of the seven attendants of Fortu´nio. His gift wasthat he could overturn a windmill with his breath, and even wreck aman-of-war. 

 Fortunio asked him what he was doing. "I am blowing a little, sir, " answered he, "to set those mills at work. " "But, " said the knight, "you seem too far off. " "On the contrary, " replied the blower, "I am too near, for if I did not restrain my breath I should blow the mills over, and perhaps the hill too on which they stand. "--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio, " 1682). 

BOLD BEAUCHAMP _[Beech´-am]_, a proverbial phrase similar to "anAchilles, " "a Hector, " etc. The reference is to Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, who, with one squire and six archers, overthrew ahundred armed men at Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346. 

 So had we still of ours, in France that famous were, Warwick, of England then high-constable that was, ... So hardy, great, and strong, That after of that name it to an adage grew, If any man himself adventurous happed to shew, "Bold Beauchamp" men him termed, if none so bold as he. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xviii. (1613). 

BOLD STROKE FOR A HUSBAND, a comedy by Mrs. Cowley. There are twoplots: one a bold stroke to get the man of one's choice for a husband, and the other a bold stroke to keep a husband. Olivia de Zuniga fixedher heart on Julio de Messina, and refused or disgusted all suitorstill he came forward. Donna Victoria, in order to keep a husband, disguised herself in man's apparel, assumed the name of Florio, andmade love as a man to her husband's mistress. She contrived by anartifice to get back an estate which don Carlos had made over to hismistress, and thus saved her husband from ruin (1782). 

BOLD STROKE FOR A WIFE. Old Lovely at death left his daughter Anne£30, 000, but with this proviso, that she was to forfeit the money ifshe married without the consent of her guardians. Now her guardianswere four in number, and their characters so widely different that"they never agreed on any one thing. " They were sir Philip Modelove, an old beau; Mr. Periwinkle, a silly virtuoso; Mr. Tradelove, a brokeron 'Change; and Mr. Obadiah Prim, a hypocritical quaker. ColonelFeignwell contrived to flatter all the guardians to the top of theirbent, and won the heiress. --Mrs. Centlivre (1717). 

BOLDWOOD (_Farmer_), one of the wooers of Bathsheba Everdene. Heserves for her seven years and loses her at last, after killingher husband to free her from his tyranny. He is sentenced to penalservitude "during Her Majesty's pleasure. "--Thomas Hardy, _Far fromthe Madding Crowd_ (1874). 

BOLSTER, a famous Wrath, who compelled St. Agnes to gather up theboulders which infested his territory. She carried three apronfuls tothe top of a hill, hence called St. Agnes' Beacon. (See WRATH'S HOLE. )

BOL'TON (_Stawarth_), an English officer in _The Monastery_, a novelby sir W. Scott (time, Elizabeth). 

BOLTON ASS. This creature is said to have chewed tobacco and takensnuff. --Dr. Doran. 

BOMBA _(King)_, a nickname given to Ferdinand II. Of Naples, inconsequence of his cruel bombardment of Messi'na in 1848. His son, whobombarded Palermo in 1860, is called _Bombali'no_ ("Little Bomba"). 

 A young Sicilian, too, was there... [_Who_] being rebellious to his liege, After Palermo's fatal siege, Across the western seas he fled In good king Bomba's happy reign. 

 Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude). 

BOMBARDIN'IAN, general of the forces of king Chrononhotonthologos. He invites the king to his tent, and gives him hashed pork. The kingstrikes him, and calls him traitor. "Traitor, in thy teeth, "replies the general. They fight, and the king is killed. --H. Carey, _Chrononhotonthologos_ (a burlesque). 

BOMBASTES FURIOSO, general of Artaxam'inous (king of Utopia). He isplighted to Distaffi'na, but Artaxaminous promises her "half-a-crown"if she will forsake the general for himself. "This bright rewardof ever-daring minds" is irresistible. When Bombastês sees himselfflouted, he goes mad, and hangs his boots on a tree, with this labelduly displayed:

 Who dares this pair of boots displace, Must meet Bombastês face to face. 

The king, coming up, cuts down the boots, and Bombastês "kills him. "Fusbos, seeing the king fallen, "kills" the general; but at theclose of the farce the dead men rise one by one, and join the dance, promising, if the audience likes, "to die again to-morrow. "--W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso. _ [Illustration] This farce is a travestyof _Orlando_ _Furioso_, and "Distaffina" is Angelica, beloved byOrlando, whom she flouted for Medoro, a young Moor. On this Orlandowent mad, and hung up his armor on a tree, with this distich attachedthereto:

 Orlando's arms let none displace, But such who'll meet him face to face. 

In the _Rehearsal_, by the duke of Buckingham, Bayes' troops arekilled, every man of them, by Drawcansir, but revive, and "go off ontheir legs. "

See the translation of _Don Quixote_, by C. H. Wilmot, Esq. , ii. 363(1764). 

_Bombastes Furioso (The French)_, capitaine Fracasse. --ThéophileGautier. 

BOMBAS'TUS, the family name of Paracelsus. He is said to have kept asmall devil prisoner in the pommel of his sword. 

 Bombastus kept a devil's bird Shut in the pommel of his sword, That taught him all the cunning pranks Of past and future mountebanks. 

 S. Butler, _Hudibras_, ii. 3. 

BONAS'SUS, an imaginary wild beast, which the Ettrick shepherdencountered. (The Ettrick shepherd was James Hogg, the Scotchpoet. )--_Noctes Ambrosianae_ (No. Xlviii. , April, 1830). 

BONAVENTU'RE _(Father)_, a disguise assumed for the nonce by thechevalier Charles Edward, the pretender. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_(time, George III. ). 

BONDU'CA or BOADICE'A, wife of Præsutagus king of the Ice'ni. For thebetter security of his family, Præsutagus made the emperor of Romeco-heir with his daughters; whereupon the Roman officers tookpossession of his palace, gave up the princesses to the licentiousbrutality of the Roman soldiers, and scourged the queen in public. Bonduca, roused to vengeance, assembled an army, burnt the Romancolonies of London, Colchester [_Camalodunum_], Verulam, etc. , andslew above 80, 000 Romans. Subsequently, Sueto'nius Paulinus defeatedthe Britons, and Bonduca poisoned herself, A. D. 61. John Fletcherwrote a tragedy entitled _Bonduca_ (1647). 

BONE-SETTER _(The)_, Sarah Mapp (died 1736). 

BO'NEY, a familiar contraction of Bo'naparte (3 _syl_. ), used bythe English in the early part of the nineteenth century by way ofdepreciation. Thus Thom. Moore speaks of "the infidel Boney. "

BONHOMME (_Jacques_), a peasant who interferes with politics; hencethe peasants' rebellion of 1358 was called _La Jacquerie_. The wordsmay be rendered "Jimmy" or "Johnny Goodfellow. "

BON'IFACE (_St. _), an Anglo-Saxon whose name was Winifrid or Winfrith, born in Devonshire. He was made archbishop of Mayence by pope GregoryIII. , and is called "The Apostle of the Germans. " St. Bonifacewas murdered in Friesland by some peasants, and his day is June 5(680-755). 

 ... In Friesland first St. Boniface our best, Who of the see of Mentz, while there he sat possessed, At Dockum had his death, by faithless Frisians slain. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

_Bon'iface_, (_Father_), ex-abbot of Kennaquhair. He first appearsunder the name of Blinkhoodie in the character of gardener at Kinross, and afterwards as the old gardener at Dundrennan. (_Kennaquhair_, thatis, "I know not where. ")--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Bon'iface_ (_The abbot_), successor of the abbot Ingelram, asSuperior of St. Mary's Convent. --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Boni'face_, landlord of the inn at Lichfield, in league with thehighwaymen. This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the cant phrase, "asthe saying is. " Thus, "Does your master stay in town, as the sayingis?" "So well, as the saying is, I could wish we had more of them. ""I'm old Will Boniface; pretty well known upon this road, as thesaying is. " He had lived at Lichfield "man and boy above eight andfifty years, and not consumed eight and fifty ounces of meat. " Hesays:

 "I have fed purely upon ale. I have eat my ale, drank my ale, and I always sleep upon my ale. "--George Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_, i. I (1707). 

BONNE REINE, Claude de France, daughter of Louis XII. And wife ofFrançois I. (1499-1524). 

BONNET ROUGE, a red republican, so called from the red cap of libertywhich he wore. 

BONNIBEL, southern beauty in Constance Cary Harrison's tale, _Flowerde Hundred. _

 The perfection of blonde prettiness, with a mouth like Cupid's bow, a tiny tip-tilted nose, eyes gold-brown to match her hair, a color like crushed roses in her cheeks (1891). 

BONNIVARD (_François de_), the prisoner of Chillon. In Byron's poem hewas one of six brothers, five of whom died violent deaths. The fatherand two sons died on the battle-field; one was burnt at the stake;three were imprisoned in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake ofGeneva. Two of the three died, and François was set at liberty byHenri the Bearnais. They were incarcerated by the duke-bishop of Savoyfor republican principles (1496-1570). 

BONSTET'TIN (_Nicholas_), the old deputy of Schwitz, and one of thedeputies of the Swiss confederacy to Charles duke of Burgundy. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BON'TEMPS (_Roger_), the personification of that buoyant spiritwhich is always "inclined to hope rather than fear, " and in the verymidnight of distress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good time coming, wait a little longer. " The character is the creation of Béranger. 

 Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie, Vous, riches désireux; Vous, dont le char dévie Aprés un cours heureux; Vous, qui perdrez peut-être Des titres éclatans, Eh gai! prenez pour maître Le gros Roger Bontemps. 

 Béranger (1814). 

BON'THORN (_Anthony_), one of Ramorny's followers; employed to murderSmith, the lover of Catherine Glover ("the fair maid of Perth"), buthe murdered Oliver instead, by mistake. When charged with the crime, he demanded a trial by combat, and being defeated by Smith, confessedhis guilt and was hanged. He was restored to life, but being againapprehended was executed. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

BON TON, a farce by Garrick. Its design is to show the evil effects ofthe introduction of foreign morals and foreign manners. Lord Minikinneglects his wife, and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Minikin hates herhusband, and flirts with colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to thecolonel. Sir John Trotley, who does not understand _bon ton_, thinksthis sort of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll excuse me, forsuch old-fashioned notions, I am sure" (1760). 

BOO'BY (_Lady_), a vulgar upstart, who tries to seduce her footman, Joseph Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her for laughing in church. LadyBooby is a caricature of Richardson's "Pamela. "--Fielding, _JosephAndrews_ (1742). 

BOON ISLAND. In Celia Thaxter's poem, _The Watch of Boon Island_, istold the story of two wedded lovers who tended the lighthouse on BoonIsland until the husband died, when the wife

 Bowed her head and let the light die out, For the wide sea lay calm as her dead love, When evening fell from the far land, in doubt, Vainly to find that faithful star men strove. (1874. )

BOONE (1 _syl. _), colonel [afterwards "general"] Daniel Boone, in theUnited States' service, was one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized himself by many daring exploits against the RedIndians (1735-1820). 

 Of all men, saving Sylla the man-slayer... The general Boone, the back-woodsman of Kentucky, Was happiest among mortals anywhere, etc. 

 Byron, _Don Juan_, viii. 61-65 (1821). 

BOOSHAL'LOCH (_Neil_), cowherd to Ian Eachin M'Ian, chief of the clanQuhele. --Sir W. Scott, _The Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

BOO'TES (3 _syl_. ), Arcas son of Jupiter and Calisto. One day hismother, in the semblance of a bear, met him, and Arcas was on thepoint of killing it, when Jupiter, to prevent the murder, convertedhim into a constellation, either _Boötês_ or _Ursa Major_. --Pausanias, _Itinerary of Greece_, viii. 4. 

 Doth not Orion worthily deserve A higher place ... Than frail Boötês, who was placed above Only because the gods did else foresee He should the murderer of his mother be?

 Lord Brooke, _Of Nobility_. 

BOOTH, husband of Amelia. Said to be a drawing of the author's owncharacter and experiences. He has all the vices of Tom Jones, with anadditional share of meanness. --Fielding, _Amelia_ (1751). 

BORACH'IO, a follower of don John of Aragon. He is a great villain, engaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of Hero. --Shakespeare, _MuchAdo about Nothing_ (1600). 

_Borach'io_, a drunkard. (Spanish, _borracho_, "drunk;" _borrachuélo_, "a tippler. ")

 "Why, you stink of wine! D'ye think my niece will ever endure such a borachio? You're an absolute Borachio. "--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700). 

_Borachio (Joseph)_, landlord of the Eagle Hotel, inSalamanca. --Jephson, _Two Strings to your Bow_ (1792). 

BOR'AK (_Al_), the animal brought by Gabriel to convey Mahomet to theseventh heaven. The word means "lightning. " Al Borak had the face ofa man, but the cheeks of a horse; its eyes were like jacinths, butbrilliant as the stars; it had eagle's wings, glistened all over withradiant light, and it spoke with a human voice. This was one of theten animals (not of the race of man) received into paradise. 

Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse, strong in frame, andwith a coat as glossy as marble. His color was saffron, with one hairof gold for every three of tawny; his ears were restless and pointedlike a reed; his eyes large and full of fire; his nostrils wide andsteaming; he had a white star on his forehead, a neck gracefullyarched, a mane soft and silky, and a thick tail that swept theground. --_Groquemitaine_. Ii. 9. 

BORDER MINSTREL (_The_), sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). 

 My steps the Border Minstrel led. 

W. Wordsworth, _Yarrow Revisited_. 

BO'REAS, the north wind. He lived in a cave on mount Hæmus, in Thrace. 

 Cease, rude Boreas, blustering railer. 

G. A. Stephens, _The Shipivreck_. 

BOR'GIA _(Lucrezia di)_, duchess of Ferra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Hernatural son Genna'ro was brought up by a fisherman in Naples, butwhen he grew to manhood a stranger gave him a paper from his mother, announcing to him that he was of noble blood, but concealing his nameand family. He saved the life of Orsi'ni in the battle of Rin'ini, andthey became sworn friends. In Venice he was introduced to a party ofnobles, all of whom had some tale to tell against Lucrezia: Orsinitold him she had murdered her brother; Vitelli, that she had causedhis uncle to be slain; Liverotto, that she had poisoned his uncleAppia'no; Gazella, that she had caused one of his relatives to bedrowned in the Tiber. Indignant at these acts of wickedness, Gennarostruck off the B from the escutcheon of the duke's palace at Ferrara, changing the name Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed the duke to putto death the man who had thus insulted their noble house, and Gennarowas condemned to death by poison. Lucrezia, to save him, gave him anantidote, and let him out of prison by a secret door. Soon after hisliberation the princess Negroni, a friend of the Borgias, gave a grandsupper, to which Gennaro and his companions were invited. At the closeof the banquet they were all arrested by Lucrezia after having drunkpoisoned wine. Gennaro was told he was the son of Lucrezia, anddied. Lucrezia no sooner saw him die than she died also. --Donizetti, _Lucrezia di Borgia_ (an opera, 1835). 

BOROS'KIE (3 _syl_. ), a malicious counsellor of the great-duke ofMoscovia. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618). 

BOR'OUGHCLIFF (_Captain_), a vulgar Yankee, boastful, conceited, andslangy. "I guess, " "I reckon, " "I calculate, " are used indifferentlyby him, and he perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to confirm hisboastful assertions: as, "I'm a pretty considerable favorite with theladies; arn't I, sergeant Drill?" "My character for valor is prettywell known; isn't it, sergeant Drill?" "If you once saw me in battle, you'd never forget it; would he, sergeant Drill?" "I'm a sort of akind of a nonentity; arn't I, sergeant Drill?" etc. He is made thebutt of Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard wishes him to marry his nieceKatharine, but the young lady has given her heart to lieutenantBarnstable, who turns out to be the colonel's son, and succeeds atlast in marrying the lady of his affection. --E. Fitzball, _The Pilot_. 

BORRE (1 _syl_. ), natural son of king Arthur, and one of the knightsof the Round Table. His mother was Lyonors, an earl's daughter, whocame to do homage to the young king. --Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 15 (1470). 

[Illustration] Sir Bors de Granis is quite another person, and so isking Bors of Gaul. 

BORRO'MEO (_Charles_), cardinal and archbishop of Milan. Immortalizedby his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an to the plague-stricken(1538-1584). 

St. Roche, who died 1327, devoted himself in a similar manner to thosestricken with the plague at Piacenza; and Mompesson to the people ofEyam. In 1720-22 H. Francis Xavier de Belsunce was indefatigable inministering to the plague-stricken of Marseilles. 

BORS (_King_) of Gaul, brother of king Ban of Benwicke [Brittany?]. They went to the aid of prince Arthur when he was first established onthe British throne, and Arthur promised in return to aid them againstking Claudas, "a mighty man of men, " who warred against them. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470). 

There are two brethren beyond the sea, and they kings both ... The onehight king Ban of Benwieke, and the other hight king Bors of Gaul, that is, France. --Pt. I. 8. 

(Sir Bors was of Ganis, that is, Wales, and was a knight of the RoundTable. So also was Borre (natural son of prince Arthur), also calledsir Bors sometimes. )

_Bors_ (_Sir_), called sir Bors de Ganis, brother of sir Lionell andnephew of sir Launcelot. "For all women he was a virgin, save forone, the daughter of king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a child, hightElaine; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid" (ch. Iv. ). When hewent to Corbin, and saw Galahad the son of sir Launcelot and Elaine(daughter of king Pelles), he prayed that the child might prove asgood a knight as his father, and instantly a vision of the holy grealwas vouchsafed him; for--

 There came a white dove, bearing a little censer of gold in her bill ... And a maiden that bear the Sancgreall, and she said, "Wit ye well, sir Bors, that this child ... Shall achieve the Sancgreall" ... Then they kneeled down ... And there was such a savor as all the spicery in the world had been there. And when the dove took her flight, the maiden vanished away with the Sancgreall. --Pt. Iii. 4. 

Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and sir

Percival when the consecrated wafer assumed the visible and bodilyappearance of the Saviour. And this is what is meant by achieving theholy greal; for when they partook of the wafer their eyes saw theSaviour enter it. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 101, 102 (1470). 

N. B. --This sir Bors must not be confounded with sir Borre, a naturalson of king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of the earl Sanam, pt. I. 15), nor yet with king Bors of Gaul, _i. E. _, France (pt. I. 8). 

BORTELL, the bull, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). 

BOS'CAN-[ALMOGA'VÀ], a Spanish poet of Barcelona (1500-1543). Hispoems are generally bound up with those of Garcilasso. They introducedthe Italian style into Castilian poetry. 

 Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, Boscan, or Garcilasso. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 95 (1819). 

BOSCOSEL, mysterious being, who brings about a reunion on earth offriends who have long ago departed for the spirit-world. --FrancisHoward Williams, _Boscosel_ (1888). 

BOSMI'NA, daughter of Fingal king of Morven (north-west coast ofScotland). --Ossian. 

BOS'N HILL. In _Poems_ by John Albee (1883) we find a legend of a deadBos'n (boatswain) whose whistle calls up the dead on stormy nightswhen

 The wind blows wild on Bos'n Hill, But sailors know when next they sail Beyond the hilltop's view, There's one amongst them shall not fail To join the Bos'n's crew. 

BOSSU (_Réné le_), French scholar and critic (1631-1680). 

 And for the epic poem your lordship bade me look at, upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. --Sterne (1768). 

BOSSUT (_Abbé Charles_), a celebrated mathematician (1730-1814). 

(Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host of popular names, among othersthat of _M. L'Abbé Bossut_ in several educational works in French. )

BOSTA'NA, one of the two daughters of the old man who entrapped princeAssad in order to offer him in sacrifice on "the fiery mountain. "His other daughter was named Cava'ma. The old man enjoined these twodaughters to scourge the prince daily with the bastinado and feed himwith bread and water till the day of sacrifice arrived. After a time, the heart of Bostana softened towards her captive, and she releasedhim. Whereupon his brother Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her hiswife, and became in time king of the city in which he was alreadyvizier. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Amgiad and Assad"). 

BOSTOCK, a coxcomb, cracked on the point of aristocracy and familybirth. His one and only inquiry is "How many quarterings has a persongot?" Descent from the nobility with him covers a multitude of sins, and a man is no one, whatever his personal merit, who "is not a sprigof the nobility. "--James Shirley, _The Ball_ (1642). 

BOT'ANY (_Father of English_), W. Turner, M. D. (1520-1568). 

J. P. De Tournefort is called _The Father of Botany_ (1656-1708). 

[Illustration] Antoine de Jussieu lived 1686-1758, and his brotherBernard 1699-1777. 

BOTHWELL (_Sergeant_), _alias_ Francis Stewart, in the royalarmy. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

_Bothwell (Lady)_, sister of lady Forester. 

_Sir Geoffrey Bothwell_, the husband of lady Bothwell. 

_Mrs. Margaret Bothwell_, in the introduction of the story. AuntMargaret proposed to use Mrs. Margaret's tombstone for her own. --SirW. Scott, _Aunt Margaret's Mirror_ (time, William III. ). 

BOTTLED BEER, Alexander Nowell, author of a celebrated Latin catechismwhich first appeared in 1570, under the title of _Christianæ pietatisprima Institutio, ad usum Scholarum Latine Scripta_. In 1560 he waspromoted to the deanery of St. Paul's (1507-1602). --Fuller, _Worthiesof England_ ("Lancashire"). 

BOTTOM (_Nick_), an Athenian weaver, a compound of profound ignoranceand unbounded conceit, not without good-nature and a fair dash ofmother-wit. When the play of _Pyramus and Thisbe_ is cast, Bottomcovets every part; the lion, Thisbê, Pyramus, all have charms for him. In order to punish Titan'ia, the fairy-king made her dote on Bottom, on whom Puck had placed an ass's head. --Shakespeare, _MidsummerNight's Dream_. 

 Bottom. An' I may hide my face; let me play Thisby, too: I'll speak in a monstrous little voice. 

 * * * * *

 Let me play the lion, too; I will roar that I will do any man's heart good to hear me. 

 _Midsummer Night's Dream_, i. 2. 

BOUBEKIR' MUEZ'IN, of Bag dad, "a vain, proud, and envious iman, whohated the rich because he himself was poor. " When prince Zeyn Alasnamcame to the city, he told the people to beware of him, for probably hewas "some thief who had made himself rich by plunder. " The prince'sattendant called on him, put into his hand a purse of gold, andrequested the honor of his acquaintance. Next day, after morningprayers, the iman said to the people, "I find, my brethren, that thestranger who is come to Bag dad is a young prince possessed of athousand virtues, and worthy the love of all men. Let us protect him, and rejoice that he has come among us. "--_Arabian Nights_ ("PrinceZeyn Alasnam"). 

BOUCHARD (_Sir_), a knight of Flanders, of most honorable descent. Hemarried Constance, daughter of Bertulphe provost of Bruges. In 1127Charles "the Good, " earl of Flanders, made a law that a serf wasalways a serf till manumitted, and whoever married a serf became aserf. Now, Bertulphe's father was Thancmar's serf, and Bertulphe, whohad raised himself to wealth and great honor, was reduced to serfdombecause his father was not manumitted. By the same law Bouchard, although a knight of royal blood became Thancmar's serf because hemarried Constance, the daughter of Bertulphe (provost of Bruges). Theresult of this absurd law was that Bertulphe slew the earl and thenhimself, Constance went mad and died, Bouchard and Thancmar slew eachother in fight, and all Bruges was thrown into confusion. --S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836). 

BOU'ILLON (_Godfrey duke of_), a crusader (1058-1100), introduced in_Count Robert of Paris_, a novel by Sir W. Scott (time, Rufus). 

BOUNCE (_Mr. T_. ), a nickname given in 1837 to T. Barnes, editor ofthe _Times_ (or the _Turnabout_, as it was called). 

BOUND'ERBY (_Josiah_), of Coketown, banker and mill-owner, the "Bullyof Humility, " a big, loud man, with an iron stare and metallic laugh. Mr. Bounderby is the son of Mrs. Pegler, an old woman, to whom he pays£30 a year to keep out of sight, and in a boasting way he pretendsthat "he was dragged up from the gutter to become a millionaire. " Mr. Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of his neighbor and friend, ThomasGradgrind, Esq. , M. P. --C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854). 

BOUNTIFUL (_Lady_), widow of sir Charles Bountiful. Her delight wascuring the parish sick and relieving the indigent. 

 "My lady Bountiful is one of the best of women. Her late husband, sir Charles Bountiful, left her with £1000 a year; and I believe she lays out one-half on't in charitable uses for the good of her neighbors. In short, she has cured more people in and about Lichfield within ten years than the doctors have killed in twenty; and that's a bold word. "--George Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_, i. 1 (1705). 

BOUNTY (_Mutiny of the_), in 1790, headed by Fletcher Christian. Themutineers finally settled in Pitcairn Island (Polynesian Archipelago). In 1808 all the mutineers were dead except one (Alexander Smith), whohad changed his name to John Adams, and became a model patriarchof the colony, which was taken under the protection of the BritishGovernment in 1839. Lord Byron, in _The Island_, has made the "mutinyof the _Bounty_" the basis of his tale, but the facts are greatlydistorted. 

BOUS'TRAPA, a nickname given to Napoleon III. It is compounded of thefirst syllables of _Bou_ [logne], _Stra_ [sbourg], _Pa_[ris], andalludes to his escapades in 1836, 1840, 1851 (_coup d'état_). 

No man ever lived who was distinguished by more nicknames than LouisNapoleon. Besides the one above mentioned, he was called _Badinguet, Man of December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Verhuel_, etc. ; and after hisescape from the fortress of Ham he went by the pseudonym of _countArenenberg_. 

BOWER OF BLISS, a garden belonging to the enchantress Armi'da. Itabounded in everything that could contribute to earthly pleasure. Here Rinal'do spent some time in love-passages with Armi'da, but heultimately broke from the enchantress and rejoined the war. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

_Bower of Bliss_, the residence of the witch Acras'ia, a beautiful andmost fascinating woman. This lovely garden was situated on a floatingisland filled with everything which could conduce to enchant thesenses, and "wrap the spirit in forgetfulness. "--Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, ii. 12 (1590). 

BOWKIT, in _The Son-in-Law. _

In the scene where Cranky declines to accept Bowkit as son-in-law onaccount of his ugliness, John Edwin, who was playing "Bowkit" at theHaymarket, uttered in a tone of surprise, "_Ugly?_" and then advancingto the lamps, said with infinite impertinence, "I submit to thedecision of the British public which is the ugliest fellow of usthree: I, old Cranky, or that gentleman there in the front row of thebalcony box?"--_Cornhill Magazine_ (1867). 

BOWLEY (_Sir Joseph_), M. P. , who facetiously calls himself "the poorman's friend. " His secretary is Fish. --C. Dickens, _The Chimes_(1844). 

BOWLING (_Lieutenant Tom_), an admirable naval character in Smollett's_Roderick Random. _ Dibdin wrote a naval song _in memoriam_ of TomBowling, beginning thus:

 Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling, The darling of the crew ... 

BOWYER (_Master_), usher of the black rod in the court of queenElizabeth. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BOWZYBE'US (4 _syl. _), the drunkard, rioted for his songs in Gray'spastorals, called _The Shepherd's Week_. He sang of "Nature's Laws, "of "Fairs and Shows, " "The Children in the Wood, " "Chevy Chase, ""Taffey Welsh, " "Rosamond's Bower, " "Lilly-bullero, " etc. The 6thpastoral is in imitation of Virgil's 6th _Ecl_. , and Bowzybëus is avulgarized Silenus. 

 That Bowzybeus, who with jocund tongue, Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung. Gay, _Pastoral_, vi. (1714). 

BOX AND COX, a dramatic romance, by J. M. Morton, the principalcharacters of which are Box and Cox. 

BOY BACHELOR _(The)_, William Wotton, D. D. , admitted at St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and to his degree ofB. A. When he was twelve and a half (1666-1726). 

BOY BISHOP _(The)_, St. Nicholas, the patron saint of boys (fourthcentury). 

(There was also an ancient custom of choosing a boy from the cathedralchoir on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a mock bishop. This boypossessed certain privileges, and if he died during the year wasburied _in pontificalibus_. The custom was abolished by Henry VIII. InSalisbury Cathedral visitors are shown a small sarcophagus, which theverger says was made for a boy bishop. )

BOY BLUE _(Little)_ is the subject of a poem in Eugene Field's _LittleBook of Western Verse_. 

 The little toy-dog is covered with dust, But sturdy and staunch he stands; And the little toy-soldier is red with rust, And his musket moulds in his hands. Time was when the little toy-dog was new, And the soldier was passing fair, And that was the time when our Little Boy Blue Kissed them and put them there. 

 Ay, faithful to Little Boy Blue they stand, Each in the same old place, Awaiting the touch of a little hand, The smile of a little face. (1889. )

BOY CRUCIFIED. It is said that some time during the dark ages, a boynamed Werner was impiously crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, bythe Jews. A little chapel erected to the memory of this boy stands onthe walls of the town, close to the river. Hugh of Lincoln and Williamof Norwich are instances of a similar story. 

 See how its currents gleam and shine ... As if the grapes were stained with the blood Of the innocent boy who, some years back, Was taken and crucified by the Jews In that ancient town of Bacharach. 

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

BOYET', one of the lords attending on the princess ofFrance. --Shakespeare, _Love's Labor's Lost_ (1594). 

BOYTHORN (_Laurence_), a robust gentleman with the voice of aStentor; a friend of Mr. Jarndyce. He would utter the most ferocioussentiments, while at the same time he fondled a pet canary on hisfinger. Once on a time he had been in love with Miss Barbary, ladyDedlock's sister. But "the good old times--all times when old aregood--were gone. "--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

("Laurence Boythorn" is a caricature of W. S. Landor; as "HaroldSkimpole, " in the same story, is drawn from Leigh Hunt. )

BOZ, Charles Dickens. It was the nickname of a pet brother dubbed_Moses_, in honor of "Moses Primrose" in the _Vicar of Wakefield_. Children called the name _Bozes_, which got shortened into _Boz_(1812-1870). 

BOZZY, James Boswell, the gossipy biographer of Dr. Johnson(1740-1795). 

BRABAN'TIO, a senator of Venice, father of Desdemo'na; most proud, arrogant, and overbearing. He thought the "insolence" of Othello inmarrying his daughter unpardonable, and that Desdemona must havebeen drugged with love-potions so to demean herself. --Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611). 

BRAC'CIO, commissary of the republic of Florence, employed in pickingup every item of scandal he could find against Lu'ria the noble Moor, who commanded the army of Florence against the Pisans. The Florentineshoped to find sufficient cause of blame to lessen or wholly canceltheir obligations to the Moor, but even Braccio was obliged toconfess. This Moor hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been soclear in his great office, that his virtues would plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against the council which should censure him. --RobertBrowning, _Luria_. 

BRAC'IDAS AND AM'IDAS, the two sons of Mile'sio, the former in lovewith the wealthy Philtra, and the latter with the dowerless Lucy. Their father at death left each of his sons an island of equal sizeand value, but the sea daily encroached on that of the elder brotherand added to the island of Amidas. The rich Philtra now forsookBracidas for the richer brother, and Lucy, seeing herself forsaken, jumped into the sea. A floating chest attracted her attention, sheclung to it, and was drifted to the wasted island, where Bracidasreceived her kindly. The chest was found to contain property of greatvalue, and Lucy gave it to Bracidas, together with herself, "thebetter of them both. " Amidas and Philtra claimed the chest as theirright, and the dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal. Sir Artegaldecided that whereas Amidas claimed as his own all the additions whichthe sea had given to his island, so Lucy might claim as her own thechest which the sea had given into her hands. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 4 (1596). 

BRAEKENBURY _(Lord)_, English peer of nomadic tastes. He disappearsfrom his world, leaving the impression that he has been murdered, thathe may live unhampered by class-obligations. --Amelia B. Edwards, _LordBrackenbury_. 

Bracy _(Sir Maurice de_), a follower of prince John. He sues the ladyRowen'a to become his bride, and threatens to kill both Cedric andIvanhoe if she refuses. The interview is interrupted, and at the closeof the novel Rowena marries Ivanhoe. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

BRAD'AMANT, daughter of Amon and Beatrice, sister of Rinaldo, andniece of Charlemagne. She was called the _Virgin Knight. _ Her armorwas white, and her plume white. She loved Roge'ro the Moor, butrefused to marry him till he was baptized. Her marriage with greatpomp and Rogero's victory over Rodomont form the subject of the lastbook of _Orlando Furioso_. Bradamant possessed an irresistible spear, which unhorsed any knight with a touch. Britomart had a similarspear. --Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

BRAD'BOURNE (_Mistress Lilias_), waiting-woman of lady Avenel(2 _syl_. ), at Avenel Castle. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BRADWARDINE (_Como Cosmyne_), baron of Bradwardine and of TullyVeolan. He is very pedantic, but brave and gallant. 

_Rose Bradwardine_, his daughter, the heroine of the novel, whichconcludes with her marriage with Waverley, and the restoration of themanor-house of Tully Veolan. 

_Malcolm Bradwardine_ of Inchgrabbit, a relation of the oldbaron. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

BRADY (_Martha_), a young "Irish widow" twenty-three years of age, and in love with William Whittle. She was the daughter of sir PatrickO'Neale. Old Thomas Whittle, the uncle, a man of sixty-three, wantedto oust his nephew in her affections, for he thought her "so modest, so mild, so tenderhearted, so reserved, so domestic. Her voice was sosweet, with just a _soupçon_ of the brogue to make it enchanting. " Inorder to break off this detestable passion of the old man, the widowassumed the airs and manners of a boisterous, loud, flaunting, extravagant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, and abandoned topleasure. Old Whittle, thoroughly frightened, induced his nephew totake the widow off his hands, and gave him £5000 as a _douceur_ for sodoing. --Garrick, _The Irish Widow_ (1757). 

BRAG (_Jack_), a vulgar boaster, who gets into good society, where hisvulgarity stands out in strong relief. --Theodore Hook, _Jack Brag_ (anovel). 

_Brag_ (_Sir Jack_), general John Burgoyne (died 1792). 

BRAGANZA (_Juan duke of_). In 1580 Philip II. Of Spain claimed thecrown of Portugal, and governed it by a regent. In 1640 Margaret wasregent, and Velasquez her chief minister, a man exceedingly obnoxiousto the Portuguese. Don Juan and his wife Louisa of Braganza beingvery popular, a conspiracy was formed to shake off the Spanish yoke. Velasquez was torn to death by the populace, and don Juan of Braganzawas proclaimed king. 

_Louisa duchess of Braganza_. Her character is thus described:

Bright Louisa, To all the softness of her tender sex, Unites thenoblest qualities of man: A genius to embrace the amplest schemes... Judgment most sound, persuasive eloquence... Pure piety withoutreligious dross, And fortitude that shrinks at no disaster. RobertJephson, _Braganza_, i. 1 (1775). 

Mrs. Bellamy took her leave of the stage May 24, 1785. On thisoccasion Mrs. Yates sustained the part of the "duchess of Braganza, "and Miss Farren spoke the address. --F. Reynolds. 

BRAGELA, daughter of Sorglan, and wife of Cuthullin (general of theIrish army and regent during the minority of king Cormac). --Ossian, _Fingal_. 

BRAGGADO´CIO, personification of the intemperance of the tongue. For atime his boasting serves him with some profit, but being found out, he is stripped of his borrowed plumes. His _shield_ is claimed byMar´inel; his _horse_ by Guyon; Talus shaves off his beard; and hislady is shown to be a sham Florimel. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 8and 10, with v. 3. 

It is thought that Philip of Spain was the academy figure of"Braggadocio. "

_Braggadocio's Sword_, San´glamore (_3 syl_). 

BRAGMAR´DO (_Jano´tus de_), the sophister sent by the Parisians toGargantua, to remonstrate with him for carrying off the bellsof Notre-Dame to suspend round the neck of his mare forjingles. --Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantag´ruel´_, ii. (1533). 

BRAHMIN CASTE OF NEW ENGLAND, term used by Oliver Wendell Holmes in_Elsie Venner_ to describe an intellectual aristocracy: "Our scholarscome chiefly from a privileged order just as our best fruits come fromwell-known grafts. "--_Elsie Venner_ (1863). 

BRAIN'WORM, the servant of Knowell, a man of infinite shifts, and aregular Proteus in his metamorphoses. He appears first as Brainworm;after as Fitz-Sword; then as a reformed soldier whom Knowell takesinto his service; then as justice Clement's man; and lastly as valetto the courts of law, by which devices he plays upon the same cliqueof some half-dozen men of average intelligence. --Ben Jonson, _EveryMan in His Humour_ (1598). 

BRAKEL (_Adrian_), the gipsy mountebank, formerly master of Fenella, the deaf and dumb girl. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BRAMBLE (_Matthew_), an "odd kind of humorist, " "always on the fret, "dyspeptic, and afflicted with gout, but benevolent, generous, andkind-hearted. 

_Miss Tabitha Bramble_, an old maiden sister of Matthew Bramble, ofsome forty-five years of age, noted for her bad spelling. She isstarched, vain, prim, and ridiculous; soured in temper, proud, imperious, prying, mean, malicious, and uncharitable. She contrives atlast to marry captain Lismaha'go, who is content to take "the maiden"for the sake of her £4000. 

_Bramble (Sir Robert_), a baronet living at Blackberry Hall, Kent. Blunt and testy, but kind-hearted; "charitable as a Christian, andrich as a Jew;" fond of argument and contradiction, but detestingflattery; very proud, but most considerate to his poorer neighbors. Inhis first interview with lieutenant Worthington, "the poor gentleman, "the lieutenant mistook him for a bailiff come to arrest him, but sirRoflert nobly paid the bill for £500 when it was presented to him forsignature as sheriff of the county. 

_Frederick Bramble_, nephew of sir Robert, and son of Joseph Bramble, a Russian merchant. His father having failed in business, Frederick isadopted by his rich uncle. He is full of life and noble instincts, but thoughtless and impulsive. Frederick falls in love with EmilyWorthington, whom he marries. --G. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1802). 

BRA´MINE (_2 syl. _) AND BRA´MIN (_The_), Mrs. Elizabeth Draper andLaurence Sterne. Sterne being a clergyman, and Mrs. Draper having beenborn in India, suggested the names. Ten of Sterne's letters to Mrs. Draper are published, and called _Letters to Eliza_. 

BRAN, the dog of Lamderg the lover of Gelchossa (daughter ofTuathal). --Ossian, _Fingal_, v. 

[Illustration] Fingal king of Morven had a dog of the same name, andanother named Luäth. 

 Call White-breasted Bran and the surly strength of Luäth. --Ossian, _Fingal_, vi. 

BRAND (_Ethan_), an ex-lime burner in Nathaniel Hawthorne's story ofthe same name, who, fancying he has committed the Unpardonable Sin, commits suicide by leaping into the burning kiln. 

_Brand_ (_Sir Denys_), a county magnate, who apes humility. He rides asorry brown nag "not worth £5, " but mounts his groom on a race-horse"twice victor for a plate. "

BRAN´DAMOND of Damascus, whom sir Bevis of Southampton defeated. 

That dreadful battle where with Brandamond he fought. And with hissword and steed such earthly wonders wrought As e'en among his foeshim admiration won. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). 

BRAN'DAN (_Island of St_. ) or ISLAND of SAN BORANDAN, a flying island, so late as 1755 set down in geographical charts west of the Canarygroup. In 1721 an expedition was sent by Spain in quest thereof. The Spaniards say their king Rodri'go has retreated there, and thePortuguese affirm that it is the retreat of their don Sebastian. Itwas called St. Brandan from a navigator of the sixth century, who wentin search of the "Islands of Paradise. "

Its reality was for a long time a matter of firm belief ... The gardenof Armi'da, where Rinaldo was detained, and which Tasso places inone of the Canary Isles, has been identified with San Borandan. --W. Irving. 

(If there is any truth at all in the legend, the island must beascribed to the Fata Morgana. )

BRAN'DEUM, plu. _Brandea_, a piece of cloth enclosed in a box withrelics, which thus acquired the same miraculous powers as the relicsthemselves. 

Pope Leo proved this fact beyond a doubt, for when some Greeksventured to question it, he cut a brandeum through with a pair ofscissors, and it was instantly covered with blood. --J. Brady, _ClavisCalendaria_, 182. 

BRAN'DIMART, brother-in-law of Orlando, son of Monodantês, and husbandof For'delis. This "king of the Distant Islands" was one ofthe bravest knights in Charlemagne's army, and was slain byGradasso. --Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorata_ (1495); Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

BRAND, a term often applied to the sword in medaeval romances. 

 Thou therefore take my brand Excalibur, Which was my pride-- Tennyson, _The Morte d'Arthur. _

BRANGTONS (_The_), vulgar, jealous, malicious gossips in _Evelina_, anovel by Miss Burney (1778). 

BRANNO, an Irishman, father of Evirallin. Evirallin was the wife ofOssian and mother of Oscar. --Ossian. 

BRASS, the roguish confederate of Dick Amlet, and acting as hisservant. 

 "I am your valet, 'tis true; your footman sometimes ... But you have always had the ascendant, I confess. When we were school-fellows, you made me carry your books, make your exercise, own your rogueries, and sometimes take a whipping for you. When we were fellow-'prentices, though I was your senior, you made me open the shop, clean my master's boots, cut last at dinner, and eat all the crusts. In your sins, too, I must own you still kept me under; you soared up to the mistress, while I was content with the maid. "--Sir John Yanbrugh, _The Confederacy_, iii. 1 (1695). 

_Brass (Sampson)_, a knavish, servile attorney, affecting greatsympathy with his clients, but in reality fleecing them without mercy. 

_Sally Brass_, Sampson's sister, and an exaggerated edition of herbrother. --C. Dickens, _Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840). 

BRAVE (_The_), Alfonzo IV. Of Portugal (1290-1357). 

_The Brave Fleming_, John Andrew van der Mersch (1734-1792). 

_The Bravest of the Brave_, Marshal Ney, _Le Brave des Braves_(1769-1815). 

BRAY (_Mr. _), a selfish, miserly old man, who dies suddenly ofheart-disease, just in time to save his daughter from being sacrificedto Arthur Gride, a rich old miser. 

_Madeline Bray_, daughter of Mr. Bray, a loving, domestic, beautifulgirl, who marries Nicholas Nickleby. --C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_(1838). 

_Bray (Vicar of)_, supposed by some to be Simon Aleyn, who lived(says Fuller) "in the reigns of Henry VIII. , Edward VI. , Mary, andElizabeth. In the first two reigns he was a _protestant_, in Mary'sreign a _catholic_, and in Elizabeth's a _protestant_ again. " Nomatter who was king, Simon Aleyn resolved to live and die "the vicarof Bray" (1540-1588). 

Others think the vicar was Simon Symonds, who (according to Ray) wasan _independent_ in the protectorate, a _high churchman_ in the reignof Charles II. , a _papist_ under James II. , and a _moderate churchman_in the reign of William III. 

Others again give the cap to one Pendleton. 

[Illustration] The well-known song was written by an officer incolonel Fuller's regiment, in the reign of George I. , and seems torefer to some clergyman of no very distant date. 

BRAY´MORE (_Lady Caroline_), daughter of lord Fitz-Balaam. She was tohave married Frank Rochdale, but hearing that her "intended" lovedMary Thornberry, she married the Hon. Tom Shuffleton. --G. Colman, jun. , _John Bull_ (1805). 

BRAZEN (_Captain_), a kind of Bobadil. A boastful, tongue-doughtywarrior, who pretends to know everybody; to have a liaison with everywealthy, pretty, or distinguished woman; and to have achieved in warthe most amazing prodigies. 

BRAZEN HEAD. The first on record is one which Sylvester II. (_Gerbert_) possessed. It told him he would be pope, and not die tillhe had sung mass at Jerusalem. When pope he was stricken with hisdeath-sickness while performing mass in a church called Jerusalem(999-1003). 

The next we hear of was made by Rob. Grosseteste (1175-1253). 

The third was the famous brazen head of Albertus Magnus, which costhim thirty years' labor, and was broken to pieces by his discipleThomas Aqui´nas (1193-1280). 

The fourth was that of friar Bacon, which used to say, "Time is, timewas, time comes. " Byron refers to it in the lines:

 Like friar Bacon's brazen head, I've spoken, "Time is, time was, time's past [?]" _Don Juan_, i. 217 (1819). 

Another was made by the marquis of Vilena of Spain (1384-1434). And asixth by a Polander, a disciple of Escotillo an Italian. 

_Brazen Head_ (_The_), a gigantic head kept in the castle of the giantFer´ragus of Portugal. It was omniscient, and told those whoconsulted it whatever they desired to know, past, present, orfuture. --_Valentine and Orson_. 

BREAKFAST TABLE (_Autocrat of_). See AUTOCRAT. 

BREAKING A STICK is part of the marriage ceremony of the AmericanIndians, as breaking a glass is still part of the marriage ceremonyof the Jews. --Lady Augusta Hamilton, _Marriage Rites, etc. _, pp. 292, 298. 

In one of Raphael's pictures we see an unsuccessful suitor of theVirgin Mary breaking his stick, and this alludes to the legend thatthe several suitors of the "virgin" were each to bring an almond stickwhich was to be laid up in the sanctuary over night, and the owner ofthe stick which budded was to be accounted the suitor God ordained, and thus Joseph became her husband. --B. H. Cowper, _Apocryphal Gospel_("Pseudo-Matthew's Gospel, " 40, 41). 

In Florence is a picture in which the rejected suitors break theirsticks on the back of Joseph. 

BREC´AN, a mythical king of Wales. He had twenty-four daughters by onewife. These daughters, for their beauty and purity, were changed intorivers, all of which flow into the Severn. Brecknockshire, accordingto fable, is called after this king. (See next art. )

 Brecan was a prince once fortunate and great (Who dying lent his name to that his noble seat), With twice twelve daughters blest, by one and only wife. They, for their beauties rare and sanctity of life, To rivers were transformed; whose pureness doth declare How excellent they were by being what they are ... ... _[they]_ to Severn shape their course. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612). 

BREC'HAN (_Prince_), father of St. Cadock and St. Canock, the former amartyr and the latter a confessor. 

BRECK (_Alison_), an old fishwife, friend of the Mucklebackits. --SirW. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, Greorge III. ). 

_Breck (Angus)_, a follower of Rob Roy M'Gregor, the outlaw. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, Greorge I. ). 

BREITMAN (_Hans_), the giver of the entertainment celebrated inCharles Godfrey Leland's dialect verses, _Hans Breitman gave a Party_. A favorite with parlor and platform "readers. " (1871. )

BREN´DA [TROIL], daughter of Magnus Troil and sister of Minna. --Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III. ). 

BRENG´WAIN, the confidante of Is´olde (_2 syl. _) wife of sir Markking of Cornwall. Isolde was criminally attached to her nephew sirTristram, and Brengwain assisted the queen in her intrigues. 

_Breng´wain_, wife of Gwenwyn prince of Powys-land. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

BRENNETT (_Maurice_), a man whom "life had always cast for the leadingbusiness" and who "bears himself in a manner befitting the titlerôle. " In pursuance of this destiny he becomes a mining speculator, betrays his confiding partner and everybody else who will trust, andwhen success seems within his grasp is thwarted by the discovery ofa man he had supposed to be dead. The woman he would have married tosecure her fortune, around which he had woven the fine web of hisschemes, breaks out impetuously:

"If you will prove his complicity ... I will pursue him to the ends ofthe earth. "

At that moment through the window she sees the head-light of the trainthat is bearing Maurice Brennett away into the darkness. The thoroughsearch made for him afterward is futile. --Charles Egbert Craddock, _Where the Battle was Fought_ (1885). 

BRENTA´NO (_A_), one of inconceivable folly. The Brentanos, Clemensand his sister Bettina, are remarkable in German literary annals forthe wild and extravagant character of their genius. Bettina's work, _Göthe's Correspondence with a Child_ (1835), is a pure fabrication ofher own. 

 At the point where the folly of others ceases, that of the Brentanos begins. --_German Proverb_. 

BRENTFORD (_The two kings of_). In the duke of Buckingham's farcecalled _The Rehearsal_ (1671), the two kings of Brentford enterhand-in-hand, dance together, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, and toheighten the absurdity the actors represent them as smelling at thesame nosegay (act ii. 2). 

BRETWALDA, the over-king of the Saxon rulers, established in Englandduring the heptarchy. In Germany the over-king was called emperor. Thebretwalda had no power in the civil affairs of the under-kings, but intimes of war or danger formed an important centre. 

BREWER OF GHENT (_The_), James van Artevelde, a great patriot. His sonPhilip fell in the battle of Rosbecq (fourteenth century). 

BREWSTER (_William_). _The Life and Death of William Brewster_, elderin the first church planted in Massachusetts, was written by hiscolleague William Bradford (1630-1650). After a feeling eulogy uponhis departed friend, he remarks, parenthetically: "He always thoughtit were better for ministers to pray oftener and divide their prayers, than be long and tedious in the same (except upon solemn and specialoccasions, as in days of humiliation and the like). His reason wasthat the hearts and spirits of all, especially the weak, continue andstand bent (as it were) so long towards God as they ought to do inthat duty without flagging and falling off. " This is a remarkabledeliverance for a day when two-hour prayers were the rule, and froma man who, his biographer tells us, "had a singular good gift inprayer. "

BRIA´NA, the lady of a castle who demanded for toll "the locks ofevery lady and the beard of every knight that passed. " This toll wasestablished because sir Crudor, with whom she was in love, refusedto marry her till she had provided him with human hair sufficient to"purfle a mantle" with. Sir Crudor, having been overthrown in knightlycombat by sir Calidore, who refused to pay "the toll demanded, " ismade to release Briana from the condition imposed on her, and Brianaswears to discontinue the discourteous toll. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 1 (1596). 

BRI´ANOR (_Sir_), a knight overthrown by the "Salvage Knight, " whosename was sir Artegal. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 5 (1596). 

BRIAR´EOS (_4 syl. _), usually called Briareus [_Bri´. A. Ruce_], thegiant with a hundred hands. Hence Dryden says, "And Briareus, withall his hundred hands" (_Virgil_, vi. ); but Milton writes the nameBriareos (_Paradise Lost_, i. 199). 

 Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came, Whom gods Briareos, men Ægeon name. Pope, _Iliad_, i. 

BRI´AREUS (_Bold_), Handel (1685-1757). 

BRI´AREUS OF LANGUAGES, cardinal Mezzofanti, who was familiar withfifty-eight different languages. Byron calls him "a walking polyglot"(1774-1849). 

BRIBO´CI, inhabitants of Berkshire and the adjacent counties. --Cæsar, _Commentaries_. 

BRICK (_Jefferson_), a very weak pale young man, the war correspondentof the _New York Rowdy Journal_, of which colonel Diver waseditor. --C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

BRIDE OF ABY´DOS (_The_), Zulei´ka (_3 syl. _), daughter of Giaffer (_2syl. _), pacha of Abydos. She is the troth-plight bride of Selim; butGiaffer shoots the lover, and Zuleika dies of a broken heart. --Byron, _Bride of Abydos_ (1813). 

BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR, Lucy Ashton, in love with Edgar master ofRavenswood, but compelled to marry Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw. She tries to murder him on the bridal night, and dies insane the dayfollowing. --Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, WilliamIII. ). 

[Illustration] _The Bride of Lammermoor_ is one of the most finishedof Scott's novels, presenting a unity of plot and action frombeginning to end. The old butler, Caleb Balderston, is exaggerated andfar too prominent, but he serves as a foil to the tragic scenes. 

 In _The Bride of Lammermoor_ we see embodied the dark spirit of fatalism--that spirit which breathes on the writings of the Greek tragedians when they traced the persecuting vengeance of destiny against the houses of Laius and Atreus. From the time that we hear the prophetic rhymes the spell begins, and the clouds blacken round us, till they close the tale in a night of horror. --Ed. Rev. 

BRIDE OF THE SEA, Venice, so called from the ancient ceremony of thedoge marrying the city to the Adriatic by throwing a ring into it, pronouncing these words, "We wed thee, O sea, in token of perpetualdomination. "

BRIDGE. The imaginary bridge between earth and the Mohammedan paradiseis called "Al Sirat´. "

The rainbow bridge which spans heaven and earth in Scandinavianmythology is called "Bif´rost. "

BRIDGE OF GOLD. According to German tradition, Charlemagne's spiritcrosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, at Bingen, in reasons of plenty, and blesses both cornfields and vineyards. 

 Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, Upon thy bridge of gold. Longfellow, _Autumn_. 

BRIDGE OF SIGHS, the covered passageway which connects the palaceof the doge in Venice with the State prisons. Called "the Bridge ofSighs, " because the condemned passed over it from the judgment hall tothe place of execution. Hood has a poem called _The Bridge of Sighs_. 

BRIDGEMORE (_Mr. _), of Fish Street Hill, London. A dishonest merchant, wealthy, vulgar, and purse-proud. He is invited to a _soirée_ given bylord Abberville, "and counts the servants, gapes at the lustres, andnever enters the drawing-room at all, but stays below, chatting withthe travelling tutor. "

_Mrs. Bridgemore_, wife of Mr. Bridgemore, equally vulgar, but withmore pretension to gentility. 

_Miss Lucinda Bridgemore_, the spiteful, purse-proud, maliciousdaughter of Mr. And Mrs. Bridgemore, of Fish Street Hill. She wasengaged to lord Abberville, but her money would not out-balance hervulgarity and ill-temper, so the young "fashionable lover" made hisbow and retired. --Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_ (1780). 

BRIDGENORTH (_Major Ralph_), a roundhead and conspirator, neighbor ofsir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak, a staunch cavalier. 

_Mrs. Bridgenorth_, the major's wife. 

_Alice Bridgenorth_, the major's daughter and heroine of thenovel. Her marriage with Julian Peveril, a cavalier, concludes thenovel. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BRID´GET (_Miss_), the mother of Tom Jones, in Fielding's novel called_The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling_ (1750). 

 It has been wondered why Fielding should have chosen to leave the stain of illegitimacy on the birth of his hero ... But had Miss Bridget been privately married ... There could have been no adequate motive assigned for keeping the birth of the child a secret from a man so reasonable and compassionate as Allworthy. --_Encyc. Brit. _ Art. "Fielding. "

_Brid´get (Mrs. )_, in Sterne's novel called _The Life and Opinions ofTristram Shandy, Gent. _ (1759). 

_Bridget (Mother)_, aunt of Catherine Seyton, and abbess of St. Catherine. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Bridget (May)_, the milkwoman at Falkland Castle. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

BRIDGE´WARD (_Peter_), the bridgekeeper of Kennaquhair ("I know notwhere"). --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Bridgeward (Peter)_, warder of the bridge near St. Mary's Convent. Herefuses a passage to father Philip, who is carrying off the Bible oflady Alice. --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BRIDLE. John Grower says that Rosiphele princess of Armenia, insensible to love, saw in a vision a troop of ladies splendidlymounted, but one of them rode a wretched steed, wretchedly accoutredexcept as to the bridle. On asking the reason, the princess wasinformed that she was disgraced thus because of her cruelty to herlovers, but that the splendid bridle had been recently given, becausethe obdurate girl had for the last month shown symptoms of true love. Moral--Hence let ladies warning take--

 Of love that they be not idle, And bid them think of my bridle. _Confessio Amantis_ ("Episode of Rosiphele, " 1325-1402). 

BRIDLEGOOSE _(Judge)_, a judge who decided the causes brought beforehim, not by weighing the merits of the case, but by the more simpleprocess of throwing dice. Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel_, iii. 39 (1545. )

BRI´DLESLY (_Joe_), a horse-dealer at Liverpool, of whom JulianPeveril buys a horse. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BRID´OISON _[Bree. Dwoy. Zong´]_, a stupid judge in the _Mariage deFigaro_, a comedy in French, by Beaumarchais (1784). 

BRIDOON (_Corporal_), in lieutenant Nosebag's regiment. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

BRIEN´NIUS (_Nicephorus_), the Cæsar of the Grecian empire, andhusband of Anna Comne´na (daughter of Alexius Comnenus, emperor ofGreece). --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

BRIGADO´RE (4 _syl. _), sir Guyon's horse. The word means "Goldensaddle. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 3 (1596). 

BRIGAN´TES (3 _syl. _), called by Drayton _Brig´ants_, the people ofYorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Durham. 

 Where in the Britons' rule of yore the Brigants swayed, The powerful English established ... Northumberland [_Northumbria_]. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

BRIGGS, one of the ten young gentlemen in the school of Dr. Blimberwhen Paul Dombey was a pupil there. Briggs was nicknamed the "Stoney, "because his brains were petrified by the constant dropping of wisdomupon them. --C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

BRIGLIADORO [_Bril´. Ye. Dor´. Ro_], Orlando's steed. The word means"Gold bridle. "--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

Sir Guyon's horse, in Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, is called by a similarname. 

BRILLIANT _(Sir Philip)_, a great fop, but brave soldier, like thefamous Murat. He would dress with all the finery of a vain girl, butwould share watching, toil, and peril with the meanest soldier. "Abutterfly in the drawing-room, but a Hector on the battle-field. "He was a "blade of proof; you might laugh at the scabbard, but youwouldn't at the blade. " He falls in love with lady Anne, reforms hisvanities, and marries. --S. Knowles, _Old Maids_ (1841). 

BRILLIANT MADMAN _(The)_, Charles XII. Of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

BRILLIANTA _(The lady)_, a great wit in the ancient romance entitled_Tirante le Blanc_, author unknown. 

Here (in _Tirante le Blanc_) we shall find the famous knight don KyrieElyson of Montalban, his brother Thomas, the knight Fonseca ... Thestratagems of the widow Tranquil ... And the witticisms oflady Brillianta. This is one of the most amusing books everwritten. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. I. 6 (1605). 

BRIS _(Il conte di San)_, governor of the Louvre. He is father ofValenti'na and leader of the St. Bartholomew massacre. --Meyerbeer, _Les Huguenots_ (1836). 

BRISAC' _(Justice)_, brother of Miramont. 

_Charles Brisac_, a scholar, son of justice Brisac. 

_Eustace Brisac_, a courtier, brother of Charles. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Elder Brother_ (1637). 

BRISE'IS _(3 syl. )_, whose real name was Hippodamï'a, was the daughterof Brisês, brother of the priest Chrysês. She was the concubine ofAchillês, but when Achillês bullied Agamemnon for not giving Chryse'isto her father, who offered a ransom for her, Agamemnon turned uponhim and said he would let Chryseis go, but should take Briseisinstead. --Homer, _Iliad_, i. 

BRISK, a good-natured conceited coxcomb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond of saying "good things, " and pointing them out with suchexpressions as "There I had you, eh?" "That was pretty well, egad, eh?" "I hit you in the teeth there, egad!" His ordinary oath was "Letme perish!" He makes love to lady Froth. --W. Congreve, _The DoubleDealer_ (1694). 

BRIS'KIE (2 _syl_. ), disguised under the name of Putskie. A captain inthe Moscovite army, and brother of general Archas "the loyal subject"of the great-duke of Moscovia. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The LoyalSubject_ (1618). 

BRIS'SOTIN, one of the followers of Jean Pierre Brissot, an advancedrevolutionist. The Brissotins were subsequently merged in theGirondists, and the word dropped out of use. 

BRISTOL BOY (_The_), Thomas Chatterton, the poet, born at Bristol. Also called "The Marvellous Boy. " Byron calls him "The wondrous boywho perished in his pride" (1752-1770). 

BRITAN'NIA. The Romans represented the island of Great Britain bythe figure of a woman seated on a rock, from a fanciful resemblancethereto in the general outline of the island. The idea is lesspoetically expressed by "An old witch on a broomstick. "

The effigy of Britannia on British copper coin dates from the reignof Charles II. (1672), and was engraved by Roetier from a drawing byEvelyn. It is meant for one of the king's court favorites, some sayFrances Theresa Stuart, duchess of Richmond, and others BarbaraVilliers, duchess of Cleveland. 

BRITISH HISTORY of Geoffrey of Monmouth, is a translation of a WelshChronicle. It is in nine books, and contains a "history" of theBritons and Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of Trojan Æneas to thedeath of Cadwallo or Cadwallader in 688. This Geoffrey was firstarchdeacon of Monmouth and then bishop of St. Asaph. The generaloutline of the work is the same as that given by Nennius threecenturies previously. Geoffrey's _Chronicle_, published about 1143, formed a basis for many subsequent historical works. A compendium byDiceto is published in Gale's _Chronicles_. 

BRIT'OMART, the representative of chastity. She was the daughter andheiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her legend forms the third bookof the _Faëry Queen_. One day, looking into Venus's looking-glass, given by Merlin to her father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and fellin love with him. Her nurse Glaucê (2 _syl_. ) tried by charms "to undoher love, " but love that is in gentle heart begun no idle charm canremove. Finding her "charms" ineffectual, she took her to Merlin'scave in Caermarthen, and the magician told her she would be the motherof a line of kings (_the Tudors_), and after twice 400 years one ofher offspring, "a royal virgin, " would shake the power of Spain. Glaucê now suggested that they should start in quest of sir Artegal, and Britomart donned the armor of An'gela (queen of the Angles), whichshe found in her father's armory, and taking a magic spear which"nothing could resist, " she sallied forth. Her adventures allegorizethe triumph of chastity over impurity: Thus in Castle Joyous, Malacasta _(lust)_, not knowing her sex, tried to seduce her, "but sheflees youthful lust, which wars against the soul. " She next overthrewMarinel, son of Cym'oent. Then made her appearance as the Squire ofDames. Her last achievement was the deliverance of Am'oret _(wifelylove)_ from the enchanter Busirane. Her marriage is deferred to bk. V. 6, when she tilted with sir Artegal, who "shares away the ventail ofher helmet with his sword, " and was about to strike again when hebecame so amazed at her beauty that he thought she must be a goddess. She bade the knight remove his helmet, at once recognized him, consented "to be his love, and to take him for her lord. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590). 

She charmed at once and tamed the heart, Incomparable Britomart. 

Sir W. Scott. 

BRITON _(Colonel)_, a Scotch officer, who sees donna Isabella jumpfrom a window in order to escape from a marriage she dislikes. Thecolonel catches her, and takes her to the house of donna Violante, herfriend. Here he calls upon her, but don Felix, the lover of Violante, supposing Violante to be the object of his visits, becomes jealous, till at the end the mystery is cleared up, and a double marriage isthe result. --Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714). 

BROB'DINGNAG, a country of enormous giants, to whom Gulliver was atiny dwarf. They were as tall "as an ordinary church steeple, " and alltheir surroundings were in proportion. 

Yon high church steeple, yon gawky stag. Your husband must come fromBrobdingnag. Kane O'Hara, _Midas_. 

BROCK _(Adam)_, in _Charles XII. _, an historical drama by J. E. Planché. 

BROKEN-GIRTH-FLOW (_Laird of_), one of the Jacobite conspirators in_The Black Dwarf_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Anne). 

BROKER OF THE EMPIRE (_The_). Dari´us, son of Hystaspês, was so calledby the Persians from his great care of the financial condition of hisempire. 

BRO´MIA, wife of Sosia (slave of Amphitryon), in the service ofAlcme´na. A nagging termagant, who keeps her husband in petticoatsubjection. She is not one of the characters in Molière's comedy of_Amphitryon_. --Dryden, _Amphitryon_ (1690). 

BROMTON'S CHRONICLE (time, Edward III. ), that is, "The Chronicle ofJohn Bromton" printed among the _Decem Scriptores_, under the titlesof "Chronicon Johannis Bromton, " and "Joralanensis Historia a JohanneBromton, " abbot of Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences with theconversion of the Saxons by St. Augustin, and closes with the deathof Richard I. In 1199. Selden has proved that the chronicle was not_written_ by Bromton, but was merely brought to the abbey while he wasabbot. 

BRON´TES (2 _syl. _), one of the Cyclops, hence a blacksmith generally. Called Bronteus (2 _syl. _), by Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 5 (1596). 

 Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand, The ponderous hammer falls from Brontês' hand. _Jerusalem Delivered_, xx. (Hool's translation). 

BRONZELY (2 _syl. _), a mere rake, whose vanity was to be thought "ageneral seducer. "--Mrs. Inchbald, _Wives as they Were, and Maids asthey Are_ (1797). 

BRON´ZOMARTE (3 _syl. _), the sorrel steed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The word means a "mettlesome sorrel. "--Smollett, _Sir LauncelotGreaves_ (1756). 

BROOK (_Master_), the name assumed by Ford when sir John Falstaffmakes love to his wife. Sir John, not knowing him, confides to himevery item of his amour, and tells him how cleverly he has dupedFord by being carried out in a buck-basket before his veryface. --Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1601). 

BROOKE (_Dorothea_), calm, queenly heroine of _Middlemarch_, by GeorgeEliot. 

BROO'KER, the man who stole the son of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called him "Smike, " and put him to school at Dotheboy's Hall, Yorkshire. --C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). 

BROOKS OF SHEFFIELD, name by which Murdstone alludes to DavidCopperfield in novel of that name. 

BROTHER JON'ATHAN. When Washington was in want of ammunition, hecalled a council of officers; but no practical suggestion beingoffered, he said, "We must consult brother Jonathan, " meaning hisexcellency Jonathan Trumbull, the elder governor of the state ofConnecticut. This was done, and the difficulty surmounted. "To consultbrother Jonathan" then became a set phrase, and "Brother Jonathan"became the "John Bull" of the United States. --J. R. Bartlett, _Dictionary of Americanisms_. 

BROTHER SAM, the brother of lord Dundreary, the hero of a comedy basedon a German drama, by John Oxenford, with additions and alterations byE. A. Sothern and T. B. Buckstone. --Supplied by T. B. Buckstone, Esq. 

BROWDIE (_John_), a brawny, big-made Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends poor Smike, and ismuch, attached to Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries MatildaPrice, a miller's daughter. --C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). 

BROWN (_Hablot_) illustrated some of Dickens's novels and took thepseudonym of "Phiz" (1812-). 

_Brown (Jonathan)_, landlord of the Black Bear at Darlington. HereFrank Osbaldistone meets Rob Roy at dinner. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_(time, George I. ). 

_Brown (Mrs. )_, the widow of the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton. She had one daughter, Alice Marwood, who was first cousin toEdith (Mr. Dombey's second wife). Mrs. Brown lived in great poverty, her only known vocation being to "strip children of their clothes, which she sold or pawned. "--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

_Brown (Mrs. )_, a "Mrs. John Bull, " with all the practical sense, kind-heartedness, absence of conventionality, and the prejudices of awell-to-do but half-educated Englishwoman of the middle shop class. She passes her opinions on all current events, and travels about, taking with her all her prejudices, and despising everything which isnot English. --Arthur Sketchley [Rev. George Rose]. 

_Brown (Tom)_, hero of _Tom Brown's School-Days_ and _Tom Brown atOxford_, by Thomas Hughes. 

_Brown (Vanbeest)_, lieutenant of Dirk Hatteraick. --Sir W. Scott, _GuyMannering_ (time, George II. ). 

BROWN, JONES, AND ROBINSON, three Englishmen who travel together. Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were published in _Punch_. In themis held up to ridicule the _gaucherie_, the contracted notions, thevulgarity, the conceit, and the general snobbism of the middle-classEnglish abroad. 

BROWN OF CALAVERAS, a dissipated blackleg and ne'er-do-weel, whosehandsome wife, arriving unexpectedly from the East, retrieves hisfortune and risks his honor by falling in love with another man, abrother-gambler. --Bret Harte, _Brown of Calaveras_ (1871). 

BROWN THE YOUNGER (_Thomas_), the _nom de plume_ of Thomas Moore in_The Two-Penny Post-Bag_, a series of witty and very popular satireson the prince regent (afterwards George IV. ), his ministers, and hisboon companions. Also in _The Fudge Family in Paris_, and in _TheFudges in England_ (1835). 

BROWNE (_General_), pays a visit to lord Woodville. His bedroom forthe night is the "tapestried chamber, " where he sees the apparition of"the lady in the sacque, " and next morning relates his adventure. --SirW. Scott, _The Tapestried Chamber_ (time, George III. ). 

BROWNLOW, a most benevolent old gentleman, who rescues Oliver Twistfrom his vile associates. He refuses to believe in Oliver's guilt oftheft, although appearances were certainly against him, and he eventakes the boy into his service. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

BROWNS. _To astonish the Browns_, to do or say something regardless ofthe annoyance it may cause, or the shock it may give to Mrs. Grundy. Anne Boleyn had a whole clan of Browns, or "country cousins, " who werewelcomed at court in the reign of Elizabeth. The queen, however, wasquick to see what was _gauche_, and did not scruple to reprove themfor uncourtly manners. Her plainness of speech used quite to "astonishthe Browns. "

BROX´MOUTH (_John_), a neighbor of Happer the miller. --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BRUCE (_Mr. Robert_), mate on a bark trading between Liverpool and St. John's, N. B. , sees a man writing in the captain's cabin, a strangerwho disappears after pencilling certain lines on the slate. Theseprove a providential warning by which the vessel escapes certaindestruction. The story is told by Robert Dale Owen in _Footfalls onthe Boundary of Another World_, and vouched for as authentic (1860). 

_Bruce (The)_, an epic poem by John Barbour (1320-1395). 

BRU´EL, the name of the goose in the tale of _Reynard the Fox_. Theword means the "Little roarer" (1498). 

BRU´IN, the name of the bear, in the beast-epic called _Reynard theFox_. Hence a bear in general. 

The word means "the brown one" (1498). 

_Bru´in_, one of the leaders arrayed against Hudibras. He is meant forone Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained a captain's commission forvalor at Naseby. He marched next to Orsin [_Joshua Gosling_, landlordof the bear-gardens at Southwark]. --S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 3. 

_Bruin_ (_Mrs. _ and _Mr. _), daughter and son-in-law to sir JacobJollup. Mr. Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules his wife withscant courtesy. --S. Foote, _The Mayor of Garratt_ (1763). 

BRULGRUD'DERY (_Dennis_), landlord of the Red Cow, on Muckslush Heath. He calls himself "an Irish gintleman bred and born. " He was "broughtup to the church, " _i. E. _ to be a church beadle, but lost his placefor snoring at sermon-time. He is a sot, with a very kind heart, andis honest in great matters, although in business he will palm off anold cock for a young capon. 

_Mrs. Brulgruddery_, wife of Dennis, and widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former landlord of the Red Cow. Unprincipled, self-willed, ill-tempered, and over-reaching. Money is the only thing that movesher, and when she has taken a bribe she will whittle down the serviceto the finest point. --G. Colman, jun. , _John Bull_ (1805). 

BRUN'CHEVAL "the Bold, " a paynim knight, who tilted with sirSatyrane, and both were thrown to the ground together at the firstencounter. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 4 (1596). 

BRUNEL'O, a deformed dwarf, who at the siege of Albracca stoleSacripan'te's charger from between his legs without his knowing it. He also stole Angelica's magic ring, by means of which he releasedRoge'ro from the castle in which he was imprisoned. Ariosto saysthat Agramant gave the dwarf a ring which had the power of resistingmagic. --Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); and Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

"I, " says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, that the thief hadtime enough to clap four stakes under the four corners of my panneland to lead away the beast from under my legs without wakingme. "--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. I. 4 (1615). 

BRUNETTA, mother of Chery (who married his cousin Fairstar). --ComtesseD'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Fairstar, " 1682). 

_Brunetta_, the rival beauty of Phyllis. On one occasion Phyllisprocured a most marvellous fabric of gold brocade in order to eclipseher rival, but Brunetta arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of thesame material and cut in the same fashion. Phyllis was so mortifiedthat she went home and died. --_The Spectator_. 

BRUNHILD, queen of Issland, who made a vow that none should win herwho could not surpass her in three trials of skill and strength: (1)hurling a spear; (2) throwing a stone; and (3) jumping. Günther kingof Burgundy undertook the three contests, and by the aid of Siegfriedsucceeded in winning the martial queen. _First_, hurling a spear thatthree men could scarcely lift: the queen hurled it towards Günther, but Siegfried, in his invisible cloak, reversed its direction, causingit to strike the queen and knock her down. _Next_, throwing a stone sohuge that twelve brawny men were employed to carry it: Brunhild liftedit on high, flung it twelve fathoms, and jumped beyond it. AgainSiegfried helped his friend to throw it further, and in leaping beyondthe stone. The queen, being fairly beaten, exclaimed to her liegemen, "I am no longer your queen and mistress; henceforth are ye theliegemen of Günther" (lied vii. ). After marriage Brunhild was soobstreperous that the king again applied to Siegfried, who succeededin depriving her of her ring and girdle, after which she became a verysubmissive wife. --_The Niebelungen Lied_. 

BRU´NO (_Bishop_), bishop of Herbipolita´num. Sailing one day on theDanube with Henry III. Emperor of Germany, they came to Ben Strudel("the devouring-gulf"), near Grinon Castle, in Austria. Here the voiceof a spirit clamored aloud, "Ho! ho! Bishop Bruno, whither art thoutravelling? But go thy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt travel withme tonight. " At night, while feasting with the emperor, a rafterfell on his head and killed him. Southey has a ballad called _BishopBruno_, but it deviates from the original legend given by Heywood inseveral particulars: It makes bishop Bruno hear the voice first onhis way to the emperor, who had invited him to dinner; next, at thebeginning of dinner; and thirdly, when the guests had well feasted. Atthe last warning an ice-cold hand touched him, and Bruno fell dead inthe banquet hall. 

BRUSH, the impertinent English valet of lord Ogleby. If his lordshipcalls he never hears unless he chooses; if his bell rings he neveranswers it till it suits his pleasure. He helps himself freely to allhis master's things, and makes love to all the pretty chambermaidshe comes into contact with. --Colman and Garrick, _The ClandestineMarriage_ (1766). 

BRUTE (1 _syl_. ), the first king of Britain (in mythical history). Hewas the son of Æneas Silvius (grandson of Ascanius and great-grandsonof Æneas of Troy). Brute called London (the capital of his adoptedcountry) Troynovant (_New Troy_). The legend is this: An oracledeclared that Brute should be the death of both his parents; hismother died in child-birth, and at the age of fifteen Brute shot hisfather accidentally in a deer-hunt. Being driven from Alba Longa, hecollected a band of old Trojans and landed at Totness, in Devonshire. His wife was Innogen, daughter of Pandra'sus king of Greece. His taleis told at length in the _Chronicles_ of Geoffrey of Monmouth, in thefirst song of Drayton's _Polyolbion_, and in Spenser's _Faëry Queen_, ii. 

_Brute (Sir John)_, a coarse, surly, ill-mannered brute, whose delightwas to "provoke" his young wife, who he tells us "is a young lady, afine lady, a witty lady, and a virtuous lady, but yet I hate her. " Ina drunken frolic he intercepts a tailor taking home a new dress tolady Brute; he insists on arraying himself therein, is arrested for astreet row, and taken before the justice of the peace. Being asked hisname, he gives it as "lady John Brute, " and is dismissed. 

_Lady Brute_, wife of sir John. She is subjected to diversindignities, and insulted morn, noon, and night by her surly, drunkenhusband. Lady Brute intrigues with Constant, a former lover; but herintrigues are more mischievous than vicious. --Vanbrugh, _The ProvokedWife_ (1697). 

BRUTE GREEN-SHIELD, the successor of Ebranc king of Britain. Themythical line is: (1) Brute, great-great-grandson of Æneas; (2)Locrin, his son; (3) Guendolen, the widow of Locrin; (4) Ebranc; (5)Brute Green-Shield. Then follow in order Leil, Hudibras, Bladud, Leir[Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc. 

 ... Of her courageous kings, Brute Green-Shield, to whose name we providence impute Divinely to revive the land's first conqueror, Brute. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). 

BRUTUS (_Lucius Junius_), first consul of Rome, who condemned his owntwo sons to death for joining a conspiracy to restore Tarquin tothe throne, from which he had been banished. This subject has beendramatized by N. Lee (1679) and John H. Payne, under the title of_Brutus, or the_ _Fall of Tarquin_ (1820). Alfieri has an Italiantragedy on the same subject. In French we have the tragedies ofArnault (1792) and Ponsard (1843). (See LUCRETIA. )

The elder Kean on one occasion consented to appear at the Glasgowtheatre for his son's benefit. The play chosen was Payne's _Brutus_, in which the father took the part of "Brutus" and Charles Kean thatof "Titus. " The audience sat suffused in tears during the patheticinterview, till "Brutus" falls on the neck of "Titus, " exclaiming ina burst of agony, "Embrace thy wretched father!" when the whole housebroke forth into peals of approbation. Edmund Kean then whispered inhis son's ear, "Charlie, we are doing the trick. "--W. C. Russell, _Representative Actors_, p. 476. 

_Junius Brutus_. So James Lynch Fitz-Stephen has been called, because(like the first consul of Rome) he condemned his own son to death formurder, and to prevent a rescue caused him to be executed from thewindow of his own house in Galway (1493). 

_The Spanish Brutus_, Alfonso Perez de Gruzman, governor of Tarifa in1293. Here he was besieged by the infant don Juan, who had revoltedagainst his brother, king Sancho IV. , and having Guzman's son in hispower threatened to kill him unless Tarifa was given up to him. Guzmanreplied, "Sooner than be guilty of such treason I will lend Juan adagger to slay my son;" and so saying tossed his dagger over the wall. Sad to say, Juan took the dagger, and assassinated the young man thereand then (1258-1309). 

_Brutus (Marcus)_, said to be the son of Julius Cæsar by Servilia. 

 Brutus' bastard hand Stabb'd Julius Cæsar. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_. Act iv. Sc. 1 (1591). 

This Brutus is introduced by Shakespeare in his tragedy of _JuliusCæsar_, and the poet endows him with every quality of a true patriot. He loved Cæsar much, but he loved Rome more. 

_Brutus. Et tu, Brute_. Shakespeare, on the authority of Suetonius, puts these words into the mouth of Cæsar when Brutus stabbed him. Shakespeare's drama was written in 1607, and probably he had seen _TheTrue Tragedy of Richard duke of York_ (1600), where these words occur;but even before that date H. Stephens had said:

Jule Cesar, quand il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de ceux qui luytirient des coups d'espee, luy dit, _Kai sy tecnon_? c'est à dire.... Et toy mon fils, en es tu aussi. --_Deux Dial. Du Noveau Lang. Franc_(1583). 

BRUTUS AND CICERO. Cicero says: [Latin: "Cæsare interfecto, statim, cruentum alte extollens M. Brutus pugionem _Ciceronem_ nominatimexclamavit, atque ei recuperatam libertatem est gratulatus. "]--_Philipp_. Ii. 12. 

When Brutus rose, Refulgent from the stroke of Cæsar's fate, ... [_he_]called aloud On Tully's name, and shook his crimson steel, And badethe "father of his country" hail. 

Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, i. 

BRY'DONE (_Elspeth_), or Glendinning, widow of Simon Glendinning, of the Tower of Glendearg. --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

BUBAS'TIS, the Dian'a of Egyptian mythology. She was the daughter ofIsis and sister of Horus. 

BUBENBURG (_Sir Adrian de_), a veteran knight of Berne. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

BUCCA, goblin of the wind in Celtic mythology, and supposed by theancient inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell shipwreck. 

BUCEN'TAUR, the Venetian state galley used by the doge when he went"to wed the Adriatic. " In classic mythology the bucentaur was half manand half ox. 

BUCEPH'ALOS ("_bull-headed_"), the name of Alexander's horse, whichcost £3500. It knelt down when Alexander mounted, and was thirty yearsold at its death. Alexander built a city called Bucephala in itsmemory. 

_The Persian Bucephalos_, Shibdiz, the famous charger of ChosroesParviz. 

BUCK CHEEVER, mountaineer and "moonshiner" in Charles EgbertCraddock's _In the Stranger People's Country_. 

He had been a brave soldier, although the flavor of bushwhacking clungto his war record; he was a fast friend and a generous foe; whatone hand got by hook or by crook--chiefly, it is to be feared, bycrook--the other made haste to give away (1890). 

BUCK FANSHAWE, a popular Californian in the days when Lynch Law was invogue in mining districts. He dies, and his partner seeks a clergymanto arrange for the funeral, which "the fellows" have determined shallbe the finest ever held in the region. The divine questions in hisprofessional vein and the miner answers in _his_, each sorely puzzledto interpret the meaning of his companion. 

 "Was he a--ah--peaceable man?"

 "Peaceable! he jest _would_ have peace, ef he had to lick every darned galoot in the valley to git it. "--Mark Twain, _Buck Fanshawe's Funeral_, (1872). 

BUCK GRANGERFORD, a spirited son of the Grangerford clan, who payswith his life for fealty to family and feud. --Mark Twain [SamuelLanghorne Clemens], _Adventures of Huckleberry Finn_ (1885). 

BUCK'ET (_Mr. _), a shrewd detective officer who cleverly discoversthat Hortense, the French maid-servant of lady Dedlock, was themurderer of Mr. Tulkinghorn, and not lady Dedlock, who was chargedwith the deed by Hortense. --C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

BUCKINGHAM (_George Villiers, duke of_). There were two dukes ofthis name, father and son, both notorious for their profligacy andpolitical unscrupulousness. The first (1592-1628) was the favoriteof James I. , nicknamed "Steenie" by that monarch from his personalbeauty, "Steenie" being a pet corruption of Stephen, whose face atmartyrdom was "as the face of an angel. " He was assassinated byFenton. Sir Walter Scott introduces him in _The Fortunes of Nigel_, and his son in _Peveril of the Peak_. The son (1627-1688) also appearsunder the name of "Zimri" (q. V. ) in Dryden's _Absalom and Achitophel_. He was the author of _The Rehearsal_, a drama upon which Sheridanfounded his _Critic_, and of other works, but is principallyremembered as the profligate favorite of Charles II. He was a memberof the famous "CABAL" (q. V. ), and closed a career of great splendorand wickedness in the most abject poverty. 

_Buckingham_ (_Henry de Stafford, duke of_) was a favorite of RichardIII. And a participator in his crimes, but revolted against him, andwas beheaded in 1483. This is the duke that Sackville met in therealms of Pluto, and whose "complaynt" is given in the prologue to _AMirrour for Magistraytes_ (1587). He also appears in Shakespeare's_Richard III. _ His son in _Henry VIII. _

_Buckingham_ (_Mary duchess of_), introduced by sir W. Scott in_Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

BUCKLAW (_The laird of_), afterwards laird of Girnington. His namewas Frank Hayston. Lucy Ashton plights her troth to Edgar master ofRavenswood, and they exchange love-tokens at the Mermaid's Fountain;but her father, sir William Ashton, from pecuniary views, promises herin marriage to the laird of Bucklaw, and as she signs the articlesEdgar suddenly appears at the castle. They return to each other theirlove-tokens, and Lucy is married to the laird; but on the weddingnight the bridegroom is found dangerously wounded in the bridalchamber, and the bride hidden in the chimney-corner insane. Lucy diesin convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and goes abroad. --Sir W. Scott, _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

BUCKTHORNE, a conspicuous figure in _Tales of a Traveller_, byWashington Irving. He is gentleman student, dancing buffoon, lover, poet, and author by turns, and nothing long unless it be a royallygood fellow (1824). 

BUFFOON (_The Pulpit_). Hugh Peters is so called by Dugdale(1599-1660). 

BUG JARGAL, a negro, passionately in love with a white woman, buttempering the wildest passion with the deepest respect. --Victor Hugo, _Bug Jargal_ (a novel). 

BULBUL, an Oriental name for a nightingale. When, in _The Princess_(by Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a woman, enters with his twofriends (similarly disguised) into the college to which no man wasadmitted, he sings; and the princess, suspecting the fraud, says tohim, "Not for thee, O bulbul, any rose of Gulistan shall burst herveil, " i. E. , "O singer, do not suppose that any woman will be takenin by such a flimsy deceit. " The bulbul loved the rose, and Gulistanmeans the "garden of roses. " The prince was the bulbul, the collegewas Gulistan, and the princess the rose sought. --Tennyson, _ThePrincess_, iv. 

BULBUL-HE'ZAR, the talking bird, which was joined in singing by allthe song-birds in the neighborhood. (See TALKING BIRD. )--_ArabianNights_ ("The Two Sisters, " the last story). 

BULIS, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. Egypius entertained a criminallove for Timandra, the mother of Neoph'ron, and Neophron was guilty ofa similar passion for Bulis. Jupiter changed Egypius and Neophroninto vultures, Bulis into a duck, and Timandra into asparrow-hawk. --_Classic Mythology_. 

BULL (_John_), the English nation personified, and hence any typicalEnglishman. 

_Mrs. Bull_, queen Anne, "very apt to be choleric. " On hearing thatPhilip Baboon (_Philippe duc d'Anjou_) was to succeed to lord Strutt'sestates (_i. E. The Spanish throne_), she said to John Bull:

 "You sot, you loiter about ale-houses and taverns, spend your time at billiards, ninepins, or puppet-shows, never minding me nor my numerous family. Don't you hear how lord Strutt [_the king of Spain_] has bespoke his liveries at Lewis Baboon's shop [_France_]?... Fie upon it! Up, man!... I'll sell my shift before I'll be so used. "--Chap. Iv. 

_John Bull's Mother_, the Church of England. 

_John Bull's Sister Peg_, the Scotch, in love with Jack (_Calvin_). 

 John had a sister, a poor girl that had been reared ... On oatmeal and water ... And lodged in a garret exposed to the north wind.... However, this usage ... Gave her a hardy constitution.... Peg had, indeed, some odd humors and comical antipathies, ... She would faint at the sound of an organ, and yet dance and frisk at the noise of a bagpipe. --Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_, ii. 2 (1712). 

BULLAMY, porter of the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and LifeInsurance Company. " An imposing personage, whose dignity residedchiefly in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. Respectability andwell-to-doedness were expressed in that garment. --C. Dickens, _MartinChuzzlewit_ (1844). 

BULLCALF (_Peter_), of the Green, who was pricked for a recruit inthe army of sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph "four Harryten-shillings in French crowns" if he would stand his friend, and whensir John was informed thereof, he said to Bullcalf, "I will have noneof you. " Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff exclaimed, "Willyou tell me, master Shallow, how to choose a man? Care I for thelimb, the thews, the stature?... Give me the spirit, masterShallow. "--Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV_. Act iii. Sc. 2 (1598). 

BULL-DOGS, the two servants of a university proctor, who follow him inhis rounds to assist him in apprehending students who are violatingthe university statutes, such as appearing in the streets after dinnerwithout cap and gown, etc. 

BULLET-HEAD (_The Great_), George Cadoudal, leader of the Chouans(1769-1804). 

BULL´SEGG (_Mr. _), laird of Killancureit, a friend of the baron ofBradwardine. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

BULMER (_Valentine_), titular earl of Etherington, married to ClaraMowbray. 

_Mrs. Ann Bulmer_, mother of Valentine, married to the earl ofEtherington during the life-time of his countess; hence his wife inbigamy. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

BUM´BLE, beadle of the workhouse where Oliver Twist was born andbrought up. A stout, consequential, hard-hearted, fussy official, withmighty ideas of his own importance. This character has given to thelanguage the word _bumbledom_, the officious arrogance and bumptiousconceit of a parish authority or petty dignitary. After marriage thehigh-and-mighty beadle was sadly henpecked and reduced to a JerrySneak. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

BUM'KINET, a shepherd. He proposes to Grub'binol that they shouldrepair to a certain hut and sing "Gillian of Croydon, " "PatientGrissel, " "Cast away Care, " "Over the Hills, " and so on; but beingtold that Blouzelinda was dead, he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joinshim. 

 Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, Till bonny Susan sped across the plain; They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed, And to the ale-house forced the willing maid; In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 

Gay, _Pastoral_, v. (1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's _Ecl_. V. "Daphnis. ")

BUMPER (_Sir Harry_), a convivial friend of Charles Surface. He singsthe popular song, beginning--

 Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen, Here's to the widow of fifty, etc. 

Sheridan, _School for Scandal_ (1777). 

BUMPPO (_Natty_), the Leather Stocking of Cooper's _Pioneers_;Hawk-Eye of _The Last of the Mohicans_; the Deer Slayer and thePathfinder of the novels of those names; and the trapper of _ThePrairie_, in which his death is recorded. A white man who has livedso long with Indians as to surpass them in skill and cunning, retainsnative nobility of character, and in his countenance "an open honestyand total absence of guile" that inspires trust. 

BUNCE (_Jack_), _alias_ Frederick Altamont, a _ci-devant_ actor, oneof the crew of the pirate vessel. --Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III. ). 

BUNCH (_Mother_), an alewife, mentioned by Dekker in his drama called_Satiromastix_ (1602). In 1604 was published _Pasquil's Jests, mixedwith Mother Bunch's Merriments_. 

There is a series of "Fairy Tales" called _Mother Bunch's FairyTales_. 

_Bunch (Mother)_, the supposed possessor of a "cabinet broken open"and revealing "rare secrets of Art and Nature, " such as love-spells(1760). 

BUN'CLE, messenger to the earl of Douglas. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maidof Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

_Bun'cle (John)_, a prodigious hand at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a glass. He married seven wives, and lost all in the flower oftheir age. For two or three days after the death of a wife he wasinconsolable, but soon became resigned to his loss, which he repairedby marrying again. --Thos. Amory, _The Life, etc. , of John Buncle, Esq. _

BUNDLE, the gardener, father of Wilelmi'na and friend of Tom Tug thewaterman. He is a plain, honest man, but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags him from morning till night. 

_Mrs. Bundle_, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, and a termagant. "Everythingmust be her way or there's no getting any peace. " She greatlyfrequents the minor theatres, and acquires notions of sentimentalromance. 

BUN'GAY (_Friar_), one of the friars in a comedy by Robert Green, entitled _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_. Both the friars areconjurors, and the piece concludes with one of their pupils beingcarried off to the infernal regions on the back of one of friarBacon's demons (1591). 

_Bungay_, publisher in _History of Pendennis_, by W. M. Thackeray. 

BUNGEY (_Friar_), personification of the charlatan of science in thefifteenth century. 

[Illustration] In _The Last of the Barons_, by lord Lytton, friarBungey is an historical character, and is said to have "raised mistsand vapors, " which befriended Edward IV, at the battle of Barnet. 

BUNS'BY (_Captain John_ or _Jade_), owner of the _Cautious Clara_. Captain Cuttle considered him "a philosopher, and quite an oracle. "Captain Bunsby had one "stationary and one revolving eye, " a very redface, and was extremely taciturn. The captain was entrapped by Mrs. MacStinger (the termagant landlady of his friend captain Cuttle) intomarrying her. --C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

BUNTING, the pied piper of Ham'elin. He was so called from his dress. 

BUR (_John_), the servant of Job Thornberry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusque in his manners, but most devotedly attached to his master, by whom he was taken from the workhouse. John Bur kept his master's"books" for twenty-two years with the utmost fidelity. --G. R. Colman, Jun. , _John Bull_ (1805). 

BUR'BON (_i. E. Henri IV. Of France_). He is betrothed to Fordelis_(France)_, who has been enticed from him by Grantorto (_rebellion_). Being assailed on all sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carriedoff by "hell-rake hounds. " The rabble batter Burbon's shield(_protestantism_), and compel him to throw it away. Sir Ar´tegal(_right_ or _justice_) rescues the "recreant knight" from the mob, butblames him for his unknightly folly in throwing away his shield(of faith). Talus (_the executive_) beats off the hellhounds, getspossession of the lady, and though she flouts Burbon, he catches herup upon his steed and rides off with her. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 2 (1596). 

BURCHELL (_Mr. _), _alias_ sir William Thornhill, about thirty yearsof age. When Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wakefield, loses £1400, Mr. Burchell presents himself as a broken-down gentleman, and the doctoroffers him his purse. He turns his back on the two flash ladies whotalked of their high-life doings, and cried "Fudge!" after all theirboastings and remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescues Sophia Primrose, andultimately marries her. --Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1765). 

BURGUNDY (_Charles the Bold, duke of_) introduced by sir W. Scottin _Quentin Durward_ and in _Anne of Geierstein_. The latter novelcontains the duke's defeat at Nancy´, and his death (time, EdwardIV. ). 

BU´RIDAN'S ASS. A man of indecision is so called from the hypotheticalass of Buridan, the Greek sophist. Buridan maintained that "if an asscould be placed between two hay-stacks in such a way that its choicewas evenly balanced between them, it would starve to death, for therewould be no motive why he should choose the one and reject the other. "

BURLEIGH (_William Cecil, lord_), lord treasurer to queen Elizabeth(1520-1598), introduced by sir W. Scott in his historical novel called_Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

He is one the principal characters in _The Earl of Essex_, a tragedyby Henry Jones (1745). 

_Burleigh (Lord)_, a parliamentary leader in _The Legend of Montrose_, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Charles I. ). 

_A lord Burleigh shake of the head_, a great deal meant by a look ormovement, though little or nothing is said. Puff, in his tragedy ofthe "Spanish Armada, " introduces lord Burleigh, "who has the affairsof the whole nation in his head, and has no time to talk;" but hislordship comes on the stage and shakes his head, by which he means farmore than words could utter. Puff says:

 Why, by that shake of the head he gave you to understand that even though they had more justice in their cause and wisdom in their measures, yet, if there was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the people, the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile ambition of the Spanish monarchy. 

 _Sneer_. Did he mean all that by shaking his head?

 _Puff_. Every word of it. --Sheridan, _The Critic_, ii. 1 (1779). 

The original "lord Burleigh" was Irish Moody (1728-1813). --_CornhillMagazine_ (1867). 

BURLESQUE POETRY (_Father of_), Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth centuryB. C. ). 

BURLONG, a giant whose legs sir Try'amour cut off. --_Romance of SirTryamour_. 

BURNBILL, Henry de Londres, archbishop of Dublin and lord justice ofIreland, in the reign of Henry III. It is said that he fraudulently_burnt_ all the "bills" or instruments by which the tenants of thearchbishopric held their estates. 

BURNS OF FRANCE (_The_), Jasmin, a barber of Gascony. Louis Philippepresented to him a gold watch and chain, and the duke of Orléans anemerald ring. 

BUR'RIS, an honest lord, favorite of the great-duke ofMuscovia. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618). 

BURROUGHS (_George_), a Salem citizen whose trial for witchcraftis recorded by Rev. Cotton Mather. The counts are many, and in theopinion of the court are proven, George Burroughs being condemned todie. In the story of his crimes set down by Dr. Mather, the climaxwould seem to be a paper handed by the accused to the jury, "whereinhe goes to evince 'That there neither are, nor ever were, witchesthat, having made a compact with the devil, can send a devil totorment other people at a distance. '"

"When he came to die, he utterly denied the fact whereof he had beenconvicted. "--Cotton Mather, _The Wonders of the Invisible World_(1693). 

BU'SIRANE (3 _syl_. ), an enchanter who bound Am'oret by the waist to abrazen pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, wrote magic characterswith the dropping blood, "all for to make her love him. " WhenBrit'omart approached, the enchanter started up, and, running toAmoret, was about to plunge a knife into her heart; but Britomartintercepted the blow, overpowered the enchanter, compelled himto "reverse his charms, " and then bound him fast with his ownchain. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 11, 12 (1590). 

BUSI'RIS, king of Egypt, was told by a foreigner that the long droughtof nine years would cease when the gods of the country were mollifiedby human sacrifice. "So be it, " said the king, and ordered the manhimself to be offered as the victim. --_Herod_, ii. 59-61. 

 'Tis said that Egypt for nine years was dry; Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply. 

 A foreigner at length informed the king That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture bring. The king replied, "On thee the lot shall fall; Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for all. "

Ovid, _Art of Love_, i. 

_Busi'ris_, supposed by Milton to be the Pharaoh drowned in the RedSea. 

 Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew Busiris and his Memphian chivalry. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 306 (1665). 

BUS'NE (2 _syl. _). So the gipsies call all who do not belong to theirrace. 

The gold of the Busnê; give me her gold. Longfellow, _The SpanishStudent_. 

BUSQUEUE (_Lord_), plaintiff in the great Pantagruelian lawsuit knownas "lord Busqueue _v. _ lord Suckfist, " in which the parties concernedpleaded for themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his grievance and spokeso learnedly and at such length, that no one understood one word aboutthe matter; then lord Suckfist replied, and the bench declared "Wehave not understood one iota of the defence. " Pantag'ruel, however, gave judgment, and as both plaintiff and defendant considered he hadgot the verdict, both were fully satisfied, "a thing without parallelin all the annals of the court. "--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533). 

BUSY BODY (_The_), a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre (1709). Sir FrancisGripe (guardian of Miranda, an heiress, and father of Charles), a mansixty-five years old, wishes to marry his ward for the sake of hermoney, but Miranda loves and is beloved by sir George Airy, a man oftwenty-four. She pretends to love "Gardy, " and dupes him into yieldingup her money, and giving his consent to her marriage with "the man ofher choice, " believing himself to be the person. Charles is in lovewith Isabinda, daughter of sir Jealous Traffick, who has made uphis mind that she shall marry a Spaniard named don Diego Babinetto, expected to arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a Spanish costume, passes himself off as the expected don, and is married to the lady ofhis choice; so both the old men are duped, and all the young peoplewed according to their wishes. 

BUTCHER (_The_), Achmet pasha, who struck off the heads of seven ofhis wives at once. He defended Acre against Napoleon I. 

John ninth lord Clifford, called "The Black Clifford" (died 1461). 

Oliver de Clisson, constable of France (1320-1407). 

_Butcher (The Bloody_), the duke of Cumberland, second son of GleorgeII. ; so called for his great barbarities in suppressing the rebellionof Charles Edward, the young pretender (1726-1765). 

BUTCHER OF ENGLAND, John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester, a man of greatlearning and a patron of learning (died 1470). 

On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. He ordered Clapham (asquire to lord Warwick) and nineteen others, all gentlemen, to beimpaled. --Stow, _Warkworth Chronicle_ ("Cont. Croyl. ")

Yet so barbarous was the age, that this same learned man impaled fortyLancastrian prisoners at Southampton, put to death the infant childrenof the Irish chief Desmond, and acquired the nickname of "The Butcherof England. "--_Old and New London_, ii. 21. 

BUTLER (_Reuben_), a presbyterian minister, married to Jeanie Deans. 

_Benjamin Butler_, father of Reuben. 

_Stephen Butler_, generally called "Bible Butler, " grandfather ofReuben and father of Benjamin. 

_Widow Judith Butler_, Reuben's grandmother and Stephen's wife. 

_Euphemia_ or _Femie Butler_, Reuben's daughter. 

_David_ and _Reuben Butler_, Reuben's sons. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart ofMidlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

_Butler (The Rev. Mr. )_, military chaplain at Madras. --Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (time, George II. ). 

BUTTERCUP (_John_), a milkman. --W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a SmockFrock_. 

_Buttercup (Little_), Bumboat woman, who in her youth, took tobaby-farming, and "mixed those babies up, " _i. E. _ Ralph Rackstraw andthe Captain of the _Pinafore_. --W. S. Gilbert, _Pinafore_ (1877). 

BUXO´MA, a shepherdess with whom Cuddy is in love. 

 My Brown Buxoma is the featest maid That e'er at wake delightsome gambol played ... And neither lamb, nor kid, nor calf, nor Tray, Dance like Buxoma on the first of May. Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714). 

BUZ´FUZ (_Sergeant_), the pleader retained by Dodson and Fogg for theplaintiff in the celebrated case of "Bardell _v. _ Pickwick. " SergeantBuzfuz is a driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, who proved thatMr. Pickwick's note about "chops and tomato sauce" was a declarationof love; and that his reminder "not to forget the warming-pan" wasonly a flimsy cover to express the ardor of his affection. Of coursethe defendant was found guilty by the enlightened jury. (His juniorwas Skimpin. )--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). 

BUZ'ZARD (_The_), in _The Hind and the Panther_, by Dryden (pt. Iii. ), is meant for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was lusty (1643-1715). 

BYCORN, a fat cow, so fat that its sides were nigh to bursting, butthis is no wonder, for its food was "good and enduring husbands, " ofwhich there is good store, (See CHICHI-VACHE. )

BYRON (_Miss Harriet_), a beautiful and accomplished woman of highrank, devotedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, whom ultimately shemarries. --Richardson, _Sir Charles Grandison_ (1753). 

_Byron (The Polish)_, Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855). 

_Byron (The Russian_), Alexander Sergeivitch Puschkin (1799-1837). 

BYRON AND MARY. The Mary of Byron's song is Miss Chaworth. Both MissChaworth and lord Byron were wards of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth marriedJohn Musters, and lord Byron married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke: bothwere equally unhappy. 

 I have a passion for the name of "Mary, " For once it was a magic name to me. Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 4 (1820). 

BYRON AND TERESA GUICCIOLI. This lady was the wife of count Guiccioli, an old man, but very rich. Moore says that Byron "never loved butonce, till he loved Teresa. "

BYRON AND THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham whowrote the article which provoked the poet's reply. 

[Illustration]

(in _Notes and Queries_), the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker. 

CACAFO'GO, a rich, drunken usurer, stumpy and fat, choleric, acoward, and a bully. He fancies money will buy everything and everyone. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_ (1640). 

CACUR'GUS, the fool or domestic jester of Misog'onus. Cacurgus isa rustic simpleton and cunning mischief-maker. --Thomas Rychardes, _Misogonus_ (the third English comedy, 1560). 

CA'CUS, a giant who lived in a cave on mount Av'entine (3 _syl_. ). When Herculês came to Italy with the oxen which he had taken fromGer'yon of Spain, Cacus stole part of the herd, but dragged theanimals by their tails into his cave, that it might be supposed theyhad come _out_ of it. 

If he falls into slips, it is equally clear they were introducedby him on purpose to confuse like Caeus, the traces of hisretreat. --_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance. "

CAD, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A cadie in Scotland was a carrier of asedan-chair. 

All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan-chairs werediscontinued, the old cadies sank into ruinous poverty, and becamesynonymous with roughs. The word was brought to London by JamesHannay, who frequently used it. --M. Pringle. 

[Illustration] M. Pringle assures us that the word came from Turkey. 

CADE (_Jack_), Irish insurgent in reign of Henry VII. Assuming thename of Mortimer, he led a company of rebels from Kent, defeated theking's army, and entered London. His short-lived triumph was ended byhis death at Lewes. He appears in _Henry VI. _ by Shakespeare. 

CADE´NUS (3 _syl. _) dean Swift. The word is simply _de-ca-nus_ ("adean"), with the first two syllables transposed (_ca-de-nus_). Vanessais Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in love with Swift, and proposed marriage. The dean's reply is given in the poem entitled_Cadenus and Vanessa_ [_i. E. _ Van-Esther]. 

CADUCEUS meant generally a herald's staff; as an emblem of a peacefulerrand it was made of a branch of olive-wood with the twigs, which, later, were transformed to serpents. In this form it is associatedwith Mercury, the herald and messenger of the gods--that "beautifulgolden rod with which he both puts men to sleep and wakens them fromslumber. " Homer, _Odyssey_, xxiv. 

CADUR´CI, the people of Aquita´nia. 

CAD´WAL. Arvir´agus, son of Cym´beline, was so called while he livedin the woods with Bela´rius, who called himself Morgan, and whomCadwal supposed to be his father. --Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605). 

CADWALLADER, called by Bede (1 _syl. _) Elidwalda, son of Cadwalla kingof Wales. Being compelled by pestilence and famine to leave Britain, he went to Armorica. After the plague ceased he went to Rome, where, in 689, he was baptized, and received the name of Peter, but died verysoon afterwards. 

 Cadwallader that drave [_sailed_] to the Armoric shore. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ix. (1612). 

_Cadwallader_, the misanthrope in Smollett's _Peregrine Pickle_(1751). 

_Cadwallader_ (_Mrs_. ), character in _Middle-march_, by George Eliot. 

CADWALL'ON, son of the blinded Cyne'tha. Both father and sonaccompanied prince Madoc to North America in the twelfthcentury. --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

_Cadwal'lon_, the favorite bard of prince Gwenwyn. He entered theservice of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, under the assumed name ofRenault Vidal. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

CÆ'CIAS, the north-west wind. Argestês is the north-east, and Bo'reasthe full north. 

 Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud ... Rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 699, etc. (1665). 

CÆLESTI'NA, the bride of sir Walter Terill. The king commanded sirWalter to bring his bride to court on the night of her marriage. Herfather, to save her honor, gave her a mixture supposed to be poison, but in reality it was only a sleeping draught. In due time thebride recovered, to the amusement of the king and delight of herhusband. --Th. Dekker, _Satiromastix_ (1602). 

CÆ'NEUS [_Se. Nuce_] was born of the female sex, and was originallycalled Cænis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected all lovers, but was oneday surprised by Neptune, who offered her violence, changed her sex, converted her name to Ceneus, and gave her (or rather _him_) the giftof being invulnerable. In the wars of the Lap'ithæ, Ceneus offendedJupiter, and was overwhelmed under a pile of wood, but came forthconverted into a yellow bird. Æneas found Ceneus in the infernalregions restored to the feminine sex. The order is inverted by sirJohn Davies:

 And how was Caeneus made at first a man, And then a woman, then a man again. _Orchestra, etc_. (1615). 

CÆSAR (_Caius Julius_). 

 Somewhere I've read, but where I forget, he could dictate Seven letters at once, at the same time writing his memoirs.... Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village Than be second in Rome; and I think he was right when he said it. Twice was he married before he was twenty, and many times after; Battles five hundred he fought, and a thousand cities he conquered; But was finally stabbed by his friend the orator Brutus. Longfellow, _Courtship of Miles Standish_, ii. 

Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, where he says that Cæsar "couldemploy, at one and the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes toread, his hand to write, and his tongue to dictate. " He is said tohave conquered three hundred nations; to have taken eight hundredcities, to have slain in battle a million men, and to have defeatedthree millions. (See below, CÆSAR'S WARS. )

_Cæsar and his Fortune_. Plutarch says that Cæsar told the captain ofthe vessel in which he sailed that no harm could come to his ship, forthat he had "Cæsar and his fortune with him. "

 Now am I like that proud insulting ship, Which Cæsar and his fortune bare at once. Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI. _ act i. Sc. 2 (1589). 

_Cæsar saves his Commentaries_. Once, when Julius Cæsar was in dangerof being upset into the sea by the overloading of a boat, he swamto the nearest ship, with his book of _Commentaries_ in hishand. --Suetonius. 

_Cæsar's Death_. Both Chaucer and Shakespeare say that Julius Cæsarwas killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says to Hamlet, "I did enactJulius Cæsar; I was killed i' the capitol" (_Hamlet_, act iii. Sc. 2). And Chaucer says:

 This Julius to the capitolê wente ... And in the capitole anon him hente This falsê Brutus, and his other soon, And sticked him with bodëkins anon. 

_Canterbury Tales_ ("The Monk's Tale, " 1388). 

Plutarch expressly tells us he was killed in Pompey's Porch or Piazza;and in _Julius Cæsar_ Shakespeare says he fell "e'en at the base ofPompey's statue" (act iii. Sc. 2). 

_Cæsar's Famous Despatch_, "Veni, vidi, vici, " written to the senateto announce his overthrow of Pharnacês king of Pontus. This "hop, skip, and a jump" was, however, the work of three days. 

_Cæsar's Wars_. The carnage occasioned by the wars of Cæsar is usuallyestimated at a million fighting men. He won 320 triumphs, and fought500 battles. See above, CÆSAR (_Caius Julius_). 

 What millions died that Cæsar might be great!

Campbell. _The Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799). 

_Cæsar_, the Mephistoph'elês of Byron's unfinished drama called _TheDeformed Transformed_. This Cæsar changes Arnold (the hunchback) intothe form of Achilles, and assumes himself the deformity and uglinesswhich Arnold casts off. The drama being incomplete, all that can besaid is that Cæsar, in cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitternessof spirit, is the exact counterpart of his prototype, Mephistophelês(1821). 

_Cæsar (Don)_, an old man of sixty-three, the father of Olivia. Inorder to induce his daughter to marry, he makes love to Marcella, agirl of sixteen. --Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782). 

CAEL, a Highlander of the western coast of Scotland. These Cael hadcolonized, in very remote times, the northern parts of Ireland, as theFir-bolg or Belgae of Britain had colonized the southern parts. Thetwo colonies had each a separate king. When Crothar was king of theFir-bolg (or "lord of Atha"), he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of theking of Ulster (_i. E. _ "chief of the Cael"), and a general war ensuedbetween the two races. The Cael, being reduced to the last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's grandfather) for help, and Trathal sent overCon'ar, who was chosen "king of the Cael" immediately he landed inUlster; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, he assumed thetitle of "king of Ireland. " The Fir-bolg, though conquered, often rosein rebellion, and made many efforts to expel the race of Conar, butnever succeeded in so doing. --Ossian. 

CAGES FOR MEN. Alexander the Great had the philosopher Callisthenêschained for seven months in an iron cage, for refusing to pay himdivine honors. 

Catherine II. Of Eussia kept her perruquier for more than three yearsin an iron cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his telling people thatshe wore a wig. --Mons. De Masson, _Mémoires Secrets sur la Russie_. 

Edward I. Confined the countess of Buchan in an iron cage, for placingthe crown of Scotland on the head of Bruce. This cage was erected onone of the towers of Berwick Castle, where the countess was exposedto the rigor of the elements and the gaze of passers-by. One of thesisters of Bruce was similarly dealt with. 

Louis XI. Confined cardinal Balue (grand-almoner of France) for tenyears in an iron cage in the castle of Loches [_Losh_]. 

Tamerlane enclosed the sultan Bajazet in an iron cage, and made of hima public show. So says D'Herbelot. 

 An iron cage was made by Timour's command, composed on every side of iron gratings, through which the captive sultan [Bajazet] could be seen in any direction. He travelled in this den slung between two horses. --Leunclavius. 

CAGLIOS´TRO (_Count de_), the assumed name of Joseph Balsamo(1743-1795). 

CAIN AND ABEL are called in the _Korân_ "Kâbil and Hâbil. " Thetradition is that Cain was commanded to marry Abel's sister, and Abelto marry Cain's, but Cain demurred because his own sister was the morebeautiful, and so the matter was referred to God, and God answered"No" by rejecting Cain's sacrifice. 

The Mohammedans also say that Cain carried about with him the deadbody of Abel till he saw a raven scratch a hole in the ground tobury a dead bird. The hint was taken, and Abel was buried underground. --Sale's _Koran_, v. (notes). 

CAIR´BAR, son of Borbar-Duthul, "lord of Atha" (Connaught), the mostpotent of the race of the Fir-bolg. He rose in rebellion againstCormac "king of Ireland, " murdered him (_Temora_, i. ), and usurpedthe throne; but Fingal (who was distantly related to Cormac) went toIreland with an army, to restore the ancient dynasty. Cairbarinvited Oscar (Fingal's grandson) to a feast, and Oscar accepted theinvitation, but Cairbar having provoked a quarrel with his guest, thetwo fought, and both were slain. 

 "Thy heart is a rock. Thy thoughts are dark and bloody. Thou art the brother of Cathmor ... But my soul is not like thine, thou feeble hand in fight. The light of my bosom is stained by thy deeds. "--Ossian, _Temora_, i. 

CAIR´BRE (_2 syl. _), sometimes called Cair´bar, third king of Ireland, of the Caledonian line. (There was also a Cairbar, "lord of Atha, " aFir-bolg, quite a different person. )

The Caledonian line ran thus: (1) Conar, first "king of Ireland;" (2)Cormac I. , his son; (3) Cairbre, his son; (4) Artho, his son; (5)Cormac II. , his son; (6) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. --Ossian. 

CAI´US (2 _syl. _), the assumed name of the earl of Kent when heattended on king Lear, after Goneril and Re´gan refused to entertaintheir aged father with his suite. --Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605). 

_Cai´us_ (_Dr. _), a French physician, whose servants are Rugby andMrs. Quickly. --Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1601). 

 The clipped English of Dr. Cains. --Macau lay. 

CALANDRI´NO, a character in the _Decameron_, whose "misfortunes havemade all Europe merry for four centuries. "--Boccaccio, _Decameron_, viii. 9 (1350). 

CALAN´THA, princess of Sparta, loved by Ith´oclês. Ithoclês induceshis sister, Penthe´a, to break the matter to the princess. This shedoes; the princess is won to requite his love, and the king consentsto the union. During a grand court ceremony Calantha is informed ofthe sudden death of her father, another announces to her that Pentheahad starved herself to death from hatred to Bass´anês, and a thirdfollows to tell her that Ithoclês, her betrothed husband, has beenmurdered. Calantha bates no jot of the ceremony, but continues thedance even to the bitter end. The coronation ensues, but scarcely isthe ceremony over than she can support the strain no longer, and, broken-hearted, she falls dead. --John Ford, _The Broken Heart_ (1633). 

CALAN'THE (3 _syl. _), the betrothed wife of Pyth'ias theSyracusian. --J. Banim, _Damon and Pythias_ (1825). 

CAL'CULATOR (_The_). Alfragan the Arabian astronomer was so called(died A. D. 820). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, in Derbyshire, was alsocalled "The Calculator" (1705-1775). George Bidder, Zerah Colburn, and a girl named Heywood (whose father was a Mile End weaver) allexhibited their calculating powers in public. 

Pascal, in 1642, made a calculating machine, which was improved byLeibnitz. C. Babbage also invented a calculating machine (1790-1871). 

CAL'DERON (_Don Pedro_), a Spanish poet born at Madrid (1600-1681). Atthe age of fifty-two he became an ecclesiastic, and composed religiouspoetry only. Altogether he wrote about 1000 dramatic pieces. 

 Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart All Cal'deron and greater part of Lopé. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 11 (1819). 

[Illustration] "Lope, " that is Lopê de Vega, the Spanish poet(1562-1635). 

CALEB, the enchantress who carried off St. George in infancy. 

_Ca'leb_, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meantfor lord Grey of Wark, in Northumberland, an adherent of the duke ofMonmouth. 

 And, therefore, in the name of dulness be The well-hung Balaam and cold Caleb free. Part i. 

[Illustration] "Balaam" is the earl of Huntingdon. 

CA'LED, commander-in-chief of the Arabs in the siege of Damascus. Heis brave, fierce, and revengeful. War is his delight. When Pho'cyas, the Syrian, deserts Eu'menês, Caled asks him to point out thegovernor's tent; he refuses; they fight, and Caled falls. --JohnHughes, _Siege of Damascus_ (1720). 

CALEDO´NIANS, Gauls from France who colonized south Britain, whencethey journeyed to Inverness and Ross. The word is compounded of twoCeltic words, _Cael_ ("Gaul" or "Celt") and _don_ or _dun_ ("a hill"), so that Cael-don means "Celts of the highlands. "

 The Highlanders to this day call themselves "_Cael_" and their language "_Caelic_" or "_Gaelic_" and their country "_Caeldock_" which the Romans softened into Caledonia. --_Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian_. 

CA´LENDERS, a class of Mohammedans who abandoned father and mother, wife and children, relations and possessions, to wander through theworld as religious devotees, living on the bounty of those whom theymade their dupes. --D'Herbelot, _Supplement_, 204. 

 He diverted himself with the multitude of calenders, santons, and dervises, who had travelled from the heart of India, and halted on their way with the emir. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786). 

_The Three Calenders_, three royal princes, disguised as beggingdervishes, each of whom had lost his right eye. Their adventures formthree tales in the _Arabian Nights' Entertainments_. 

_Tale of the First Calender_. No names are given. This calender wasthe son of a king, and nephew of another king. While on a visit to hisuncle his father died, and the vizier usurped the throne. When theprince returned, he was seized, and the usurper pulled out his righteye. The uncle died, and the usurping vizier made himself master ofthis kingdom also. So the hapless young prince assumed the garb of acalender, wandered to Baghdad, and being received into the houseof "the three sisters, " told his tale in the hearing of the caliphHaroun-al-Raschid. --_The Arabian Nights_. 

_Tale of the Second Calender. _ No names given. This calender, like thefirst, was the son of a king. On his way to India he was attacked byrobbers, and though he contrived to escape, he lost all his effects. In his flight he came to a large city, where he encountered a tailor, who gave him food and lodging. In order to earn a living, he turnedwoodman for the nonce, and accidentally discovered an undergroundpalace, in which lived a beautiful lady, confined there by an evilgenius. With a view of liberating her, he kicked down the talisman, when the genius appeared, killed the lady, and turned the prince intoan ape. As an ape he was taken on board ship, and transported to alarge commercial city, where his penmanship recommended him to thesultan, who made him his vizier. The sultan's daughter undertook todisenchant him and restore him to his proper form; but to accomplishthis she had to fight with the malignant genius. She succeeded inkilling the genius, and restoring the enchanted prince; but receivedsuch severe injuries in the struggle that she died, and a spark offire which flew into the right eye of the prince destroyed it. Thesultan was so heart-broken at the death of his only child, that heinsisted on the prince quitting the kingdom without delay. So heassumed the garb of a calender, and being received into the hospitablehouse of "the three sisters, " told his tale in the hearing of thecaliph Haroun-al-Raschid. --_The Arabian Nights_. 

_Tale of the Third Calender. _ This tale is given under the word AGIB. 

 * * * * *

 "I am called Agib, " he says, "and am the son of a king whose name was Cassib. "--_Arabian Nights_. 

CALEPINE (_Sir_), the knight attached to Sere´na (canto 3). Seeing abear carrying off a child, he attacked it, and squeezed it to death, then committed the babe to the care of Matilde, wife of sir Bruin. AsMatilde had no child of her own, she adopted it (canto 4). --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. (1596). 

[Illustration] Upton says, "the child" in this incident is meant forM'Mahon, of Ireland, and that "Mac Mahon" means the "son of a bear. "He furthermore says that the M'Mahons were descended from theFitz-Ursulas, a noble English family. 

CA´LES (_2 syl. _). So gipsies call themselves. 

 Beltran Cruzado, count of the Cales. Longfellow, _The Spanish Student_. 

CALF-SKIN. Fools and jesters used to wear a calf-skin coat buttoneddown the back, and hence Faulconbridge says insolently to thearch-duke of Austria, who had acted very basely towards RichardLion-heart:

 Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it for shame, And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. Shakespeare, _King John_, act ii. Sc. I (1596). 

CAL´IANAX, a humorous old lord, father of Aspatia, the troth-plightwife of Amin´tor. It is the death of Aspatia which gives name to thedrama. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Maid's Tragedy_ (1610). 

CALIBAN, a savage, deformed slave of Prospero (the rightful duke ofMilan and father of Miranda). Caliban is the "freckled whelp" ofthe witch Syc´orax. Mrs. Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a sort ofCaliban. --Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609). 

 "Caliban" ... Is all earth ... He has the dawnings of understanding without reason or the moral sense ... This advance to the intellectual faculties without the moral sense is marked by the appearance of vice. --Coleridge. 

CAL´IBURN, same as _Excalibur_, the famous sword of king Arthur. 

 Onward Arthur paced, with hand On Caliburn's resistless brand. Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_ (1813). 

 Arthur ... Drew out his Caliburn, and ... Rushed forward with great fury into the thickest of the enemy's ranks ... Nor did he give over the fury of his assault till he had, with his Caliburn, killed 470 men. --Geoffrey, _British History_, ix. 4 (1142). 

CAL´IDORE (_Sir_), the type of courtesy, and the hero of the sixthbook of Spenser's _Faëry Queen_. The model of this character was sirPhilip Sidney. Sir Calidore (3 _syl. _) starts in quest of the BlatantBeast, which had escaped from sir Artegal (bk. V. 12). He firstcompels the lady Bria´na to discontinue her discourteous toll of "thelocks of ladies and the beards of knights" (canto 1). Sir Calidorefalls in love with Pastorella, a shepherdess, dresses like a shepherd, and assists his lady-love in keeping sheep. Pastorella being takencaptive by brigands, sir Calidore rescues her, and leaves her atBelgard Castle to be taken care of, while he goes in quest of theBlatant Beast. He finds the monster after a time, by the havoc it hadmade with religious houses, and after an obstinate fight succeeds inmuzzling it, and dragging it in chains after him, but it got looseagain, as it did before (canto 12). --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. (1596). 

 Sir Gawain was the "Calidore" of the Round Table. --Southey. 

[Illustration] "Pastorella" is Frances Walsingham (daughter of sirFrancis), whom sir Philip Sidney married. After the death of sirPhilip she married the earl of Essex. The "Blatant Beast" is what wenow call "Mrs. Grundy. "

CALIG´ORANT, an Egyptian giant and cannibal, who used to entraptravellers with an invisible net. It was the very same net that Vulcanmade to catch Mars and Venus with. Mercury stole it for the purpose ofentrapping Chloris, and left it in the temple of Anu´bis, whence itwas stolen by Caligorant. One day Astolpho, by a blast of his magichorn, so frightened the giant that he got entangled in his own net, and being made captive was despoiled of it. --Ariosto, _OrlandoFurioso_ (1516). 

CALI´NO, a famous French utterer of bulls. 

CALIP´OLIS, in _The Battle of Alcazar_, a drama by George Peele(1582). Pistol says to Mistress Quickly:

 "Then feed and be fat, my fair Calipolis. "-- Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV. _ act ii. Sc 4 (1598). 

CAL´IS (_The princess_), sister of As´torax, king of Paphos, inlove with Polydore, brother of general Memnon, but loved greatly bySiphax. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (1617). 

CALIS´TA, the fierce and haughty daughter of Sciol´to (_3 syl. _), aproud Genoese nobleman. She yielded to the seduction of Lotha´rio, butengaged to marry Al´tamont, a young lord who loved her dearly. On thewedding-day a letter was picked up which proved her guilt, and she wassubsequently seen by Altamont conversing with Lothario. A duelensued, in which Lothario fell; in a street row Sciolto received hisdeath-wound, and Calista stabbed herself. The character of "Calista"was one of the parts of Mrs. Siddons, and also of Miss Brunton. --N. Rowe, _The Fair Penitent_ (1703). 

Richardson has given a purity and sanctity to the sorrows of his"Clarissa" which leave "Calista" immeasurably behind. --R. Chambers, _English Literature_, i. 590. 

Twelve years after Norris's death, Mrs. Barry was acting the characterof "Calista. " In the last act, where "Calista" lays her hand upon askull, she [_Mrs. Barry_] was suddenly seized with a shuddering, andfainted. Next day she asked whence the skull had been obtained, andwas told it was "the skull of Mr. Norris, an actor. " This Norris washer former husband, and so great was the shock that she died withinsix weeks. --Oxberry. 

CALIS'TO AND AR'CAS. Calisto, an Arcadian nymph, was changed into ashe-bear. Her son Arcas, supposing the bear to be an ordinary beast, was about to shoot it, when Jupiter metamorphosed him into a he-bear. Both were taken to heaven by Jupiter, and became the constellations_Ursa Minor_ and _Ursa Major_. 

CALL'AGHAN O'BRALL'AGHAN (_Sir_), "a wild Irish soldier in thePrussian army. His military humor makes one fancy he was not onlyborn in a siege, but that Bellona had been his nurse, Mars hisschoolmaster, and the Furies his playfellows" (act i. 1). He is thesuccessful suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. --C. Macklin, _Love à lamode_ (1779). 

CALLET, a _fille publique_. Brantôme says a _calle_ or _calotte_ is "acap, " hence the phrase, _Plattes comme des calles_. Ben Jonson, in his_Magnetick Lady_, speaks of "wearing the callet, the politic hood. "

Des filles du peuple et de la campagne s'appellant _çalles_, à causede la "cale" qui leur servait de coiffure. --Francisque Michel. 

En sa tête avoit un gros bonnet blanc, qui l'on appelle une _calle_, et nous autres appelons _calotte_, ou bonnette blanche de lagne, nouée ou bridée par dessous le menton. --Brantôme, _Vies des DamesIllustres_. 

 A beggar in his drink Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. 

Shakespeare, _Othello_, act iv. Sc. 2 (1611). 

CALLIM'ACHUS (_The Italian_), Filippo Buonaccorsi (1437-1496). 

CALLIR'RHOE (4 _syl. _), the lady-love of Chae'reas, in a Greek romanceentitled _The Loves of Choreas and Callirrhoê_, by Char'iton (eighthcentury). 

CALLIS'THENES (4 _syl. _), a philosopher who accompanied Alexander theGreat on his Oriental expedition. He refused to pay Alexander divinehonors, for which he was accused of treason, and being mutilated, waschained in a cage for seven months like a wild beast. Lysimachus putan end to his tortures by poison. 

 Oh let me roll in Macedonian rays, Or, like Callisthenes, be caged for life, Rather than shine in fashions of the East. N. Lee, _Alexander the Great_, iv. I (1678). 

CAL'MAR, son of Matha, lord of Lara (in Connaught). He is representedas presumptuous, rash, and overbearing, but gallant and generous. The very opposite of the temperate Connal, who advises caution andforethought. Calmar hurries Cuthullin into action, which ends indefeat. Connal comforts the general in his distress. --Ossian, _Fingal_, i. 

CAL'THON, brother of Col'mar, sons of Rathmor chief of Clutha (_theClyde_). The father was murdered in his halls by Dunthalmo lord ofTeutha (_the Tweed_), and the two boys were brought up by the murdererin his own house, and accompanied him in his wars. As they grew inyears Dunthalmo fancied he perceived in their looks a something whichexcited his suspicions, so he shut them up in two separate dark caveson the banks of the Tweed. Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo, dressed asa young warrior, liberated Calthon, and fled with him to Morven, tocrave aid in behalf of the captive Colmar. Accordingly, Fingal senthis son Ossian with 300 men to effect his liberation. When Dunthalmoheard of the approach of this army, he put Colmar to death. Calthon, mourning for his brother, was captured, and bound to an oak; but atdaybreak Ossian slew Dunthalmo, cut the thongs of Calthon, gave himto Colmal, and they lived happily in the halls of Teutha. --Ossian, _Calthon and Colmal_. 

CAL´YDON (_Prince of_), Melea´ger, famed for killing the Calydonianboar. --_Apollod. _ i. 8. (See MELEAGER. )

 As did the fatal brand Althaea burn'd, Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI. _ act i. Sc. 1 (1591). 

_Cal´ydon_, a town of Aeto´lia, founded by Calydon. In Arthurianromance Calydon is a forest in the north of our island. Probably it iswhat Richard of Cirencester calls the "Caledonian Wood, " westward ofthe Varar or Murray Frith. 

CALYDO´NIAN HUNT. Artemis, to punish Oeneus [_E´. Nuce_] king ofCal´ydon, in Aeto´lia, for neglect, sent a monster boar to ravage hisvineyards. His son Melea´ger collected together a large company tohunt it. The boar being killed, a dispute arose respecting the head, and this led to a war between the Curetês and Calydo´nians. 

A similar tale is told of Theseus (_2 syl. _), who vanquished andkilled the gigantic sow which ravaged the territory of Krommyon, nearCorinth. (See KROMMYONIAN SOW. )

CALYP´SO, in _Télémaque_, a prose-epic by Fénélon, is meant for Mde. De Montespan. In mythology she was queen of the island Ogyg´ia, onwhich Ulyssês was wrecked, and where he was detained for seven years. 

She essayed after his departure to bring his son Telemachus underher spell. The lad, seeking the world through for his father, waspreserved from the arts of the temptress by Mentor--Minerva indisguise. 

CALYPSO'S ISLE, Ogygia, a mythical island "in the navel of the sea. "Some consider it to be Gozo, near Malta. Ogygia (_not the island_) isBoeo´tia, in Greece. 

CAMA´CHO, "richest of men, " makes grand preparations for his weddingwith Quite´ria, "fairest of women, " but as the bridal party are ontheir way, Basil´ius cheats him of his bride, by pretending to killhimself. As it is supposed that Basilius is dying, Quiteria is marriedto him as a mere matter of form, to soothe his last moments; but whenthe service is over, up jumps Basilius, and shows that his "mortalwounds" are a mere pretense. --Cervantes, an episode in _Don Quixote_, II. Ii. 4 (1615). 

CAMAN´CHES (3 _syl. _), or COMAN´CHES, an Indian tribe of Texas (UnitedStates). 

 It is a caravan, whitening the desert where dwell the Camanches. Longfellow, _To the Driving Cloud_. 

CAMARAL´ZAMAN, prince of "the Island of the Children of Khal´edan, situate in the open sea, some twenty days' sail from the coast ofPersia. " He was the only child of Schah´zaman and Fatima, king andqueen of the island. He was very averse to marriage; but one night, by fairy influence, being shown Badou´ra, only child of the king ofChina, he fell in love with her and exchanged rings. Next day bothinquired what had become of the other, and the question was deemedso ridiculous that each was thought to be mad. At length Marzavan(foster-brother of the princess) solved the mystery. He induced theprince Camaralzaman to go to China, where he was recognized bythe princess and married her. (The name means "the moon of theperiod. ")--_Arabian Nights_ ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

CAM´BALLO, the second son of Cambuscan´ king of Tartary, brother ofAl´garsife (_3 syl. _) and Can´acê (_3 syl. _). He fought with twoknights who asked the lady Canacê to wife, the terms being that noneshould have her till he had succeeded in worsting Camballo in combat. Chaucer does not give us the sequel of this tale, but Spenser saysthat three brothers, named Priamond, Diamond, and Triamond weresuitors, and that Triamond won her. The mother of these three (allborn at one birth) was Ag´apê, who dwelt in Faëry-land (bk. Iv. 2). 

Spenser makes Cambi´na (daughter of Agapê) the lady-love of Camballo. Camballo is also called Camballus and Cambel. 

_Camballo's Ring_, given him by his sister Canacê, "had power tostanch all wounds that mortally did bleed. "

 Well mote ye wonder how that noble knight, After he had so often wounded been, Could stand on foot now to renew the fight ... All was thro' virtue of the ring he wore; The which not only did not from him let One drop of blood to fall, but did restore His weakened powers, and his dulled spirits whet. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 2 (1596). 

CAMBEL, called by Chaucer Cam´ballo, brother of Can´acê (_3 syl. _). Hechallenged Every suitor to his sister's hand, and overthrew them allexcept Tri´amond. The match between Cambel and Triamond was soevenly balanced, that both would have been killed had not Cambi´nainterfered. (See next art. )--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 3 (1596). 

CAMBI´NA, daughter of the fairy Ag´apê (_3 syl. _). She had beentrained in magic by her mother, and when Cam´ballo, son of Cambuscan´, had slain two of her brothers and was engaged in deadly combat withthe third (named Tri´amond), she appeared in the lists in her chariotdrawn by two lions, and brought with her a cup of nepenthe, which hadthe power of converting hate to love, of producing oblivion of sorrow, and of inspiring the mind with celestial joy. Cambina touched thecombatants with her wand and paralyzed them, then giving them the cupto drink, dissolved their animosity, assuaged their pains, and filledthem with gladness. The end was that Camballo made Cambina his wife, and Triamond married Can´acê. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 3 (1596). 

CAMBUSCAN´, king of Sarra, in the land of Tartary; the model of allroyal virtues. 

 At Sarra, in the lond of Tartarie, Ther dwelt a king that werreied Russie, Through which ther died many a doughty man: This noble king was cleped Cambuscan Which in his time was of so great renoun That ther n' as no wher in no regioun, So excellent a lord in alle thing:

 * * * * * This noble king, this Tartre Cambuscan Hadde two sones by Elfeta his wif, Of which the eldest sone highte Algarsif That other was ycleped Camballo. 

 * * * * * A doughter had this worthy king also That youngest was and highte Canace. Chaucer, _The Squire's Tale_. 

Milton, in the Penseroso, alludes to the fact that the Squire's Talewas not finished:

 Or call up him that left half told The story of Cambuscan bold. 

CAMBY´SES (3 _syl. _), a pompous, ranting character in Preston'stragedy of that name, I must speak in passion, and I will do it in king Cambyses' vein. --Shakespeare, 1 _Henry IV_. Act ii. Sc. 4 (1597). 

CAMBY´SES AND SMERDIS. Cambysês king of Persia killed his brotherSmerdis from the wild suspicion of a madman, and it is only charity tothink that he was really _non compos mentis_. 

 Behold Cambisês and his fatal daye ... While he his brother Mergus cast to slaye, A dreadful thing, his wittes were him bereft. T. Sackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ ("The Complaynt, " 1587). 

CAMDEO, the god of love in Hindû mythology. 

CAMIL´LA, the virgin queen of the Volscians, famous for her fleetnessof foot. She aided Turnus against Æneas. 

 Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies o'er th' unbending corn, or skims along the main. Pope. 

_Camilla_, wife of Anselmo of Florence. Anselmo, in order to rejoicein her incorruptible fidelity, induced his friend Lothario to try tocorrupt her. This he did, and Camilla was not trial-proof, but fell. Anselmo for a time was kept in the dark, but at the end Camilla elopedwith Lothario. Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a convent. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iv. 5, 6("Fatal Curiosity, " 1605). 

_Camilla_, English girl, heroine of Miss Burney's novel of same name. 

_Camilla_, the heroine of _Signor Monaldini's Niece_, by Mary AgnesTincker, a story of modern Rome (1879). 

CAMILLE´ (_2 syl. _), in Corneille's tragedy of _Les Horaces_ (1639). When her brother meets her and bids her congratulate him for hisvictory over the three Curiatii, she gives utterance to her grief forthe death of her lover. Horace says, "What! can you prefer a manto the interests of Rome?" Whereupon Camille denounces Rome, andconcludes with these words: "Oh, that it were my lot!" When Mdlle. Rachel first appeared in the character of "Camille, " she took Paris bystorm (1838). 

 Voir le dernier Romain à son dernier soupir, Moi seule en être cause, et mourir de plaisir. 

¤¤¤ Whitehead has dramatized the subject and called it _The RomanFather_ (1741). 

_Camille_, one of the Parisian _demi-monde_. She meets and lovesArmand Duval. Camille is besought by Duval _père_ to leave her lover, whose prospects are ruined by the _liaison_. She quits him, returns toher former life, and dies of consumption in the arms of her lover, who has just found her after a long search. --A. Dumas, _La Dame auxCamelias_. 

CAMILLO, a lord in the Sicilian court, and a very good man. Beingcommanded by king Leontês to poison Polixenês, instead of doing so hegave him warning, and fled with him to Bohemia. When Polixenês orderedhis son Florizel to abandon Perdita, Camillo persuaded the younglovers to seek refuge in Sicily, and induced Leontês, the kingthereof, to protect them. As soon as Polixenês discovered that Perditawas Leontês' daughter, he readily consented to the union which beforehe had forbidden. --Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_ (1604). 

CAMI´OLA, "the maid of honor, " a lady of great wealth, noble spirit, and great beauty. She loved Bertoldo (brother of Roberto king of thetwo Sicilies), and when Bertoldo was taken prisoner at Sienna, paidhis ransom. Bertoldo before his release was taken before Aureliathe duchess of Sienna. Aurelia fell in love with him, and proposedmarriage, an offer which Bertoldo accepted. The betrothed then went toPalermo to be introduced to the king, when Camiola exposed the conductof the base young prince. Roberto was disgusted at his brother, Aurelia rejected him with scorn, and Camiola retired to anunnery. --Massinger, _The Maid of Honor_ (1637). 

CAMPAS´PE (3 _syl. _), mistress of Alexander. He gave her up toApellês, who had fallen in love with her while painting herlikeness. --Pliny, _Hist_. Xxxv. 10. 

John Lyly produced, in 1583, a drama entitled _Cupid and Campaspe_, inwhich is the well-known lyric:

 Cupid and my Campaspê played At cards for kisses: Cupid paid. 

CAMPBELL (_Captain_), called "Green Colin Campbell, " or Bar´caldine (3_syl. _). --Sir W. Scott, _The Highland Widow_ (time, George II. ). 

_Campbell (General)_, called "Black Colin Campbell, " in the king'sservice. He suffers the papist conspirators to depart unpunished. --SirW. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

_Campbell (Sir Duncan)_, knight of Ardenvohr, in the marquis ofArgyll's army. He was sent as ambassador to the earl of Montrose. 

_Lady Mary Campbell_, sir Duncan's wife. 

_Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchenbreck_, an officer in the army of themarquis of Argyll. 

_Murdoch Campbell_, a name assumed by the marquis of Argyll. Disguisedas a servant, he visited Dalgetty and M'Eagh in the dungeon, but theprisoners overmastered him, bound him fast, locked him in the dungeon, and escaped. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

_Campbell (The lady Mary)_, daughter of the duke of Argyll. 

_The lady Caroline Campbell_, sister of lady Mary. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

CAMPEADOR [_Kam. Pay´. Dor_], the Cid, who was called _Mio Cid elCampeador_ ("my lord the champion"). "Cid" is a corruption of _saïd_("lord"). 

CAMPO-BASSO (_The count of_), an officer in the duke of Burgundy'sarmy, introduced by sir W. Scott in two novels, _Quentin Durward_ and_Anne of Geierstein_, both laid in the time of Edward IV. 

CAN´ACE (3 _syl. _), daughter of Cambuscan´, and the paragon of women. Chaucer left the tale half told, but Spenser makes a crowd of suitorswoo her. Her brother Cambel or Cam´ballo resolved that none shouldwin his sister who did not first overthrow him in fight. At lengthTri´amond sought her hand, and was so nearly matched in fight withCamballo, that both would have been killed, if Cambi´na, daughter ofthe fairy Ag´apê (3 _syl. _), had not interfered. Cambina gave thewounded combatants nepenthe, which had the power of converting enmityto love; so the combatants ceased from fight, Camballo took the fairCambina to wife, and Triamond married Canacê. --Chaucer, _Squire'sTale_; Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 3 (1596). 

_Canacê's Mirror_, a mirror which told the inspectors if the personson whom they set their affections would prove true or false. 

_Canacê's Ring_. The king of Araby and Ind sent Canacê, daughter ofCambuscan´ (king of Sarra, in Tartary), a ring which enabled her tounderstand the language of birds, and to know the medical virtues ofall herbs. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Squire's Tale, " 1388). 

CANDACE, negro cook in _The Minister's Wooing_, by Harriet BeecherStowe. She reverences Dr. Hopkins, but is slow to admit his dogma ofImputed Sin in Consequence of Adam's Transgression (1859). 

CANDAU´LES (_3 syl. _), king of Lydia, who exposed the charms of hiswife to Gy´gês. The queen was so indignant that she employed Gygês tomurder her husband. She then married the assassin, who became king ofLydia, and reigned twenty-eight years (B. C. 716-688). 

CANDAY´A (_The kingdom of_), situate between the great Trapoba´na andthe South Sea, a couple of leagues beyond cape Com´orin. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Iii. 4 (1615). 

CANDIDE´ (_2 syl. _), the hero of Voltaire's novel of the same name. Hebelieves that "all things are for the best in the best of all possibleworlds. "

 Voltaire says "No. " He tells you that Candide Found life most tolerable after meals. Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 31 (1820). 

CANDOUR (_Mrs. _), the beau-ideal of female backbiters. --Sheridan, _TheSchool for Scandal_ (1777). 

CAN´IDIA, a Neapolitan, beloved by the poet Horace. When she desertedhim, he held her up to contempt as an old sorceress who could bycharms unsphere the moon. --Horace, _Epodes_, v. And xvii. 

 Such a charm were right Canidian. Mrs. Browning, _Hector in the Garden_, iv. 

CANMORE or GREAT-HEAD, Malcolm III. Of Scotland (1057-1093). --Sir W. Scott, _Tales of a Grandfather_, i. 4. 

CANNING (_George_), statesman (1770-1827). Charles Lamb calls him:

 St. Stephen's fool, the zany of debate. _Sonnet in "The Champion_. "

CANO´POS, Meneläos's pilot, killed in the return voyage from Troy bythe bite of a serpent. The town Canöpos (Latin, _Canopus_) was builton the site where the pilot was buried. 

CAN´TAB, a member of the University of Cambridge. The word is acontraction of the Latin _Cantabrig´ia_. 

CAN´TACUZENE´ (_4 syl. _), a noble Greek family, which has furnishedtwo emperors of Constantinople, and several princes of Moldavia andWallachia. The family still survives. 

 We mean to show that the Cantacuzenês are not the only princely family in the world. --D'Israeli, _Lothaire_. 

 There are other members of the Cantacuzenê family besides myself. --Ditto. 

_Can´tacuzene´_ (_Michael_), the grand sewer of Alexius Comne´nus, emperor of Greece. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_. (time, Rufus). 

CANTERBURY TALES. Eighteen tales told by a company of pilgrims goingto visit the shrine of "St. Thomas à Becket" at Canterbury. The partyfirst assembled at the Tabard, an inn in Southwark, and there agreedto tell one tale each both going and returning, and the person whotold the best tale was to be treated by the rest to a supper at theTabard on the homeward journey. The party consisted of twenty-ninepilgrims, so that the whole budget of tales should have beenfifty-eight, but only eighteen of the number were told, not one beingon the homeward route. The chief of these tales are: "The Knight'sTale" (_Pal´amon and Ar´cite, 2 syl. _); "The Man of Law's Tale"(_Custance, 2 syl. _); "The Wife of Bath's Tale" (_A Knight_); "TheClerk's Tale" (_Grisildis_); "The Squire's Tale" (_Cambuscan_, incomplete); "The Franklin's Tale" _(Dor'igen and Arvir'agus)_;"The Prioress's Tale" (_Hugh of Lincoln_); "The Priest's Tale"(_Chanticleer and Partelite_); "The Second Nun's Tale" (_St. Cecil'ia_); "The Doctor's Tale" (_Virginia_); "The Miller's Tale"(_John the Carpenter and Alison_); and "The Merchant's Tale" (_Januaryand May_) (1388). 

CANTON, the Swiss valet of lord Ogleby. He has to skim the morningpapers and serve out the cream of them to his lordship at breakfast, "with good emphasis and good discretion. " He laughs at all hismaster's jokes, flatters him to the top of his bent, and speaks of himas a mere chicken compared to himself, though his lordship is seventyand Canton about fifty. Lord Ogleby calls him his "cephalic snuff, and no bad medicine against megrims, vertigoes, and profoundthinkings. "--Colman and Garrick, _The Clandestine Marriage_ (1766). 

CAN'TRIPS (_Mrs. _), a quondam friend of Nanty Ewart, thesmuggler-captain. 

_Jessie Cantrips_, her daughter. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

CANT'WELL (Dr. ), the hypocrite, the English representative ofMolière's Tartuffe. He makes religious cant the instrument of gain, luxurious living, and sensual indulgence. His overreaching anddishonorable conduct towards lady Lambert and her daughter getsthoroughly exposed, and at last he is arrested as a swindler. --I. Bicker staff, _The Hypocrite_ (1768). 

Dr. Cantwell ... The meek and saintly hypocrite. 

L. Hunt. 

CANUTE' or CNUT and EDMUND IRONSIDE. William of Malmesbury says:When Canute and Edmund were ready for their sixth battle inGloucestershire, it was arranged between them to decide theirrespective claims by single combat. Cnut was a small man, and Edmundboth tall and strong; so Cnut said to his adversary, "We both layclaim to the kingdom in right of our fathers; let us therefore divideit and make peace;" and they did so. 

 Canutus of the two that furthest was from hope ... Cries, "Noble Edmund hold! Let us the land divide. " ... And all aloud do cry, "Courageous kings, divide! 'Twere pity such should die. " Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613). 

CANUTE'S BIRD, the knot, a corruption of "Knut, " the _Cinclusbellonii_, of which king Canute was extremely fond. 

 The knot, that called was Canutus' bird of old, Of that great king of Danes, his name that still doth hold, His appetite to please ... From Denmark hither brought. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxv. (1622). 

CAN´YNGE (_Sir William_) is represented in the _Rowley Romance_ as arich, God-fearing merchant, devoting much money to the Church, and much to literature. He was, in fact, a Maece´nas of princelyhospitality, living in the Red House. The priest Rowley was his"Horace. "--Chatterton (1752-1770). 

CAP (_Charles_), uncle of Mabel Dunham in Cooper's _Pathfinder_(1849). He is a sea-captain who insists in sailing a vessel upon thegreat northern lakes as he would upon the Atlantic, but, despite hispragmatic self-conceit, is nonplussed by the Thousand Islands. 

"And you expect me, a stranger on your lake, to find this placewithout chart, course, distance, latitude, longitude, or soundings?Allow me to ask if you think a mariner runs by his nose, like one ofPathfinder's hounds?"

Having by a series of blunders consequent upon this course, broughtschooners and crew to the edge of destruction, he shows heartby regretting that his niece is on board, and philosophy withprofessional pride by the conclusion:--

"We must take the bad with the good in every v'y'ge, and the onlyserious objection that an old sea-captain can with propriety make tosuch an event, is that it should happen on this bit of d--d freshwater. "

CAPABILITY BROWN, Launcelot Brown, the English landscape gardener(1715-1783). 

CAP'ANEUS (3 _syl_. ) a man of gigantic stature, enormous strength, and headlong valor. He was impious to the gods, but faithful to hisfriends. Capaneus was one of the seven heroes who marched againstThebes (1 _syl_. ), and was struck dead by a thunderbolt for declaringthat not Jupiter himself should prevent his scaling the city walls. 

CAPITAN, a boastful, swaggering coward, in several French farces andcomedies prior to the time of Molière. 

CAPONSAC'CHI (_Guiseppe_), the young priest under whose protectionPompilia fled from her husband to Rome. The husband and _his_ friendssaid the elopement was criminal; but Pompilia, Caponsacchi, and_their_ friends maintained that the young canon simply acted the partof a chivalrous protector of a young woman who was married at fifteen, and who fled from a brutal husband who ill-treated her. --R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_. 

CAPSTERN (_Captain_), captain of an East

Indiaman, at Madras. --Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon's Daughter_ (time, George II. ). 

CAPTAIN, Manuel Comne´nus of Treb´izond (1120, 1143-1180). 

_Captain of Kent_. So Jack Cade called himself (died 1450). 

_The Great Captain (el Gran Capitano)_, Gonzalvo di Cor´dova(1453-1515). 

_The People's Captain (el Capitano del Popolo_), Guiseppe Garibaldi(1807-). 

_Captain (A Copper)_, a poor captain, whose swans are all geese, his jewellry paste, his guineas counters, his achievementstongue-doughtiness, and his whole man Brummagem. See _Copper Captain_. 

_Captain (The Black)_, lieutenant-colonel Dennis Davidoff of theRussian army. In the French invasion he was called by the French _LeCapitaine Noir_. 

CAPTAIN LOYS [_Lo. Is_]. Louise Labé was so called, because in earlylife she embraced the profession of arms, and gave repeated proofs ofgreat valor. She was also called _La Belle Cordière_. Louise Labé wasa poetess, and has left several sonnets full of passion, and some goodelegies (1526-1566). 

CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN! fallen leader apostrophized by Walt Whitman inhis lines upon the death of President Lincoln (1865). 

 O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells! Rise up! for you the flag is flung, for you the bugle trills; For you bouquets and ribboned wreaths, for you the shores a-crowding; For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning. 

 Here, Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head! It is some dream that on the deck You've fallen cold and dead. 

CAPTAIN RIGHT, a fictitious commander, the ideal of the rights due toIreland. In the last century the peasants of Ireland were sworn tocaptain Right, as chartists were sworn to their articles of demandcalled their _charter_. Shakespeare would have furnished them witha good motto, "Use every man after his desert, and who shall 'scapewhipping?" (_Hamlet_, act ii. Sc. 2). 

CAPTAIN ROCK, a fictitious name assumed by the leader of certain Irishinsurgents in 1822, etc. All notices, summonses, and so on, weresigned by this name. 

CAP'ULET, head of a noble house of Verona, in feudal enmity with thehouse of Mon'tague (3 syl). Lord Capulet is a jovial, testy old man, self-willed, prejudiced, and tyrannical. 

_Lady Capulet_, wife of lord Capulet and mother ofJuliet. --Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1598). 

CAPYS, a blind old seer, who prophesied to Romulus the militarytriumphs of Rome from its foundation to the destruction of Carthage. 

 In the hall-gate sat Capys, Capys the sightless seer; From head to foot he trembled As Romulus drew near. And up stood stiff his thin white hair, And his blind eyes flashèd fire. 

Lord Macaulay, _Lays of Ancient Rome_ ("The Prophecy of Capys, " xi. ). 

CAR'ABAS (_Le marquis de_), an hypothetical title to express afossilized old aristocrat, who supposed the whole world made for hisbehoof. The "king owes his throne to him;" he can "trace his pedigreeto Pepin;" his youngest son is "sure of a mitre;" he is too noble "topay taxes;" the very priests share their tithes with him; the countrywas made for his "hunting-ground;" and, therefore, as Béranger says:

 Chapeau bas! chapeau bas! Gloire au marquis de Carabas!

The name occurs in Perrault's tale of _Puss in Boots_, but it isBéranger's song (1816) which has given the word its present meaning. 

CARAC´CI OF FRANCE, Jean Jouvenet, who was paralyzed on the rightside, and painted with his left hand (1647-1707). 

CARAC´TACUS OR CARADOC, king of the Sil´urês (_Monmouthshire_, etc. ). For nine years he withstood the Roman arms, but being defeatedby Osto´rius Scap´ula the Roman general, he escaped to Brigantia(_Yorkshire_, etc. ) to crave the aid of Carthisman´dua (orCartimandua), a Roman matron married to Venu´tius, chief of thoseparts. Carthismandua betrayed him to the Romans, A. D. 47. --Richard ofCirencester, _Ancient State of Britain_, i. 6, 23. 

Caradoc was led captive to Rome, A. D. 51, and, struck with thegrandeur of that city, exclaimed, "Is it possible that a people sowealthy and luxurious can envy me a humble cottage in Britain?"Claudius the emperor was so charmed with his manly spirit and bearingthat he released him and craved his friendship. 

Drayton says that Caradoc went to Rome with body naked, hair to thewaist, girt with a chain of steel, and his "manly breast enchased withsundry shapes of beasts. Both his wife and children were captives, andwalked with him. "--_Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). 

CARACUL (_i. E. Caraeatta_), son and successor of Severus the Romanemperor. In A. D. 210 he made an expedition against the Caledo´nians, but was defeated by Fingal. Aurelius Antoninus was called "Caracalla"because he adopted the Gaulish _caracalla_ in preference to the Roman_toga_. --Ossian, _Comala_. 

The Caracul of Fingal is no other than Caracalla, who (as the son ofSeverus) the emperor of Rome ... Was not without reason called "TheSon of the King of the World. " This was A. D. 210. --_Dissertation onthe Era of Ossian_. 

CARACULIAM'BO, the hypothetical giant of the island of Malindra'ma, whom don Quixote imagines he may one day conquer and make to kneel atthe foot of his imaginary lady-love. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. I. 1(1605). 

CAR'ADOC OR CRADOCK, a knight of the Round Table. He was husband ofthe only lady in the queen's train who could wear "the mantle ofmatrimonial fidelity. " This mantle fitted only chaste and virtuouswives; thus, when queen Guenever tried it on--

 One while it was too long, another while too short, And wrinkled on her shoulders in most unseemly sort. 

Percy, _Reliques_ ("Boy and the Mantle, " III. Iii. 18). 

_Sir Caradoc and the Boar's Head_. The boy who brought the test mantleof fidelity to king Arthur's court drew a wand three times across aboar's head, and said, "There's never a cuckold who can carve thathead of brawn. " Knight after knight made the attempt, but only sirCradock could carve the brawn. 

_Sir Cradock and the Drinking-horn. _ The boy furthermore broughtforth a drinking-horn, and said, "No cuckold can drink from that hornwithout spilling the liquor. " Only Cradock succeeded, and "he wan thegolden can. "--Percy, _Reliques_ ("Boy and the Mantle, " III. Iii. 18). 

CARADOC OF MEN'WYGENT, the younger bard of Gwenwyn prince ofPowys-land. The elder bard of the prince was Cadwallon. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

CAR´ATACH OR CARAC´TACUS, a British king brought captive before theemperor Claudius in A. D. 52. He had been betrayed by Cartimandua. Claudius set him at liberty. 

 And Beaumont's pilfered Caratach affords A tragedy complete except in words. Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809). 

(Byron alludes to the "spectacle" of _Caractacus_ produced byThomas Sheridan at Drury Lane Theatre. It was Beaumont's tragedy of_Bonduca_, minus the dialogue. )

 Digges [1720-1786] was the very absolute "Caratach. " The solid bulk of his frame, his action, his voice, all marked him with identity. Boaden, _Life of Siddons_. 

CAR´ATHIS, mother of the caliph Vathek. She was a Greek, andinduced her son to study necromancy, held in abhorrence by all goodMussulmans. When her son threatened to put to death every one whoattempted without success to read the inscription of certain sabres, Carathis wisely said, "Content yourself, my son, with commanding theirbeards to be burnt. Beards are less essential to a state than men. "She was ultimately carried by an afrit to the abyss of Eblis, inpunishment of her many crimes. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784). 

CARAU´SIUS, the first British emperor (237-294). His full name wasMarcus Aurelius Valerius Carausius, and as emperor of Britain he wasaccepted by Diocletian and Maxim´ian; but after a vigorous reign ofseven years he was assassinated by Allectus, who succeeded him as"emperor of Britain. "--See Gibbon, _Decline and Fall, etc. _, ii. 13. 

CAR´DAN (_Jerôme_) of Pa´via (1501-1576), a great mathematician andastrologer. He professed to have a demon or familiar spirit, whorevealed to him the secrets of nature. 

CARDEN (_Grace_), lovely girl with whom Henry Little (an artisan) andFrederick Coventry, gentleman, are enamored. Beguiled by Coventry intoa belief that Little is dead, she consents to the marriage ceremonywith his rival. Little reappears on the wedding-day, and she refusesto live with her husband. The marriage is eventually set aside, andGrace Carden espouses Henry Little. --Charles Reade, _Put Yourself inHis Place_. 

CARDE´NIO of Andalusi´a, of opulent parents, fell in love withLucinda, a lady of equal family and fortune, to whom he was formallyengaged. Don Fernando his friend, however, prevailed on Lucinda'sfather, by artifice, to break off the engagement and promise Lucindato himself, "contrary to her wish, and in violation of every principleof honor. " This drove Cardenio mad, and he haunted the Sierra Morenaor Brown Mountain for about six months, as a maniac with lucidintervals. On the wedding-day Lucinda swooned, and a letter informedthe bridegroom that she was married to Cardenio. Next day sheprivately left her father's house and took refuge in a convent; butbeing abducted by don Fernando, she was carried to an inn, whereFernando found Dorothea his wife, and Cardenio the husband of Lucinda. All parties were now reconciled, and the two gentlemen pairedrespectively with their proper wives. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iv. (1605). 

CARE, described as a blacksmith, who "worked all night and day. " Hisbellows, says Spenser, are Pensiveness and Sighs. --_Faéry Queen_, iv. 5 (1596). 

CARE'LESS, one of the boon companions of Charles Surface. --Sheridan, _School for Scandal_ (1777). 

_Care'less (Colonel)_, an officer of high spirits and mirthful temper, who seeks to win Ruth (the daughter of sir Basil Thoroughgood) for hiswife. --T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_. 

This farce is a mere _réchauffé_ of _The Committee_, by the hon. SirR. Howard. The names "colonel Careless" and "Ruth" are the same, but"Ruth" says her proper Christian name is "Anne. "

_Careless_, in _The Committee_, was the part for which Joseph Ashbury(1638-1720) was celebrated. --Chetwood, _History of the Stage. _

(_The Committee_, recast by T. Knight, is called _The HonestThieves_. )

_Careless (Ned)_, makes love to lady Pliant. --W. Congreve, _The DoubleDealer_ (1700). 

CARELESS HUSBAND _(The)_, a comedy by Colley Cibber (1704). The"careless husband" is sir Charles Easy, who has amours with differentpersons, but is so careless that he leaves his love-letters about, andeven forgets to lock the door when he has made a _liaison_, so thathis wife knows all; yet so sweet is her temper, and under such entirecontrol, that she never reproaches him, nor shows the slightestindication of jealousy. Her confidence so wins upon her husband thathe confesses to her his faults, and reforms entirely the evil of hisways. 

CARÊME _(Jean de), chef de cuisine_ of Leo X. This was a name givenhim by the pope for an admirable _soupe maigre_ which he inventedfor Lent. A descendant of Jean was _chef_ to the prince regent, ata salary of £1000 per annum, but he left this situation because theprince had only a _ménage bourgeois_, and entered the service of baronRothschild at Paris (1784-1833). 

CAREY, innocent-faced rich young dude in Ellen Olney Kirk's novel, _ADaughter of Eve_ (1889). 

_Carey (Patrick)_, the poet brother of lord Falkland, introduced bysir W. Scott in _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

CAR'GILL _(The Rev. Josiah_), minister of St. Ronan's Well, tutor ofthe hon. Augustus Bidmore (2 _syl_. ), and the suitor of Miss AugustaBidmore, his pupil's sister. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

CARI'NO, father of Zeno'cia, the chaste troth-plight wife ofArnoldo (the lady dishonorably pursued by the governor countClodio). --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647). 

CAR'KER _(James)_, manager in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Carker was a man of forty, of a florid complexion, with veryglistening white teeth, which showed conspicuously when he spoke. Hissmile was like "the snarl of a cat. " He was the Alas'tor of the houseof Dombey, for he not only brought the firm to bankruptcy, but heseduced Alice Marwood (cousin of Edith, Dombey's second wife), andalso induced Edith to elope with him. Edith left the wretch at Dijon, and Carker, returning to England, was run over by a railway train andkilled. 

_John Carker_, the elder brother, a junior clerk in the same firm. Hetwice robbed it and was forgiven. 

_Harriet Carker_, a gentle, beautiful young woman, who married Mr. Morfin, one of the _employés_ in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. When her elder brother John fell into disgrace by robbing hisemployer, Harriet left the house of her brother James (the manager) tolive with and cheer her disgraced brother John. --C. Dickens, _Dombeyand Son_ (1846). 

CARLE´TON (_Captain_), an officer in the Guards. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CARLISLE (_Frederick Howard, earl of_), uncle and guardian of lordByron (1748-1826). His tragedies are _The Father's Revenge_ and_Bellamere_. 

 The paralytic puling of Carlisle... Lord, rhymester, _petit-maitre_, pamphleteer. Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809). 

CAR´LOS, elder son of don Antonio, and the favorite of his paternaluncle Lewis. Carlos is a great bookworm, but when he falls in lovewith Angelina he throws off his diffidence and becomes bold, resolute, and manly. His younger brother is Clodio, a mere coxcomb. --C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_ (1694). 

_Carlos_ (under the assumed name of the marquis D'Antas) marriedOgari´ta, but as the marriage was effected under a false name it wasnot binding, and Ogarita left Carlos to marry Horace de Brienne. Carlos was a great villain: he murdered a man to steal from him theplans of some Californian mines. Then embarking in the _Urania_, heinduced the crew to rebel in order to obtain mastery of the ship. "Gold was the object of his desire, and gold he obtained. " Ultimately, his villainies being discovered, he was given up to the hands ofjustice. --E. Stirling, _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856). 

_Carlos (Don)_, son of Philip II. Of Portugal; deformed in person, violent and vindictive in disposition. Don Carlos was to have marriedElizabeth of France, but his father supplanted him. Subsequently heexpected to marry the arch-duchess Anne, daughter of the emperorMaximilian, but her father opposed the match. In 1564 Philip II. Settled the succession on Rodolph and Ernest, his nephews, declaringCarlos incapable. This drove Carlos into treason, and he joined theNetherlands in a war against his father. He was apprehended andcondemned to death, but was killed in prison. This has furnished thesubject of several tragedies: _i. E. _, Otway's _Don Carlos_ (1672), inEnglish; those of J. G. De Campistron (1683) and M. J. De Chénier (1789)in French; J. C. F. Schiller (1798) in German; Alfieri in Italian, aboutthe same time. 

_Car'los (Don)_, the friend of don Alonzo, and the betrothed husbandof Leono'ra, whom he resigns to Alonzo out of friendship. Aftermarriage, Zanga induces Alonzo to believe that Leonora and don Carlosentertain a criminal love for each other, whereupon Alonzo, out ofjealousy, has Carlos put to death, and Leonora kills herself. --EdwardYoung, _The Revenge_ (1721). 

_Carlos (Don)_, husband of donna Victoria. He gave the deeds of hiswife's estate to donna Laura, a courtesan, and Victoria, in order torecover them, assumed the disguise of a man, took the name of Florio, and made love to her. Having secured a footing, Florio introducedGaspar as the wealthy uncle of Victoria, and Gaspar told Laura thedeeds in her hand were utterly worthless. Laura in a fit of tempertore them to atoms, and thus Carlos recovered the estate and wasrescued from impending ruin. --Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for aHusband_ (1782). 

CARLTON (_Admiral George_), George IV. , author of _The Voyage of--insearch of Loyalty_, a poetic epistle (1820). 

CARMEN, the fisherman's wife who, in Lufcadio Hearn's story _Chita_, adopts the baby dragged by her husband from the surf, and takes it toher heart in place of the child she has lost (1889). 

_Carmen (Eschelle)_, beautiful, ambitious, and intriguing New Yorksociety girl. --Charles Dudley Warner, _A Little Journey in the World_(1889). 

CAR´MILHAN, the "phantom ship. " The captain of this ship swore hewould double the Cape, whether God willed it or not, for which impiousvow he was doomed to abide forever and ever captain in the samevessel, which always appears near the Cape, but never doubles it. Thekobold of the phantom ship is named Klabot´erman, a kobold who helpssailors at their work, but beats those who are idle. When a vessel isdoomed the kobold appears smoking a short pipe, dressed in yellow, andwearing a night-cap. 

CARO, the Flesh or "natural man" personified. Phineas Fletcher says"this dam of sin" is a hag of loathsome shape, arrayed in steel, polished externally, but rusty within. On her shield is the deviceof a mermaid, with the motto, "Hear, Gaze, and Die. "--_The PurpleIsland_, vii. (1633). 

CAROLINE, queen-consort of George II. , introduced by sir W. Scott in_The Heart of Midlothian_. Jeanie Deans has an interview with her inthe gardens at Richmond, and her majesty promises to intercede withthe king for Effie Deans's pardon. 

CAROS OR CARAUSIUS, a Roman captain, native of Belgic Gaul. Theemperor Maximian employed Caros to defend the coast of Gaul againstthe Franks and Saxons. He acquired great wealth and power, but fearingto excite the jealousy of Maximian, he sailed for Britain, where (inA. D. 287) he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor. Caros resistedall attempts of the Romans to dislodge him, so that they ultimatelyacknowledged his independence. He repaired Agricola's wall to obstructthe incursions of the Caledonians, and while he was employed on thiswork was attacked by a party commanded by Oscar, son of Ossian andgrandson of Fingal. "The warriors of Caros fled, and Oscar remainedlike a rock left by the ebbing sea. "--Ossian, _The War of Caros_. 

CARPATH'IAN WIZARD (_The_), Proteus (2 _syl_. ), who lived in theisland of Car'pathos, in the Archipelago. He was a wizard, who couldchange his form at will. Being the sea-god's shepherd, he carried acrook. 

[_By_] the Carpathian wizard's book [_crook_]. Milton, _Comus_, 872(1634). 

CARPET (_Prince Housain's_), a magic carpet, to all appearances quiteworthless, but it would transport any one who sat on it to any partof the world in a moment. This carpet is sometimes called "the magiccarpet of Tangu, " because it came from Tangu, in Persia. --_ArabianNights_ ("Prince Ahmed"). 

_Carpet_ (_Solomon's_). Solomon had a green silk carpet, on which histhrone was set. This carpet was large enough for all his court tostand on; human beings stood on the right side of the throne, andspirits on the left. When Solomon wished to travel he told the windwhere to set him down, and the carpet with all its contents rose intothe air and alighted at the proper place. In hot weather the birdsof the air, with outspread wings, formed a canopy over the wholeparty. --Sale, _Korân_, xxvii. (notes). 

CARPIL'LONA (_Princess_), the daughter of Subli'mus king of thePeaceable Islands. Sublimus, being dethroned by a usurper, was withhis wife, child, and a foundling boy thrown into a dungeon, and keptthere for three years. The four captives then contrived to escape;but the rope which held the basket in which Carpillona was let downsnapped asunder, and she fell into the lake. Sublimus and the othertwo lived in retirement as a shepherd family, and Carpillona, beingrescued by a fisherman, was brought up by him as his daughter. Whenthe "Humpbacked" Prince dethroned the usurper of the PeaceableIslands, Carpillona was one of the captives, and the "Humpbacked"Prince wanted to make her his wife; but she fled in disguise, andcame to the cottage home of Sublimus, where she fell in love with hisfoster-son, who proved to be half-brother of the "Humpbacked" Prince. Ultimately, Carpillona married the foundling, and each succeeded toa kingdom. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Carpillona, "1682). 

CAR'PIO (_Bernardo del_), natural son of don Sancho, and doña Ximena, surnamed "The Chaste. " It was Bernardo del Carpio who slew Roland atRoncesvallês (4 _syl. _). In Spanish romance he is a very conspicuousfigure. 

CARRAS'CO (_Samson_), son of Bartholomew Carrasco. He is a licentiateof much natural humor, who flatters don Quixote, and persuades him toundertake a second tour. 

CARRIER _(Martha)_, a Salem goodwife, tried and executed forwitchcraft. To Rev. Cotton Mather's narrative of her crimes andpunishment is appended this memorandum:

This rampant hag, Martha Carrier, was the person of whom theconfessions of the witches, and of her own children among the rest, agreed that the devil had promised her she should be Queen ofHell. --Cotton Mather, _The Wonders of the Invisible World_ (1693). 

CARRIL, the gray-headed, son of Kinfe'na bard of Cuthullin, general ofthe Irish tribes. --Ossian, _Fingal_. 

CARRLLLO _(Fray)_ was never to be found in his own cell, according toa famous Spanish epigram. 

Like Fray Carillo, the only place in which one cannot find him Is hisown cell. 

Longfellow, _The Spanish Student_, i. 5. 

CAR'ROL, deputy usher at Kenilworth Castle. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

CAR'STONE _(Richard)_, cousin of Ada Clare, both being wards inChancery interested in the great suit of "Jarndyce _v_. Jarndyce. "Richard Carstone is a "handsome youth, about nineteen, of ingenuousface, and with a most engaging laugh. " He marries his cousin Ada, andlives in hope that the suit will soon terminate and make him rich. Inthe meantime he tries to make two ends meet, first by the professionof medicine, then by that of law, then by the army; but the rollingstone gathers no moss, and the poor fellow dies of the sickness ofhope deferred. --C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

CARTAPH'ILUS, the Wandering Jew of _Jewish_ story. Tradition says hewas doorkeeper of the judgment-hall, in the service of Pontius Pilate, and, as he led our Lord from the judgment-hall, struck Him, saying"Get on! Faster, Jesus!" Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, "I amgoing fast, Cartaphilus; but tarry thou till I come again. " Afterthe crucifixion, Cartaphilus was baptized by the same Anani'as whobaptized Paul, and received the name of Joseph. At the close of everycentury he falls into a trance, and wakes up after a time a young manabout thirty years of age. --_Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey ofSt. Allans_. 

(This "book" was copied and continued by Matthew Paris, and containsthe earliest account of the Wandering Jew, A. D. 1228. In 1242 PhilipMouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay, wrote the "rhymed chronicle. ")

CARTER _(Mrs. Deborah_), housekeeper to Surplus the lawyer. --J. M. Morton, _A Regular Fix_. 

CAR'THAGE (2 _syl_. ). When Dido came to Africa she bought of thenatives "as much land as could be encompassed with a bull's hide. " Theagreement being made, Dido cut the hide into thongs, so as to enclosea space sufficiently large for a citadel, which she called Bursa "thehide. " (Greek, _bursa_, "a bull's hide. ")

The following is a similar story in Russian history:--The Yakutsksgranted to the Russian explorers as much land as they could encompasswith a cow's hide; but the Russians, cutting the hide into strips, obtained land enough for the town and fort which they called Yakutsk. 

CARTHAGE OF THE NORTH. Lübeck was so called when it was the head ofthe Hanseatic League. 

CAR'THON, son of Cless'ammor and Moina, was born while Clessammor wasin flight, and his mother died in childbirth. When he was threeyears old, Comhal (Fingal's father) took and burnt Balclutha (a townbelonging to the Britons, on the Clyde), but Carthon was carried awaysafely by his nurse. When grown to man's estate, Carthon resolved torevenge this attack on Balclutha, and accordingly invaded Morven, thekingdom of Fingal. After overthrowing two of Fingal's heroes, Carthonwas slain by his own father, who knew him not; but when Clessammorlearnt that it was his own son whom he had slain, he mourned for himthree days, and on the fourth he died. --Ossian, _Carthon_. 

CAR'TON _(Sydney)_, a friend of Charles Darnay, whom he personallyresembled. Sydney Carton loved Lucie Manette, but knowing of herattachment to Darnay, never attempted to win her. Her friendship, however, called out his good qualities, and he nobly died instead ofhis friend. --C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_ (1859). 

CARTOUCHE, an eighteenth century highwayman. He is the French DickTurpin. 

CA'RUS _(Slow)_, in Garth's _Dispensary_, is Dr. Tyson (1649-1708). 

CARYATI'DES (5 _syl_. ), or CARYA'TES (4 _syl_. ), female figures inGreek costume, used in architecture to support entablatures Ca'rya, inArcadia, sided with the Persians when they invaded Greece, so afterthe battle of Thermop'ylae, the victorious Greeks destroyed the city, slew the men, and made the women slaves, Praxit'elês, to perpetuatethe disgrace, employed figures of Caryan women with Persian men, forarchitectural columns. 

CAS'CA, a blunt-witted Roman, and one of the conspirators whoassassinated Julius Cæsar. He is called "Honest Casca, " meaning_plain-spoken. _--Shakespeare, _Julius Cæsar_ (1607). 

CASCH'CASCH, a hideous genius, "hunch-backed, lame, and blind of oneeye; with six horns on his head, and both his hands and feet hooked. "The fairy Maimou'nê (3 _syl_. ) summoned him to decide which was themore beautiful, "the prince Camaral'zaman or the princess Badou'ra, "but he was unable to determine the knotty point. --_Arabian Nights_("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

CASEL'LA, a musician and friend of the poet Dantê, introduced in his_Purgatory_, ii. On arriving at purgatory, the poet sees a vesselfreighted with souls come to be purged of their sins and made fit forparadise; among them he recognizes his friend Casella, whom he "woosto sing;" whereupon Casella repeats with enchanting sweetness thewords of [Dantê's] second canzone. 

 Dantê shall give Fame leave to set thee higher Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing, Met in the milder shades of purgatory. 

 Milton, _Sonnet_, xiii. (To H. Lawes). 

CASEY, landlord of the tavern on "Red Hoss Mountain" in Eugene Field'spoem _Casey's Table d'Hôte_. 

 He drifted for a fortune to the undeveloped West, And he come to Eed Hoss Mountain when the little camp was new, When the money flowed like likker, an' the folks wuz brave an' true, And, havin' been a stewart on a Mississippi boat, He opened up a caffy, 'nd he run a _tabble dote_. 

 (1889. )

CAS'PAR, master of the horse to the baron of Arnheim. Mentioned inDonnerhugel's narrative. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

_Cas'par_, a man who sold himself to Za'miel the Black Huntsman. Thenight before the expiration of his life-lease, he bargained for arespite of three years, on condition of bringing Max into the power ofthe fiend. On the day appointed for the prize-shooting, Max aimed at adove but killed Caspar, and Zamiel carried off his victim to "his ownplace. "--Weber's opera, _Der Freischüte_ (1822). 

CASS (_Godfrey_), young farmer in _Silas Marner_, by George Eliot. Father of the heroine. 

CASSAN'DRA, daughter of Priam, gifted with the power of prophecy; butApollo, whom she had offended, cursed her with the ban "that no oneshould ever believe her predictions. "--Shakespeare, _Troilus andCressida_ (1602). 

CASSEL (_Count_), an empty-headed, heart less, conceited puppy, who pays court to Amelia Wildenhaim, but is too insufferable to beendured. He tells her he "learnt delicacy in Italy, hauteur in Spain, enterprise in France, prudence in Russia, sincerity in England, andlove in the wilds of America, " for civilized nations have long sincesubstituted intrigue for love. --Inchbald, _Lovers' Vows_ (1800), altered from Kotzebue. 

CASSI, the inhabitants of Hertfordshire or Cassio. --Cæsar, _Commentaries_. 

CASSIB'ELLAUN or CASSIB'ELAN (probably "Caswallon"), brother andsuccessor of Lud. He was king of Britain when Julius Cæsar invadedthe island. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, in his _British History_, thatCassibellaun routed Cæsar, and drove him back to Gaul (bk. Iv. 3, 5). In Cæsar's second invasion, the British again vanquished him (ch. 7), and "sacrificed to their gods as a thank-offering 40, 000 cows, 100, 000 sheep, 30, 000 wild beasts, and fowls without number" (ch. 8). Androg'eus (4 _syl_. ) "duke of Trinovantum, " with 5000 men, havingjoined the Roman forces, Cassibellaun was worsted, and agreed "to pay3000 pounds of silver yearly in tribute to Rome. " Seven years afterthis Cassibellaun died and was buried at York. 

In Shakespeare's _Cymbeline_ the name is called "Cassibelan. "

[Illustration] Polyænus of Macedon tells us that Cæsar had a hugeelephant armed with scales of iron, with a tower on its back, filled with archers and slingers. When this beast entered the sea, Cassivelaunus and the Britons, who had never seen an elephant, wereterrified, and their horses fled in affright, so that the Romans wereable to land without molestation. --Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. 

 There the hive of Roman liars worship a gluttonous emperor-idiot. Such is Rome ... Hear it, spirit of Cassivelaun. 

 Tennyson, _Boadicea_. 

CAS'SILANE (3 _syl_. ), general of Candy and father of Annophel. --_Lawsof Candy_ (1647). 

CASSIM, brother of Ali Baba, a Persian. He married an heiress and soonbecame one of the richest merchants of the place. When he discoveredthat his brother had made himself rich by hoards from the robbers'cave, Cassim took ten mules charged with panniers to carry away partof the same booty. "Open Sesamê!" he cried, and the door opened. Hefilled his sacks, but forgot the magic word. "Open Barley!" he cried, but the door remained closed. Presently the robber band returned, andcut him down with their sabres. They then hacked the carcass into fourparts, placed them near the door, and left the cave. Ali Baba carriedoff the body and had it decently interred. --_Arabian Nights_ ("AliBaba, or the Forty Thieves"). 

CAS'SIO (_Michael_), a Florentine, lieutenant in the Venetian armyunder the command of Othello. Simple minded but not strong-minded, andtherefore easily led by others who possessed greater power of will. Being overcome with wine, he engaged in a street-brawl, for which hewas suspended by Othello, but Desdemona pleaded for his restoration. Iago made capital of this intercession to rouse the jealousy of theMoor. Cassio's "almost" wife was Bianca, his mistress. --Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611). 

"Cassio" is brave, benevolent, and honest, ruined only by his want ofstubbornness to resist an insidious invitation. --Dr. Johnson. 

CASSIODO'RUS (_Marcus Aurelius_), a great statesman and learned writerof the sixth century, who died at the age of one hundred, in A. D. 562. He filled many high offices under Theod'oric, but ended his days in aconvent. 

 Listen awhile to a learned prelection On Marcus Aurelius Cassiodorus. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

CASSIOPEIA, wife of Ce'pheus (2 _syl_. ) king of Ethiopia, and motherof Androm'eda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the sea-nymphs, and Neptune, to punish her, sent a huge sea-serpent to ravage herhusband's kingdom. At death she was made a constellation, consistingof thirteen stars, the largest of which form a "chair" or imperfect W. 

 ... Had you been Sphered up with Cassiopeia. Tennyson, _The Princess_, iv. 

CASSIUS, instigator of the conspiracy against Julius Cæsar, and friendof Brutus. --Shakespeare, _Julius Ccesar_ (1607). 

 _Brutus_. The last of all the Romans, fare thee well! It is impossible that ever Rome Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more tears To this dead man than you shall see me pay. I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time. Act. V. Sc. 3. 

Charles Mayne Young trod the boards with freedom. His countenance wasequally well adapted for the expression of pathos or of pride; thus insuch parts as "Hamlet, " "Beverley, " "The Stranger, " "Pierre, " "Zanga, "and "Cassius, " he looked the men he represented. --Rev. J. Young, _Lifeof G. M. Young_. 

[Illustration] "Hamlet" (Shakespeare); "Beverley" (_The Gamester_, Moore); "The Stranger" (B. Thompson); "Pierre" (_Venice Preserved_, Otway); "Zanga" (_Revenge_, Young). 

CASSY, a colored woman, mistress of Legree, in Harriet Beecher Stowe's_Uncle Tom's Cabin_. Disgusted with her master and with her life, she befriends another woman, even more helpless than herself, and bystratagem and force of will contrives her escape (1852). 

CASTAGNETTE _(Captain)_, a hero whose stomach was replaced by aleather one made by Desgenettes [_Da'. Ge. Net_'], but his career wassoon ended by a bomb-shell, which blew him into atoms, --Manuel, _AFrench Extravaganza_. 

CASTA'LIO, son of lord Acasto, and Polydore's twin-brother. Both thebrothers loved their father's ward, Monim'ia "the orphan. " The loveof Polydore was dishonorable love, but Castalio loved her truly andmarried her in private. On the bridal night Polydore by treachery tookhis brother's place, and next day, when Monimia discovered the deceitwhich had been practised on her, and Polydore heard that Monimiawas really married to his brother, the bride poisoned herself, theadulterer ran upon his brother's sword, and the husband stabbedhimself. --Otway, _The Orphan_ (1680). 

CASTA'RA, the lady addressed by Wm. Habington in his poems. She wasLucy Herbert (daughter of Wm. Herbert, first lord Powis), and becamehis wife. (Latin, _casta_, "chaste. ")

 If then, Castara, I in heaven nor move, Nor earth, nor hell, where am I but in love? W. Habington, _To Castara_ (died 1654). 

The poetry of Habington shows that he possessed ... A real passionfor a lady of birth and virtue, the "Castara" whom he afterwardsmarried. --Hallam. 

CAS'TLEWOOD (_Beatrix_), the heroine of _Esmond_, a novel byThackeray, the "finest picture of splendid lustrous physical beautyever given to the world. "

CAS'TOR (_Steph'anos_), the wrestler. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert ofParis_ (time, Rufus). 

_Castor_, of classic fable, is the son of Jupiter and Leda, andtwin-brother of Pollux. The brothers were so attached to eachother that Jupiter set them among the stars, where they form theconstellation _Gemini_ ("the twins"). Castor and Pollux are called the_Dios'curi_ or "sons of Dios, " _i. E. _ Jove. 

CAS'TRIOT (_George_), called by the Turks "Scanderbeg" (1404-1467). George Castriot was son of an Albanian prince, delivered as a hostageto Amurath II. He won such favor from the sultan that he was put incommand of 5000 men, but abandoned the Turks in the battle of Mora'va(1443). 

 This is the first dark blot On thy name, George Castriot. 

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (an interlude). 

CASTRUC'CIO CASTRACA'NI'S SWORD. 

When Victor Emmanuel II went to Tuscany, the path from Lucca toPistoia was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the orphan heirs ofPucci'ni met him, bearing a sword, and said, "This is the sword ofCastruccio Castracani, the great Italian soldier, and head of theGhibelines in the fourteenth century. It was committed to our ward andkeeping till some patriot should arise to deliver Italy and make itfree. " Victor Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaimed, "_Questa è perme_!" ("This is for me. ")--E. B. Browning, _The Sword of CastruccioCastracani. _

CAS'YAPA. The father of the immortals, who dwells in the mountaincalled Hemacû'ta or Himakoot, under the Tree of Life, is called"Casyapa. " Southey, _Curse of Kehama_. Canto vi. (1809). 

CATEUCLA'NI, called _Catieuchla'ni_ by Ptolemy, and _Cassii_ byRichard of Cirencester. They occupied Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. Drayton refers to them in his _Polyolbion_, xvi. 

CATGUT (_Dr. _), a caricature of Dr. Arne in _The Commissary_, by Sam. Foote (1765). 

CATH'ARINE, queen-consort of Charles II; introduced by sir W. Scott in_Peveril of the Peak_. (See CATHERINE, and also under the letter K. )

_Cath'arine (St. )_ of Alexandria (fourth century), patron saint ofgirls and virgins generally. Her real name was Dorothea; but St. Jerome says she was called Catharine from the Syriac word _Kethar_ or_Kathar_, "a crown, " because she won the triple crown of martyrdom, virginity, and wisdom. She was put to death on a wheel, November 25, which is her _fête_ day. 

_To braid St. Catharine's hair_ means "to live a virgin. "

 Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's tresses. 

Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1848). 

CATH'BA, son of Torman, beloved by Morna, daughter of Cormac king ofIreland. He was killed out of jealousy by Duchô'mar, and when Duchômartold Morna and asked her to marry him she replied, "Thou art dark tome, Duchômar; cruel is thine arm to Morna. Give me that sword, myfoe;" and when he gave it, she "pierced his manly breast, " and hedied. 

Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of Morna. Thou art asunbeam in the day of the gloomy storm. --Ossian, _Fingal_, i. 

CATH'ERINE, wife of Mathis, in _The Polish Jew_, by J. R. Ware. 

_Catherine_, the somewhat uninteresting heroine of _WashingtonSquare_, by Henry James, a commonplace creature made more commonplaceby the dull routine of wealthy respectability (1880). 

_Catherine (The countess_), usually called "The Countess, " falls inlove with Huon, a serf, her secretary and tutor. Her pride revolts atthe match, but her love is masterful. When the duke her father is toldof it, he insists on Huon's marrying Catherine, a freed serf, on painof death. Huon refuses to do so till the countess herself entreats himto comply. He then rushes to the wars, where he greatly distinguisheshimself, is created prince, and learns that his bride is not Catherinethe quondam serf, but Catherine the duke's daughter. --S. Knowles, _Love_ (1840). 

CATH'ERINE OF NEWPORT, the wife of Julian Avenel (2 _syl. ). _--Sir W. Scott, _The_ _Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). (See CATHARINE, and underK. )

CATH'LEEN, one of the attendants on Flora M'Ivor. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, Greorge II. ). 

CATH'LIN OF CLU'THA, daughter of Cathmol. Duth-Carmor of Cluba hadslain Cathmol in battle, and carried off Cathlin by force, but shecontrived to make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. Ossian andOscar were selected to espouse her cause, and when they reachedRathcol (where Duth-Carmor lived), Ossian resigned the command of thebattle to his son Oscar. Oscar and Duth-Carmor met in combat, and thelatter fell. The victor carried the mail and helmet of Duth-Carmor toCathlin, and Cathlin said, "Take the mail and place it high in Selma'shall, that you may remember the helpless in a distant land. "--Ossian, _Cathlin of Clutha_. 

CATH'MOR, younger brother of Cair'bar ("lord of Atha"), but totallyunlike him. Cairbar was treacherous and malignant; Cathmor high-mindedand hospitable. Cairbar murdered Cormac king of Ireland, and havinginveigled Oscar (son of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, inwhich both fell. Cathmor scorned such treachery. Cathmore is thesecond hero of the poem called _Tem'ora_, and falls by the hand ofFingal (bk. Viii. ). 

Cathmor, the friend of strangers, the brother of red-haired Cairbar. Their souls were not the same. The light of heaven was in the bosom ofCathmor. His towers rose on the banks of Atha; seven paths led to hishalls; seven chiefs stood on the paths and called strangers tothe feast. But Cathmor dwelt in the wood, to shun the voice ofpraise. --Ossian, _Temora_, i. 

CATH'OLIC _(The). _ Alfonso I. Of Asturias, called by Gregory III. _HisCatholic Majesty_ (693, 739-757). 

Ferdinand II. Of Ar'agon, husband of Isabella. Also called _Rusé_, "the wily" (1452, 1474-1516). 

Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. Of Aragon, so called for her zeal inestablishing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-1504). 

CATHOLIC MAJESTY _(Catholica Majestad_), the special title of thekings of Spain. It was first given to king Recared (590) in the thirdCouncil of Toledo, for his zeal in rooting out the "Arian heresy. "

Cui a Deo æternum meritum nisi vero Catholico Recaredo regi? Cui a Deoæterna corona nisi vero orthodoxo Recaredo regi?--_Gregor. _ _Mag. _, 127 and 128. 

But it was not then settled as a fixed title to the kings of Spain. In1500 Alexander VI. Gave the title to Ferdinand V. King of Aragon andCastile, and from that time it became annexed to the Spanish crown. 

Ab Alexandro pontifice Ferdinandus "Catholici" cognomentum accepit inposteros cum regno transfusum stabili possessione. Honorum titulosprincipibus dividere pontincibus Romanis datur. --Mariana, _De RebusHesp_. , xxvi. 12; see also vii. 4. 

CA'THOS, cousin of Madelon, brought up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plaincitizen in the middle rank of life. These two silly girls have hadtheir heads turned by novels, and thinking their names commonplace, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and her cousin adopts the name ofPolix'ena. Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but the girls considertheir manners too unaffected and easy to be "good style, " so thegentlemen send their valets to represent the "marquis of Mascarille"and the "viscount of Jodelet. " The girls are delighted with these"distinguished noblemen;" but when the game has gone far enough, themasters enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls are taughta useful lesson, without being involved in any fatal illconsequences. --Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659). 

CATHUL'LA, king of Inistore (_the Orkneys_) and brother of Coma'la(_q. V. _). Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, observed abeacon-flame on its top as signal of distress, for Frothal king ofSora had besieged it. Fingal attacked Frothal, engaged him in singlecombat, defeated him, and made him prisoner. --Ossian, _Carrick-Thura. _

CAT'ILINE (3 _syl_. ), a Roman patrician, who headed a conspiracy tooverthrow the Government, and obtain for himself and his followers allplaces of power and trust. The conspiracy was discovered by Cicero. Catiline escaped and put himself at the head of his army, but fell inthe battle after fighting with desperate daring (B. C. 62). Ben Jonsonwrote a tragedy called _Catiline_ (1611), and Voltaire, in his _RomeSauvée_, has introduced the conspiracy and death of Catiline (1752). 

CA'TO, the hero and title of a tragedy by J. Addison (1713). Disgustedwith Cæsar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), where he had a smallrepublic and mimic senate; but Cæsar resolved to reduce Utica as hehad done the rest of Africa, and Cato, finding resistance hopeless, fell on his own sword. 

 Tho' stern and awful to the foes of Rome, He is all goodness, Lucia, always mild, Compassionate, and gentle to his friends; Filled with domestic tenderness. Act v. 1. 

When Barton Booth [1713] first appeared as "Cato, " Bolingbroke calledhim into his box and gave him fifty guineas for defending the cause ofliberty so well against a perpetual dictator. --_Life of Addison_. 

_He is a Cato_, a man of simple habits, severe morals, strict justice, and blunt speech, but of undoubted integrity and patriotism, like theRoman censor of that name, the grandfather of the Cato of Utica, whoresembled him in character and manners. 

CATO AND HORTENS'IUS. Cato of Utica's second wife was Martia daughterof Philip. He allowed her to live with his friend Hortensius, andafter the death of Hortensius took her back again. 

 _[Sultans]_ don't agree at all with the wise Roman, Heroic, stoic Cato, the sententious, Who lent his lady to his friend Hortensius. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. 7 (1821). 

CATUL'LUS. Lord Byron calls Thomas Moore the "British Catullus, "referring to a volume of amatory poems published in 1808, under thepseudonym of "Thomas Little. "

 'Tis Little! young Catullus of his day, As sweet but as immoral as his lay. 

Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809). 

_The Oriental Catullus_, Saadi or Sadi, a Persian poet. He married arich merchant's daughter, but the marriage was an unhappy one. Hischief works are _The Gulistan_ (or "garden of roses") and _The Bostan_(or "garden of fruits") (1176-1291). 

CAU'DLE _(Mrs. Margaret_), a curtain lecturer, who between eleveno'clock at night and seven the next morning delivered for thirty yearsa curtain lecture to her husband Job Caudle, generally a most gentlelistener; if he replied she pronounced him insufferably rude, and ifhe did not he was insufferably sulky. --Douglas Jerrold, _Punch_ ("TheCaudle Papers"). 

CAU'LINE _(Sir)_, a knight who served the wine to the king of Ireland. He fell in love with Christabelle (3 _syl_. ), the king's-daughter, andshe became his troth-plight wife, without her father's knowledge. Whenthe king knew of it, he banished sir Cauline (2 _syl_. ). After a timethe Soldain asked the lady in marriage, but sir Cauline challenged hisrival and slew him. He himself, however, died of the wounds he hadreceived, and the lady Christabelle, out of grief, "burst her gentlehearte in twayne. "--Percy's _Reliques_, I. I. 4. 

CAU'RUS, the stormy west-north-west wind; called in Greek _Argestês_. 

 The ground by piercing Caurus seared. 

Thomson, _Castle of Indolence_, ii. (1748). 

CAUSTIC, of the _Despatch_ newspaper, was the signature of Mr. Serle. 

_Christopher Caustic_, the pseudonym of Thomas Green Fessenden, authorof _Terrible Tractoration_, a Hudibrastic poem (1771-1837). 

_Caustic_ (_Colonel_), a fine gentleman of the last century, verysevere on the degeneracy of the present race. --Henry Mackenzie, in_The Lounger_. 

CA'VA, or _Florida_, daughter of St. Julian. It was the violation ofCava by Roderick that brought about the war between the Goths and theMoors, in which Roderick was slain (A. D. 711). 

CAVALIER _(The). _ Eon de Beaumont, called by the French _Le Chevalierd'Eon_ (1728-1810). Charles Breydel, the Flemish landscape painter(1677-1744). Francisco Cairo, the historian, called _El Chavalieredel Cairo_ (1598-1674). Jean le Clerc, _Le Chevalier_ (1587-1633). J. Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called _Il Cavaliere_ (1569-1625). Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743). 

[Illustration] James Francis Edward Stuart, the

"Old Pretender, " was styled _Le Chevalier de St. George_ (1688-1765). Charles Edward, the "Young Pretender, " was styled _The BonnieChevalier_ or _The Young Cavalier_ (1720-1788). 

CAVALL', "king Arthur's hound of deepest mouth. "--Tennyson, _Idylls ofthe King_ ("Enid"). 

CAV'ENDISH, author of _Principles of Whist_, and numerous guide-bookson games, as _Bézique, Piquet, Écarté, Billiards_, etc. Henry Jones, editor of "Pastimes" in _The Field_ and _The Queen_ newspapers(1831-). 

CAX'ON _(Old Jacob_), hairdresser of Jonathan Oldbuck ("theantiquary") of Monkbarns. 

_Jenny Caxon_, a milliner; daughter of Old Jacob. --Sir W. Scott, _TheAntiquary_ (time, George III. ). 

CAXTON _(Pisistratus)_, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer Lytton, baron Lytton, author of _My Novel_ (1853); _What will He do with it?_(1859); _Caxtoniania_ (1863); _The Boatman_ (1864). 

CECIL, the hero of a novel so called by Mrs. Gore (1790-1861). 

CECIL DREEME, _alias_ Clara Denman. The young woman assumes a man'sdress and character, and sustains it so well as to deceive thosedearest to her. She is kidnapped and in danger of death, and herrescuers discover the truth. --Theodore Winthrop, _Cecil Dreeme_(1861). 

CECILIA, belle of the village in which H. W. Longfellow's Kavanagh isthe clergyman. She wins his affections easily, unconsciously becomingthe rival of her dearest friend (1872). 

_Cecilia (St. )_, the patroness of musicians and "inventor of theorgan. " The legend says that an angel fell in love with Cecilia forher musical skill, and nightly brought her roses from paradise. Herhusband saw the angel visitant, who gave to both a crown of martyrdom. 

 Thou seem'st to me like the angel That brought the immortal roses To St. Cecilia's bridal chamber. 

 Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

CE'DRIC, a thane of Rotherwood, and surnamed "the Saxon. "--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

CEL'ADON AND AME'LIA, lovers of matchless beauty, and most devoted toeach other. Being overtaken by a thunderstorm, Amelia became alarmed, but Celadon, folding his arm about her, said, "'Tis safety to be nearthee, sure;" but while he spoke, Amelia was struck by lightning andfell dead in his arms. --Thomson, _The Seasons_ ("Summer, " 1727). 

CELE'NO OR CELSAE'NO, chief of the harpies. 

 There on a craggy stone Celeno hung, and made his direful moan. Giles Fletcher, _Christ's Triumph [on Earth_] (1610). 

CE'LIA, daughter of Frederick the usurping duke, and cousin ofRos'alind, daughter of the banished duke. When Rosalind was drivenfrom her uncle's court, Celia determined to go with her to the forestof Arden to seek out the banished duke, and for security's sakeRosalind dressed in boy's clothes and called herself "Gan'ymede, "while Celia dressed as a peasant girl and called herself "Aliena. "When they reached Arden they lodged for a time in a shepherd's hut, and Oliver de Boys was sent to tell them that his brother Orlando washurt and could not come to the hut as usual. Oliver and Celia fellin love with each other, and their wedding-day was fixed. Ganymederesumed the dress of Bosalind, and the two brothers married at thesame time. --Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598). 

_Ce'lia_, a girl of sixteen, in Whitehead's comedy of _The School forLovers_. It was written expressly for Mrs. Cibber, daughter of Dr. Arne. 

Mrs. Cibber was at the time more than fifty years old, but theuncommon symmetry and exact proportion in her form, with her singularvivacity, enabled her to represent the character of "Celia" with allthe juvenile appearance marked by the author. --Percy, _Anecdotes_. 

_Ce'lia_, a poetical name for any lady-love: as "Would you know myCelia's charms ... ?" Not unfrequently Streph'on is the wooer whenCelia is the wooed. Thomas Carew calls his "sweet sweeting" Celia; herreal name is not known. 

_Ce'lia (Dame)_, mother of Faith, Hope, and Charity. She lived inthe hospice called Holiness. (Celia is from the Latin, _coelum_, "heaven. ")--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 10 (1590). 

CELIA SHAW, a gentle-hearted mountain girl who, learning that herfather and his clan intend to "clean out" a family fifteen miles upthe mountain, steals out on a snowy night and makes her way to theirhut to warn them of their danger. She takes cold on the fearfuljourney, and dies of consumption. --Charles Egbert Craddock, _In theTennessee Mountains_ (1884). 

CÉLIMÈNE (3_syl_. ), a coquette courted by Alceste (2 _syl_. ) the"misanthrope" (a really good man, both upright and manly, but blunt inbehavior, rude in speech, and unconventional). Alceste wants Célimèneto forsake society and live with him in seclusion; this she refuses todo, and he replies, as you cannot find, "tout en moi, comme moi touten vous, allez, je vous refuse. " He then proposes to her cousinEliante (3 _syl_. ), but Eliante tells him she is already engaged tohis friend Philinte (2 _syl_), and so the play ends. --Molière, _LeMisanthrope_ (1666). 

"Célimène" in Molière's _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ is a mere dummy. She is brought on the stage occasionally towards the end of the play, but never utters one word, and seems a supernumerary of no importanceat all. 

CELIN'DA, the victim of count Fathom's seduction. --Smollett, _CountFathom_ (1754). 

CEL'LIDE (2 _syl_. ), beloved by Valentine and his son Francisco. Thelady naturally prefers the younger man. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619). 

CELTIC HOMER _(The)_, Ossian, said to be of the third century. 

If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as by allappearances he did, his epoch will be the latter end of the third andbeginning of the fourth century. 

The "Caracul" of Fingal, who is no other than Caracalla (son ofSeve'rus emperor of Rome), and the battle fought against Caros orCarausius ... Fix the epoch of Fingal to the third century, and Irishhistorians place his death in the year 283. Ossian was Fingal'sson. --_Era of Ossian. _

CENCI. Francesco Cenci was a most profligate Roman noble, who had foursons and one daughter, all of whom he treated with abominable cruelty. It is said that he assassinated his two elder sons and debauched hisdaughter Beatrice. Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, withLucretia (their mother), conspired against Francesco and accomplishedhis death, but all except the youngest brother perished on thescaffold, September 11, 1501. 

It has been doubted whether the famous portrait in the Barberinipalace at Rome is really of Beatrice Cenci, and even whether GuidoEeni was the painter. 

Percy B. Shelley wrote a tragedy called _The Cenci_ (1819). 

CENIMAG'NI, the inhabitants of Norfolk, Suffolk, andCambridge. --Cæsar, _Commentaries_. 

CENTAUR (_The Blue_), a human form from the waist upwards, and a goatcovered with blue shag from the waist downwards. Like the Ogri, he fedon human flesh. 

"Shepherds, " said he, "I am the Blue Centaur. If you will give meevery third year a young child, I promise to bring a hundred of mykinsmen and drive the Ogri away. " ... He [_the Blue Centaur_] used toappear on the top of a rock, with his club in one hand ... And with aterrible voice cry out to the shepherds, "Leave me my prey, and be offwith you!"--Comtesse d'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Carpillona, "1682). 

CEN'TURY WHITE, John White, the nonconformist lawyer. So called fromhis chief work, entitled _The First Century of Scandalous, MalignantPriests, etc. _ (1590-1645). 

CE'PHAL (Greek, _Kephalê_), the Head personified, the "acropolis" of_The Purple Island_, fully described in canto v. Of that poem, byPhineas Fletcher (1633). 

CEPH'ALUS (in Greek, _Kephalos_). One day, overcome with heat, Cephalus threw himself on the grass, and cried aloud, "Come, gentleAura, and this heat allay!" The words were told to his young wifeProcris, who, supposing Aura to be some rival, became furiouslyjealous. Resolved to discover her rival, she stole next day to acovert, and soon saw her husband come and throw himself on the bank, crying aloud, "Come, gentle Zephyr; come, Aura, come, this heatallay!" Her mistake was evident, and she was abont to throw herselfinto the arms of her husband, when the young man, aroused by therustling, shot an arrow into the covert, supposing some wild beastwas about to spring on him. Procris was shot, told her tale, anddied. --Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii. 

(Cephalus loves Procris, _i. E. _ "the sun kisses the dew. " Procris iskilled by Cephalus, _i. E. _ "the dew is destroyed by the rays of thesun. ")

CERAS'TES (3 _syl_. ), the horned snake. (Greek, _keras_, "a horn. ")Milton uses the word in _Paradise Lost_, x. 525 (1665). 

CERBERUS, a dog with three heads, which keeps guard in hell. Dantêplaces it in the third circle. 

 Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange, Through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog ... His eyes glare crimson, black his unctuous beard, His belly large, and clawed the hands with which He tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs Piecemeal disparts. 

Dantê, _Hell_, vi. (1300, Cary's translation). 

CER'DON, the boldest of the rabble leaders in the encounter withHu'dibras at the bear-baiting. The original of this character wasHewson, a one-eyed cobbler and preacher, who was also a colonel in theRump army. --S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 2 (1663). 

CERES (2 _syl. _), the Fruits of Harvest personified. In classicmythology Cerês means "Mother Earth, " the protectress of fruits. 

_Ceres_, the planet, is so called because it was discovered from theobservatory of Palermo, and Cerês is the tutelar goddess of Sicily. 

CER'IMON, a physician of Ephesus, who restored to animationThaisa, the wife of Per'iclês, prince of Tyre, supposed to bedead. --Shakespeare, _Pericles Prince of Tyre_ (1608). 

CHAB'OT (_Philippe de_), admiral of France, governor of Bourgoyne andNormandy under François I. Montmorency and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of jealousy, accused him of malversation. His faithful servantAllegre was put to the rack to force evidence against the accused, andChabot was sent to prison because he was unable to pay the fine leviedupon him. His innocence, however, was established by the confessionof his enemies, and he was released; but disgrace had made so deep animpression on his mind that he sickened and died. This is the subjectof a tragedy entitled _The Tragedy of Philip Chabot, etc. _, by GeorgeChapman and James Shirley. 

CHAD'BAND (_The Rev. Mr. _), type of a canting hypocrite "in theministry. " He calls himself "a vessel, " is much admired by his dupes, and pretends to despise the "carnal world, " but nevertheless lovesdearly its "good things, " and is most self-indulgent. --C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

CHAFFINGTON (_Mr. Percy_), M. P. , a stockbroker. --T. M. Morton, _If Ihad a Thousand a Year_. 

CHALBROTH, the giant, the root of the race of giants, includingPolypheme (3 _syl. _), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, Gargantua, andclosing with Pantag'ruel. He was born in the year known for its "weekof three Thursdays. "--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533). 

CHAL'YBES (3 _syl. _), a people on the south shore of the Black Sea, who occupied themselves in the working of iron. 

 On the left hand dwell The iron-workers called the Chalybês, Of whom beware. E. B. Browning, _Prometheus Bound_ (1850). 

CHAM, the pseudonym of comte Amédée de Noé, a peer of France, agreat wit, and the political caricaturist of _Charivari_ (the French_Punch_). The count was one of the founders of the French Republic in1875. As Cham or Ham was the second son and scapegrace of Noah, soAmédée was the second son and scapegrace of the comte de Noé _[Noah]. _

CHAM OF LITERATURE, _(The Great_), a nickname given to Dr. SamuelJohnson by Smollett in a letter to John Wilkes (1709-1784). 

CHAM OF TARTARY, a corruption of Chan or Khan, _i. E. _ "lord orprince, " as Hoccota Chan. "Ulu Chan" means "great lord, " "ulu" beingequal to the Latin _magnus_, and "chan" to _dominus_ or _imperator_. Sometimes the word is joined to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara-chan, etc. The Turks have also had their "Sultan Murad chan bin SultanSelim chan, " _i. E. Sultan Murad prince, son of Sultan Selimprince_. --Selden, _Titles of Honor_, vi. 66 (1672). 

CHAM'BERLAIN _(Matthew)_, a tapster, the successor of Old Roger Raine(1 _syl_. ). --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CHAMONT, brother of Monimia "the orphan, " and the troth-plight husbandof Seri'na (daughter of lord Acasto). He is a soldier, so proud andsusceptible that he is forever taking offence, and setting himself upas censor or champion. He fancies his sister Monim'ia has lost herhonor, and calls her to task, but finds he is mistaken. He fancies herguardian, old Acasto, has not been sufficiently watchful over her, and draws upon him in his anger, but sees his folly just in time toprevent mischief. He fancies Castalio, his sister's husband, hasill-treated her, and threatens to kill him, but his suspicions areagain altogether erroneous. In fact, his presence in the house waslike that of a madman with fire-brands in a stack-yard. --Otway, _TheOrphan_ (1680). 

There are characters in which he _[C. M. Young_] is unrivalled andalmost perfect. His "Pierre" [_Venice Preserved_, Otway] is moresoldierly than Kemble's; his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble impetuosity, and heroic scorn. --_New Monthly Magazine_ (1822). 

CHAMPAGNE _(Henry earl of_), a crusader. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_(time, Richard I. ). 

CHAM'PERNEL', a lame old gentleman, the husband of Lami'ra, andson-in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 _sy_). --Beaumont and Fletcher, _TheLittle French Lawyer_ (1647). 

CHAMPION OF THE VIRGIN. St. Cyril of Alexandria is so called from hisdefence of the "Incarnation" or doctrine of the "hypostatic union, " inthe long and stormy dispute with Nesto'rius bishop of Constantinople. 

CHAMPNEYS _(Sir Geoffry_), a fossilized old country gentleman, whobelieves in "blue blood" and the "British peerage. " Father of Talbot, and neighbor of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butterman. The sons ofthese two magnates are fast friends, but are turned adrift by theirfathers for marrying in opposition to their wishes. When reduced toabject poverty, the old men go to visit their sons, relent, and allends happily. 

_Miss Champneys_, sir Geoffry's sister, proud and aristocratic, butquite willing to sacrifice both on the altar of Mr. Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if the wealthy plebeian would make her his wife andallow her to spend his money. --H. J. Byron, _Our Boys_ (1875). 

_Talbot Champneys_, a swell with few brains and no energy. His name, which is his passport into society, will not find him salt in thebattle of life. He marries Mary Melrose, a girl without a penny, buthis father wants him to marry Violet the heiress. 

CHAN'TICLEER (3 _syl_. ), the cock, in the beast-epic of _Reynard theFox_ (1498), and also in "The Nonne Preste's Tale, " told in _TheCanterbury Tales_, by Chaucer (1388). 

CHAON'IAN BIRD _(The)_, the dove; so called because doves deliveredthe oracles of Dodona or Chaon'ia. 

 But the mild swallow none with, toils infest, And none the soft Chaonian bird molest. Ovid, _Art of Love_, ii. 

CHAONIAN FOOD, acorns, so called from the oak trees of Dodona, whichgave out the oracles by means of bells hung among the branches. Beechmast is so called also, because beech trees abounded in the forest ofDodona. 

CHARALOIS, son of the marshal of Burgundy. When he was twenty-eightyears old his father died in prison at Dijon, for debts contracted byhim for the service of the State in the wars. According to the lawwhich then prevailed in France, the body of the marshal was seized byhis creditors, and refused burial. The son of Charalois redeemed hisfather's body by his own, which was shut up in prison in lieu of themarshal's. --Philip Massinger, _The Fatal Dowry_ (1632). 

(It will be remembered that Milti'adês, the Athenian general, died inprison for debt, and the creditors claimed the body, which they wouldnot suffer to be buried till his son Cimon gave up himself as ahostage. )

CHAR'EGITE (3 _syl_. ). The Charegite assassin, in the disguise of aTurkish marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances before the tent ofRichard Coeur de Lion, and suddenly darting forward, is about tostab the king, when a Nubian seizes his arm, and the king kills theassassin on the spot. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, RichardI. ). 

CHARICLE'IA, the _fiancée_ of Theag'enês, in the Greek romance called_The Loves of Theagenês and Charicleia_, by Heliodo'ros bishop ofTrikka (fourth century). 

CHARI'NO, father of Angelina. Charino wishes Angelina to marry Clodio, a young coxcomb; but the lady prefers his elder brother Carlos, ayoung bookworm. Love changes the character of the diffident Carlos, and Charino at last accepts him for his son-in-law. Charino is atesty, obstinate old man, who wants to rule the whole world in his ownway. --C. Cibber, _Love Makes the Man_ (1694). 

CHAR'LEMAGNE AND HIS PALADINS. This series of romances is of Frenchorigin, as the Arthurion is Welsh or British. It began with thelegendary chronicle in verse, called _Historia de Vita Carola Magniet Rolandi_, erroneously attributed to Turpin archbishop of Rheims(a contemporary of Charlemagne), but probably written two or threehundred years later. The chief of the series are _Huon of Bordeaux, Guerin de Monglave, Gaylen Rhetore_ (in which Charlemagne and hispaladins proceed in mufti to the Holy Land), _Miles and Ames_, _Jairdain de Blaves, Doolin de Mayence, Ogier le Danais_, and _Maugisthe Enchanter_. 

_Charlemagne and the Ring_. Pasquier says that Charles le Grand fellin love with a peasant girl [Agatha], in whose society he seemedbewitched, insomuch that all matters of state were neglected by him;but the girl died, to the great joy of all. What, however, was theastonishment of the court to find that the king seemed no lessbewitched with the dead body than he had been with the living, andspent all day and night with it, even when its smell was quiteoffensive. Archbishop Turpin felt convinced there was sorcery in thisstrange infatuation, and on examining the body, found a ring under thetongue, which he removed. Charlemagne now lost all regard for thedead body; but followed Turpin, with whom, he seemed infatuated. Thearchbishop now bethought him of the ring, which he threw into a poolat Aix, where Charlemagne built a palace and monastery, and no spot inthe world had such attractions for him as Aix-la-Chapelle, where "thering" was buried. --_Recherches de la France_, vi. 33. 

_Charlemagne and Years of Plenty_. According to German legend, Charlemagne appears in seasons of plenty. He crosses the Rhine on agolden bridge, and blesses both corn-fields and vineyards. 

 Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, Upon thy bridge of gold. 

 Longfellow, _Autumn_. 

_Charlemagne not dead_. According to legend, Charlemagne was crownedand armed in Odenberg _(Hesse)_ or Untersberg, near Saltzburg, tillthe time of antichrist, when he will wake up and deliver Christendom. (See BARBAROSSA. )

_Charlemagne's Nine Wives_: (1) Hamiltrude, a poor Frenchwoman, whobore him several children. (2) Desidera'ta, who was divorced. (3)Hildegarde. (4) Fastrade, daughter of count Rodolph the Saxon. (5)Luitgarde the German. The last three died before him. (6) Maltegarde. (7) Gersuinde the Saxon. (8) Regina. (9) Adalinda. 

_Charlemagne's Stature_. We are told that Charlemagne was "eight feethigh, " and so strong that he could "straighten with his hands alonethree horseshoes at once. " His diet and his dress were both as simpleas possible. 

_Charlemagne's Sword_, La Joyeuse. 

CHARLEMAGNE OF SERVIA, Stephen Dushan. 

CHARLES "the Bold, " duke of Burgundy, introduced by sir W. Scott intwo novels, viz. , _Quentin Durward_ and _Anne of Geierstein. _ Thelatter novel contains an account of the battle of Nancy, where Charleswas slain. 

_Charles_ prince of Wales (called "Babie Charles"), son of James I. , introduced by sir W. Scott in _The Fortunes of Nigel_. 

_Charles_ "the Good, " earl of Flanders. In 1127 he passed a law thatwhoever married a serf should become a serf: thus if a prince marrieda serf, the prince would become a serf. This absurd law caused hisdeath, and the death of the best blood in Bruges. --S. Knowles, _TheProvost of Bruges_ (1836). 

CHARLES II. Of England, introduced by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz. , _Peveril of the Peak_ and _Woodstock_. In this latter he appearsfirst as a gipsy woman, and afterwards under the name of LouisKerneguy (Albert Lee's page). 

CHARLES IX. Of France. Instigated by his mother, Catherine de Medici, he set on foot the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1550-1574). 

CHARLES XII. Of Sweden. "Determined to brave the seasons, as he haddone his enemies, Charles XII. Ventured to make long marches duringthe cold of the memorable winter of 1709. In one of these marches twothousand of his men died from the cold. "

(Planché has an historical drama, in two acts, called _Charles XII_. ;and the _Life of Charles XII_. , by Voltaire, is considered to be oneof the best written historical works in the French language. )

CHARLES EDWARD [STUART], called "The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, " introduced by sir W. Scott in _Redgauntlet_(time, George III. ), first as "father Bonaventure, " and afterwards as"Pretender to the British crown. " He is again introduced in _Waverley_(time, George II. ). 

CHARLES EMMANUEL, son of Victor Amade'us (4 _syl_. ) king of Sardinia. In 1730 his father abdicated, but somewhat later wanted his son torestore the crown again. This he refused to do; and when Victorplotted against him, D'Orme'a was sent to arrest the old man, and hedied. Charles was brave, patient, single-minded, and truthful. --R. Browning, _King Victor and King Charles, etc_. 

CHARLES KNOLLYS, an English bridegroom, who falls into a crevasse onhis wedding-trip, and is found by his wife in the ice, still young andbeautiful in his icy shroud, forty-five years later. --J. S. Of Dale(Frederic Jesup Stimson), _Mrs. Knollys_ (1888). 

CHARLEY, plu. _Charlies_, an old watchman or "night guardian, " beforethe introduction of the police force by sir Robert Peel, in 1829. Socalled from Charles I. , who extended and improved the police system. 

CHARLEY KEENE, merry little doctor in _The Grandissimes_, in love withthe beautiful Creole girl Clotilde (1880). 

CHARLIE, _alias_ "Injin Charlie, " _alias_ "Old Charlie, " a "dark whiteman" in _Belles Demoiselles' Plantation_, by George W. Cable. "Sunk inthe bliss of deep ignorance, shrewd, deaf, and by repute, at least, unmerciful" (1879). 

CHARIOT, a messenger from Liëge to Louis XI--Sir W. Scott, _QuentinDurward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

CHARLOTTE, the faithful sweetheart of young Wilmot, supposed to haveperished at sea. --Geo. Lillo, _Fatal Curiosity_ (1736). 

_Charlotte_, the dumb girl, in love with Leander; but her father, sirJasper, wants her to marry Mr. Dapper. In order to avoid this hatefulalliance, Charlotte pretends to be dumb, and only answers, "Han, hi, han, hon. " The "mock doctor" employs Leander as his apothecary, andthe young lady is soon cured by "pills matrimoniac. " In Molière's _LeMédecin Malgré Lui_ Charlotte is called "Lucinde. " The jokes in actii. 6 are verbally copied from the French. --H. Fielding, _The MockDoctor_. 

_Charlotte_, daughter of sir John Lambert, in _The Hypocrite_, by Is. Bickerstaff (1768); in love with Darnley. She is a giddy girl, fond oftormenting Darnley; but being promised in marriage to Dr. Cantwell, who is fifty-nine, and whom she utterly detests, she becomes somewhatsobered down, and promises Darnley to become his loving wife. Herconstant exclamation is "Lud!"

In Molière's comedy of _Tartuffe_ Charlotte is called "Mariane, " andDarnley is "Valère. "

_Charlotte_, the pert maid-servant of the countess Wintersen. Herfather was "state coachman. " Charlotte is jealous of Mrs. Haller, and behaves rudely to her (see act ii. 3). --Benjamin Thompson, _TheStranger_ (1797). 

_Charlotte_, servant to Sowerberry. A dishonest, rough servant-girl, who ill-treats Oliver Twist, and robs her master. --C. Dickens, _OliverTwist_ (1837). 

_Charlotte_, a fugitive slave whose hairbreadth escapes are narratedin J. T. Trowbridge's story of _Neighbor Jackwood_ (1857). 

_Charlotte (Lady)_, the servant of a lady so called. She assumes theairs with the name and address of her mistress. The servants of herown and other households address her as "Your ladyship, " or "ladyCharlotte;" but though so mighty grand, she is "noted for a plaguypair of thick legs. "--Rev. James Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_(1759). 

CHARLOTTE CORDAY, devoted patriot of the French Revolution. BelievingMarat to be the worst enemy of France, she stabbed him in the bath;was arrested and guillotined. 

CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH, whose surname was Phelan, afterwards Tonna, author of numerous books for children, tales, etc. (1825-1862). 

CHARLOTTE GOODCHILD, a merchant's orphan daughter of large fortune. She is pestered by many lovers, and her guardian gives out that shehas lost all her money by the bankruptcy of his house. On this all hersuitors but one depart, and that one is sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan, who declares he loves her now as an equal, and one whom he can serve, but before he loved her "with fear and trembling, like a man thatloves to be a soldier, yet is afraid of a gun. "--C. Macklin, _Love-à-la-mode_ (1779). 

CHARLOTTE TEMPLE, the daughter of an English gentleman, whoseseduction by an officer in the British army, her sad life and lonelydeath, are the elements of a novel bearing her name, written by "Mrs. Rowson. " Charlotte Temple is buried in Trinity church-yard, New York. 

CHAR'MIAN, a kind-hearted, simple-minded attendant on Cleopatra. Afterthe queen's death, she applied one of the asps to her own arm, and when the, Roman soldiers entered the room, fell downdead. --Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_ (1608). 

CHAR'TERIS _(Sir Patrick_), of Kinfauns, provost of Perth. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

CHARTIST CLERGYMAN _(The)_, Rev. Charles Kingsley (1809-1877). 

CHARYLLIS, in Spenser's pastoral _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, islady Compton. Her name was Anne, and she was the fifth of the sixdaughters of sir John Spenser of Althorpe, Lancaster, of the noblehouses of Spenser and Marlborough. Edmund Spenser dedicated to her hissatirical fable called _Mother Hubbard's Tale_ (1591). She was thricemarried; her first husband was lord Monteagle, and her third wasRobert lord Buckhurst (son of the poet Sackville), who succeeded hisfather in 1608 as earl of Dorset. 

 No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, The honor of the noble family

 Of which I meanest boast myself to be, ... Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis: Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three, The next to her is bountiful Charyllis. 

_Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1594). 

CHASTE _(The)_, Alfonso II. Of Asturias and Leon (758, 791-835abdicated, died 842). 

CHATOOKEE, an Indian bird, that never drinks at a stream, but catchesthe raindrops in falling. --_Account of the Baptist Missionaries_, ii. 309. 

 Less pure than these is that strange Indian bird, Who never dips in earthly streams her bill, But, when the sound of coming showers is heard, Looks up, and from the clouds receives her fill. 

Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, xxi. 6 (1809). 

CHAT'TANACH _(M'Gillie)_, chief of the clan Chattan. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

CHAT'TERLEY _(Rev. Simon_), "the man of religion" at the Spa, oneof the managing committee. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

CHAUBERT _(Mons. )_, Master Chaffinch's cook. --Sir W. Scott, _Peverilof the Peak_ (time, George II. ). 

CHAUCER OF FRANCE, Clément Marot (1484-1544). 

CHAU'NUS, Arrogance personified in _The Purple Island_, by PhineasFletcher (1633). "Fondly himself with praising he dispraised. " Fullydescribed in canto viii. (Greek, _chaunos_, "vain". )

CHEAT'LY (2 _syl_. ), a lewd, impudent debauchee of Alsatia(Whitefriars). He dares not leave the "refuge" by reason of debt;but in the precincts he fleeces young heirs of entail, helps them tomoney, and becomes bound for them. --Shadwell, _Squire of Alsatia_(1688). 

CHE'BAR, the tutelar angel of Mary, sister of Martha and Lazarus ofBethany. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xii. (1771). 

Ched'eraza'de (5 _syl_. ), mother of Hem'junah and wife of Zebene'zer, sultan of Cassimir. Her daughter having run away to prevent a forcedmarriage with the prince of Georgia, whom she had never seen, thesultana pined away and died. --Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], _Tales of theGenii_ ("Princess of Cassimir, " tale vii. , 1751). 

CHEDER'LES (3 _syl_. ), a Moslem hero, who, like St. George, saved avirgin exposed to the tender mercies of a huge dragon. He also drankof the waters of immortality, and lives to render aid in war to anywho invoke it. 

 When Chederlês conies To aid the Moslem on his deathless horse, ... As _[if]_ he had newly quaffed The hidden waters of eternal youth. Southey, _Joan of Arc_, vi. 302, etc. (1837). 

CHEENEY _(Frank)_, an outspoken bachelor. He marries KateTyson. --Wybert Reeve, _Parted_. 

CHEERLY' _(Mrs. )_, daughter of colonel Woodley. After being marriedthree years, she was left a widow, young, handsome, rich, lively, andgay. She came to London, and was seen in the opera by Frank Heartall, an open-hearted, impulsive young merchant, who fell in love with her, and followed her to her lodging. Ferret, the villain of the story, misinterpreted all the kind actions of Frank, attributing his gifts tohush-money; but his character was amply vindicated, and "the soldier'sdaughter" became his blooming wife. --Cherry, _The Soldier's Daughter_(1804). 

Miss O'Neill, at the age of nineteen, made her _début_ at the TheatreRoyal, Crow Street, in 1811, as "The Widow Cheerly. "--W. Donaldson. 

CHEERYBLE BROTHERS _(The)_, brother Ned and brother Charles, theincarnations of all that is warm-hearted, generous, benevolent, and kind. They were once homeless boys running about the streetsbarefooted, and when they grew to be wealthy London merchants wereever ready to stretch forth a helping hand to those struggling againstthe buffets of fortune. 

_Frank Cheeryble_, nephew of the brothers Cheeryble. He married KateNickleby. --C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). 

CHEESE _(Dr. )_, an English translation of the Latin _Dr. Caseus_, that is, Dr. John Chase, a noted quack, who was born in the reign ofCharles II. , and died in that of queen Anne. 

CHEMISTRY _(The Father of_, Arnaud do Villeneuve (1238-1314)). 

CHE'MOS _(ch = k)_, god of the Moabites; also called Baal-Pe'ör; thePria'pus or idol of turpitude and obscenity. Solomon built a temple tothis obscene idol "in the hill that is before Jerusalem" (1 _Kings_xi. 7). In the hierarchy of hell Milton gives Chemos the fourth rank:(1) Satan, (2) Beëlzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos. 

Next Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab's sons, Peör his other name. 

 _Paradise Lost_, 406, 412 (1665). 

CHENEY, a mighty hunter in the northern woods, whose story is told in_The Adirondack_, by Joel Tyler Headley (1849). 

CHERONE'AN _(The)_ or THE CHERONE'AN SAGE _(ch = k)_, Plutarch, whowas born at Chaerone'a, in Boeo'tia (A. D. 46-120). 

 This praise, O Cheronean sage, is thine. Beattie, _Minstrel_ (1773). 

CHER'RY, the lively daughter of Boniface, landlord of the inn atLichfield. --Geo. 

Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1705). (See CHERY. )

_Cherry (Andrew)_, comic actor and dramatist (1762-1812), author of_The Soldier's Daughter. All for Fame, Two Strings to Your Bow. The Village, Spanish Dollars_, etc. He was specially noted for hisexcellent wigs. 

 Shall sapient managers new scenes produce From Cherry, Skeffington, and _Mother Goose?_ Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809). 

[Illustration] _Mother Goose_ is a pantomime by C. Dibdin. 

CHER'UBIM (_Don_), the "bachelor of Salamanca, " who is placed in avast number of different situations of life, and made to associatewith all classes of society, that the author may sprinkle his satireand wit in every direction. --Lesage, _The Bachelor of Salamanca_(1737). 

CHER'Y, the son of Brunetta (who was the wife of a king's brother), married his cousin Fairstar, daughter of the king. He obtained for hiscousin the three wonderful things: _The dancing water_, which had thepower of imparting beauty; _the singing apple_, which had the powerof imparting wit; and _the little green bird_, which had the powerof telling secrets. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The PrincessFairstar, " 1682). 

CHES'TER (_Sir John_), a plausible, foppish villain, the sworn enemyof Geoffrey Haredale, by whom he is killed in a duel. Sir John is thefather of Hugh, the gigantic servant at the Maypole inn. 

_Edward Chester_, son of sir John, and the lover of Emma Haredale. --C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841). 

CHESTERFIELD (_Charles_), a young man of genius, the hero and titleof a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1841). The object of this novel is tosatirize the state of literature in England, and to hold up to censureauthors, editors, and publishers as profligate, selfish, and corrupt. 

CHESTERTON (_Paul_), nephew to Mr. Percy Chaffington, stock-broker andM. P. --T. M. Morton, _If I had a Thousand a Year_ (1764-1838). 

CHEVALIER D'INDUSTRIE, a man who lives by his wits and calls himself a"gentleman. "

 Denicheur de fauvettes, chevalier de l'ordre de l'industrie, qui va chercher quelque bon nid, quelque femme qui lui fasse sa fortune. --_Gongam_ ou _L'Homme Prodigieux_ (1713). 

CHEVALIER MALFET (_Le_), so sir Launcelot calls himself after he wascured of his madness. The meaning of the phrase is "The knight whohas done ill, " or "The knight who has trespassed. "--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 20 (1470). 

CHEVERIL (_Hans_), the ward of Mordent, just come of age. Impulsive, generous, hot-blooded. He resolves to be a rake, but scorns to be avillain. However, he accidentally meets with Joanna "the deserteddaughter, " and falls in love with her. He rescues her from theclutches of Mrs. Enfield the crimp, and marries her. --Holcroft, _TheDeserted Daughter_ (altered into _The Steward_). 

 The part that placed me [_Walter Lacy_] in the position of a light comedian was "Cheveril, " in _The Steward_, altered from Holcroft's _Deserted Daughter. _--W. Lacy, _Letter to W. C. Russell_. 

CHIBIA'BOS, the Harmony of Nature personified; a musician, the friendof Hiawatha, and ruler in the land of spirits. When he played onhis pipe, the "brooks ceased to murmur, the wood-birds to sing, thesquirrel to chatter, and the rabbit sat upright to look and listen. "He was drowned in Lake Superior by the breaking of the ice. 

 Most beloved by Hiawatha Was the gentle Chibiabos; He the best of all musicians, He the sweetest of all singers. 

 Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, vi. And xv. 

_Chibiabos_, venerable chief in _The Myth of Hiaiwatha and Other OralLegends of North American Indians_, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (1856). 

CHICANEAU _(She'. Ka. No')_, a litigious tradesman in _Les Plaideurs_, by Racine, (1668). 

CHICH'I-VACHE (3 _syl_. ), a monster that fed only on good women. Theword means the "sorry cow. " It was all skin and bone, because its foodwas so extremely scarce. (See BYCORN. )

 O noble wyvês, full of heigh prudence, Let noon humilitie your tongês nayle. , Lest Chichi-Vache you swalwe in her entraile. 

 Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("Clerk's Tale, " 1388). 

CHICK _(Mr. )_, brother-in-law of Mr. Dombey; a stout gentleman, with atendency to whistle and hum airs at inopportune moments. Mr. Chick issomewhat henpecked; but in the matrimonial squalls, though apparentlybeaten, he not unfrequently rises up the superior and gets his ownway. 

_Louisa Chick_, Mr. Dombey's married sister. She is of a snappishtemper, but dresses in the most juvenile style, and is persuadedthat anything can be accomplished if persons will only "make aneffort. "--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

CHICKEN _(The)_, Michael Angelo Taylor, barrister, so called becausein his maiden speech, 1785, he said, "I deliver this opinion withgreat deference, being but a chicken in the profession of the law. "

_Chicken_ (_The Game_), a low fellow, to be heard of at the bar of theBlack Badger. Mr. Toots selects this man as his instructor in fencing, betting, and self-defence. The Chicken has short hair, a low forehead, a broken nose, and "a considerable tract of bare and sterile countrybehind each ear. "--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

CHICKENS AND THE AUGURS. When the augurs told Publius ClaudiusPulcher, the Roman consul, who was about to engage the Carthaginianfleet, that the sacred chickens would not eat, he replied, "Then tossthem into the sea, that they may drink. "

CHICK'ENSTALKER (_Mrs_. ), a stout, bonny, kind-hearted woman, whokeeps a general shop. Toby Veck, in his dream, imagines her marriedto Tugby, the porter of sir Joseph Bowley. --C. Dickens, _The Chimes_(1844). 

CHICK'WEED (_Conkey, i. E. Nosey_), the man who robbed himself. He wasa licensed victualler on the point of failing, and gave out that hehad been robbed of 327 guineas "by a tall man with a black patch overhis eye. " He was much pitied, and numerous subscriptions were made onhis behalf. A detective was sent to examine into the "robbery, "and Chickweed would cry out, "There he is!" and run after the"hypothetical thief" for a considerable distance, and then lose sightof him. This occurred over and over again, and at last the detectivesaid to him, "I've found out who done this here robbery. " "Have you?"said Chickweed. "Yes, " said Spyers, "you done it yourself. " And so hehad. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_, xxxi. (1837). 

CHIF'FINCH (_Master Thomas_), _alias_ Will Smith, a friend of RichardGanlesse (2 _syl_. ). The private emissary of Charles II. He wasemployed by the duke of Buckingham to carry off Alice Bridgenorth toWhitehall, but the captive escaped and married Julian Peveril. 

_Kate Chiffinch_, mistress of Thomas Chiffinch. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CHIGNON _[Shin. Yong]_, the French valet of Miss Alscrip "the heiress. "A silly, affected, typical French valet-de-chambre. --General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1718). 

CHI'LAX, a merry old soldier, lieutenant to general Memnon, inPaphos. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (1617). 

CHILD (_The_), Bettina, daughter of Maximiliane Brentano. So calledfrom the title of her book, _Goethe's Correspondence with a Child_. 

CHILD OF NATURE (_The_), a play by Mrs. Inchbald. Amantis was the"child of Nature. " She was the daughter of Alberto, banished "by anunjust sentence, " and during his exile he left his daughter underthe charge of the marquis Almanza. Amantis was brought up in totalignorance of the world and the passion-principles which sway it, butfelt grateful to her guardian, and soon discovered that what shecalled "gratitude" the world calls "love. " Her father returned homerich, his sentence cancelled and his innocence allowed, just in timeto give his daughter in marriage to his friend Almanza. 

CHILDE HAROLD, a man sated with the world, who roams from place toplace, to kill time and escape from himself. The "childe" is, in fact, lord Byron himself, who was only twenty-two when he began the poem, which was completed in seven years. In canto i. The "childe" visitsPortugal and Spain (1809); in canto ii. Turkey in Europe (1810); incanto iii. Belgium and Switzerland (1816); and in canto iv. Venice, Rome, and Florence (1817). 

("Childe" is a title of honor, about tantamount to "lord, " as childeWaters, childe Rolande, childe Tristram, childe Arthur, childeChilders, etc. )

CHIL'DERS (_E. W. B. _), one of the riders in Sleary's circus, notedfor his vaulting and reckless riding in the character of the "WildHuntsman of the Prairies. " This compound of groom and actor marriesJosephine, Sleary's daughter. 

_Kidderminster Childers_, son of the above, known in the profession as"Cupid. " He is a diminutive boy, with an old face and facetious mannerwholly beyond his years. --C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854). 

CHILDREN (_The Henneberg_). It is said that the countess of Hennebergrailed at a beggar for having twins, and the beggar, turning on thecountess, who was forty-two years old, said, "May you have as manychildren as there are days in a year, " and sure enough, on GoodFriday, 1276, the countess brought forth 365 at one birth; all themales were christened _John_, and all the females _Elizabeth_. Theywere buried at a village near La Hague, and the jug is still shown inwhich they were baptized. 

CHILDREN IN THE WOOD, the little son (three years old) and youngerdaughter (Jane) left by a Norfolk gentleman on his death-bed to thecare of his deceased wife's brother. The boy was to have £300 a yearon coming of age, and the girl £500 as a wedding portion; but if thechildren died in their minority the money was to go to the uncle. Theuncle, in order to secure the property, hired two ruffians to murderthe children, but one of them relented and killed his companion; then, instead of murdering the babes, he left them in Wayland Wood, wherethey gathered blackberries, but died at night with cold and terror. All things went ill with the uncle, who perished in gaol, andthe ruffian, after a lapse of seven years, confessed the wholevillainy. --Percy, _Reliques_, III. Ii. 18. 

CHILDREN OF THE MIST, one of the branches of the MacGregors, a wildrace of Scotch Highlanders, who had a skirmish with the soldiers inpursuit of Dalgetty and M'Eagh among the rocks (ch. 14). --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

CHILLIP (_Dr_. ), a physician who attended Mrs. Copperfield at thebirth of David. 

He was the meekest of his set, the mildest of little men. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, i. (1849). 

CHILLON' (_Prisoner of_) François de Bonnivard, of Lunes, the Genevesepatriot (1496-1571) who opposed the enterprises of Charles III. (theduke-bishop of Savoy) against the independence of Geneva, and wascast by him into the prison of Chillon, where he was confined for sixyears. Lord Byron makes him one of six brothers, two of whom diedon the battle-field; one was burnt at the stake, and three wereimprisoned at Chillon. Two of the prisoners died, but François wasset at liberty by the people of Berne. --Byron, _Prisoner of Chillon_(1816). 

CHIMÈNE (_La Belle_) or Xime'na, daughter of count Lozano de Gormaz, wife of the Cid. After the Cid's death she defended Valentia from theMoors with great bravery, but without success. Corneille and Guihemde Cantro have introduced her in their tragedies, but the _rôle_ theyrepresent her to have taken is wholly imaginary. 

CHINAMAN (_John_), a man of China. 

CHINDASUIN'THO (4 _syl_. ), king of Spain, father of Theod'ofred, andgrandfather of Roderick last of the Gothic kings. --Southey, _Roderick, etc_. (1814). 

CHINESE PHILOSOPHER (_A_). Oliver Goldsmith, in the _Citizen of theWorld_, calls his book "Letters from a Chinese Philosopher residing inLondon to his Friends in the East" (1759). 

CHINGACHGOOK, the Indian chief, called in French _Le Gros Serpent_. Fenimore Cooper has introduced this chief into four of his novels, _The Last of the Mohicans. The Pathfinder. The Deerslayer_, and _ThePioneer_. 

CHINTZ (_Mary_), Miss Bloomfield's maid, the bespoken of JemMiller. --C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_. 

CHI'OS (_The Man of_), Homer, who lived at Chios [_Ki'. Os_]. At leastChios was one of the seven cities which laid claim to the bard, according to the Latin hexameter verse:

 Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae. --Varro. 

CHIRN'SIDE (_Luckie_), poulterer at Wolf's Hope village. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

CHI'RON, a centaur, renowned for his skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnastics, and prophecy. He numbered among his pupilsAchilles, Peleus, Diomede, and indeed all the most noted heroesof Grecian story. Jupiter took him to heaven, and made him theconstellation _Sagittarius_. 

 ... As Chiron erst had done To that proud bane of Troy, her god-resembling son [_Achilles_]. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, v. (1612). 

CHIRRUP (_Betsey_), the housekeeper of Mr. Sowerberry, themisanthrope. --W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_. 

CHITA, the child orphaned by the fearful tragedy detailed in LufcadioHearn's _Chita: A Memory of Last Island_. The little one is draggedfrom her dead mother's neck while she has still the strength to cryout "_Maman! maman_!" and borne through the surf by the fishermanFelix, to the arms of his wife. Brought up as the child of the humblepair, she never suspects that the stranger who, years after, dies ofyellow fever brought from New Orleans to Felix's hut is her father(1888). 

CHITLING (_Tom_), one of the associates of Fagin the Jew. Tom Chitlingwas always most deferential to the "Artful Dodger. "--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

CHIVALRY (_The Flower of_), William Douglas, lord of Liddesdale(fourteenth century). 

CHLO'E [_Klo'. E_], the shepherdess beloved by Daphnis, in the pastoralromance called _Daphnis and Chloé_, by Longus. St. Pierre's tale of_Paul and Virginia_ is based on this pastoral. 

_Chloe_ or rather _Cloe_. So Prior calls Mrs. Centlivre (1661-1723). 

_Chloe (Aunt)_, the faithful wife of Uncle Tom in Harriet BeecherStowe's famous book _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. She hires herself out to apastry-cook to help redeem her husband after he is "sold South. " Herexhortation, "Think o' your marcies, chillen! think o' your marcies!"is sincere, yet when Tom quotes, "Pray for them that despitefully useyou, " she sobs out, "Lor'! it's too tough! I _can't_ pray for 'em!"(1852. )

_Chloe_ (_Aunt_), "a homeless widow, of excellent Vermont intentionsand high ideals in cup-cake, summoned to that most difficult of humantasks, the training of another woman's child.... She held it to be thefirst business of any woman who undertook the management of aliterary family like her brother's to attend properly to itsdigestion. "--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _The Story of Avis_ (1877). 

CHLO'RIS, the ancient Greek name of Flora. 

 Around your haunts The laughing Chloris with profusest hand Throws wide her blooms and odors. Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_. 

CHOE'REAS (_ch = k_), the lover of Callirrhoê, in the Greek romancecalled _The Loves of Choereas and Callirrhoê_, by Char'iton (eighthcentury). 

CHOKE (_General_), a lank North American gentleman, "one of the mostremarkable men in the country. " He was editor of _The WatertoastGazette_, and a member of "The Eden Land Corporation. " It was generalChoke who induced Martin Chuzzlewit to stake his all in the egregiousEden swindle. --C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

CHOLMONDELEY [_Chum'. Ly_], of Vale Royal, a friend of sir GeoffreyPeveril. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CHOPPARD (_Pierre_), one of the gang of thieves, called "The UglyMug. " When asked a disagreeable question, he always answered, "I'llask my wife, my memory's so slippery. "--Edward Stirling, _The Courierof Lyons_ (1852). 

CHRIEMHIL'DA. (See under K. )

CHRISOM CHILD (_A_), a child that dies within a month of its birth. Socalled because it is buried in the white cloth anointed with _chrism_(oil and balm) worn at its baptism. 

"He's in Arthur's [_Abraham's_] bosom, if ever man went to Arthur'sbosom. 'A made a finer end, and went away, an it had been any christom[_chrisom_] child. 'A parted just ... At turning o' the tide. "(Quickly's description of the death of Falstaff. )--Shakespeare, _HenryV_. Act ii. Sc. 3 (1599). 

 Why, Mike's a child to him ... A chrism child. Jean Ingelow, _Brothers and a Sermon_. 

CHRIS'TABEL (_ch = k_), the heroine of a fragmentary poem of the sametitle by Coleridge. 

_Christabel_, the heroine of an ancient romance entitled _Sir Eglamourof Artois_. 

CHRISTABELLE [_Kris. 'ta. Bel_], daughter of "a bonnie king of Ireland, "beloved by sir Cauline (2 _syl_. ). When the king knew of their loveshe banished sir Cauline from the kingdom. Then as Christabelle droopedthe king held a tournament for her amusement, every prize of whichwas carried off by an unknown knight in black. On the last day came agiant with two "goggling eyes, and mouthe from ear to ear, " called theSoldain, and defied all comers. No one would accept his challenge savethe knight in black, who succeeded in killing his adversary, but diedhimself of the wounds he had received. When it was discovered that theknight was sir Cauline, the lady "fette a sighe, that burst her gentlehearte in twayne. "--Percy, _Reliques_ ("Sir Cauline, " I. I. 4). 

CHRISTIAN, the hero of Bunyan's allegory called _The Pilgrim'sProgress_. He flees from the City of Destruction and journeys to theCelestial City. At starting he has a heavy pack upon his shoulders, which falls off immediately he reaches the foot of the cross. (Thepack, of course, is the bundle of sin, which is removed by the bloodof the cross. 1678. )

_Christian_, a follower of Christ. So called first at Antioch. --_Acts_xi. 26. 

_Christian_, captain of the patrol in a small German town in whichMathis is burgomaster. He marries Annette, the burgomaster'sdaughter. --J. R. Ware, _The Polish Jew_. 

_Christian_, synonym of "_Peasant_" in Russia. This has arisen fromthe abundant legislation under czar Alexis and czar Peter the Great, to prevent Christian serfs from entering the service of Mohammedanmasters. No Christian is allowed to belong to a Mohammedan master, andno Mohammedan master is allowed to employ a Christian on his estate. 

_Christian II_. (or _Christiern_), king of Norway, Sweden, andDenmark. When the Dalecarlians rose in rebellion against him and choseGustavus Vasa for their leader, a great battle was fought, in whichthe Swedes were victorious; but Gustavus allowed the Danes to returnto their country. Christian then abdicated, and Sweden became anindependent kingdom. --H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730). 

_Chris'tian (Edward)_, a conspirator. He has two _aliases_, "RichardGan'lesse" (2 _syl_. ) and "Simon Can'ter. "

_Colonel William Christian_, Edward's brother. Shot for insurrection. 

_Fenella_ alias _Zarah Christian_, daughter of Edward Christian. --SirW. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, George II. ). 

_Christian_ (_Fletcher_), mate of the _Bounty_, under the command ofcaptain Bligh, and leader of the mutineers. After setting the captainand some others adrift, Christian took command of the ship, and, according to lord Byron, the mutineers took refuge in the islandof Toobouai (one of the Society Islands). Here Torquil, one of themutineers, married Neuha, a native. After a time a ship was sent tocapture the mutineers. Torquil and Neuha escaped, and lay concealed ina cave; but Christian, Ben Bunting, and Skyscrape were shot. This isnot according to fact, for Christian merely touched at Toobouai, andthen, with eighteen of the natives and nine of the mutineers, sailedfor Tahiti, where all soon died except Alexander Smith, who changedhis name to John Adams, and became a model patriarch. --Byron, _TheIsland_. 

CHRISTIAN DOCTOR (_Most_), John Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429). 

CHRISTIAN ELOQUENCE (_The Founder of_), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 

CHRISTIAN KING (_Most_). So the kings of France were styled. Pepin _leBref_ was so styled by pope Stephen III. (714-768). Charles II. _leChauve_ was so styled by the Council of Savonnières (823, 840-877). Louis XI. Was so styled by Paul II. (1423, 1461-1483). 

CHRISTIAN'A (_ch = k_), the wife of Christian, who started withher children and Mercy from the City of Destruction long after herhusband's flight. She was under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart, andwent, therefore, with silver slippers along the thorny road. Thisforms the second part of Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ (1684). 

CHRIS'TIE (2 _syl_. ) of the Clint Hill, one of the retainers of JulianAvenel (2 _syl_. ). --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Chris'tie_ (_John_), ship-chandler at Paul's wharf. 

_Dame Nelly Christie_, his pretty wife, carried off by lordDalgarno. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I. ). 

CHRISTI'NA, daughter of Christian II. King of Denmark, Sweden, andNorway. She is sought in marriage by prince Arvi'da and by GustavusVasa; but the prince abandons his claim in favor of his friend. After the great battle, in which Christian is defeated by Gustavus, Christina clings to her father, and pleads with Gustavus on hisbehalf. He is sent back to Denmark, with all his men, without ransom, but abdicates, and Sweden is erected into a separate kingdom. --H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730). 

CHRISTINA PURCELL, a happy, pure girl, whose sheltered life and frankinnocence contrast strongly with the heavy shadows glooming overoutcast "Nixy" in _Hedged In. _

She [Nixy], looking in from the street at mother and child, wonderedif the lady here and the white daughter were religious; if it werebecause people were white and religious that they all turned her fromtheir doors, --then, abruptly, how _she_ would look sitting in thelight of a porcelain lamp, with a white sack on. --Elizabeth StuartPhelps, _Hedged In_ (1870). 

CHRIS'TINE (2 _syl_. ), a pretty, saucy young woman in the serviceof the countess Marie, to whom she is devotedly attached. After therecapture of Ernest ("the prisoner of state"), she goes boldly to kingFrederick II. , from whom she obtains his pardon. Being set at liberty, Ernest marries the countess. --E. Stirling, _The Prisoner of State_(1847). 

CHRISTINE DRYFOOS, the undisciplined, showy daughter of a self-mademan in W. D. Howells's _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889). 

She was self-possessed because she felt that a knowledge of herfather's fortune had got around, and she had the peace which moneygives to ignorance. She is madly in love with Beaton, whose attentionshave raised expectations he concluded not to fulfill. At their lastmeeting she felt him more than life to her, and knew him lost, and thefrenzy that makes a woman kill the man she loves or fling vitriol todestroy the beauty she cannot have for all hers possessed her lawlesssoul.... She flashed at him, and with both hands made a feline pass atthe face he bent towards her. 

CHRISTMAS TREASURES. Eugene Field, in _A Little Book of WesternVerse_, gives a father's soliloquy over such treasures as

 The little toy my darling knew, A little sock of faded hue, A little lock of golden hair, all that remains to him who, As he lisped his evening prayer Asked the boon with childish grace, Then, toddling to the chimney-place, He hung his little stocking there. 

(1889. )

CHRIS'TOPHER _(St. )_, a saint of the Roman and Greek Churches, said tohave lived in the third century. His pagan name was Offerus, his bodywas twelve ells in height, and he lived in the land of Canaan. Offerusmade a vow to serve only the mightiest; so, thinking the emperor was"the mightiest, " he entered his service. But one day the emperorcrossed himself for fear of the devil, and the giant perceived thatthere was one mightier than his present master, so he quitted hisservice for that of the devil. After awhile. Offerus discovered thatthe devil was afraid of the cross, whereupon he enlisted under Christ, employing himself in carrying pilgrims across a deep stream. One day, a very small child was carried across by him, but proved so heavy thatOfferus, though a huge giant, was well-nigh borne down by the weight. This child was Jesus, who changed the giant's name to _Christoferus_, "bearer of Christ. " He died three days afterwards, and was canonized. 

 Like the great giant Christopher, it stands Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave. 

Longfellow, _The Lighthouse_. 

CHRISTOPHER WRIGHT, otherwise "Uncle Christopher, " is theconsequential oracle of the neighborhood, and the father of sixdaughters, in _Clovernook_, by Alice Cary (1851). 

CHRIST'S VICTORY AND TRIUMPHS, a poem in four parts, by Giles Fletcher(1610): Part i. "Christ's Victory in Heaven, " when He reconciledJustice with Mercy, by taking on Himself a body of human flesh;part ii. "Christ's Triumph on Earth, " when He was led up into thewilderness, and was tempted by Presumption, Avarice, and Ambition;part iii. "Christ's Triumph over Death, " when He died on the Cross;part iv. "Christ's Triumph after Death, " in His resurrection andascension. (See PARADISE REGAINED. )

CHRONICLERS _(Anglo-Norman)_, a series of writers on British historyin verse, of very early date. Geffroy Gaimar wrote his Anglo-Normanchronicle before 1146. It is a history in verse of the Anglo-Saxonkings. Robert Wace wrote the _Brut d'Angleterre [i. E. , Chronicle ofEngland_] in eight-syllable verse, and presented his work to Henry II. It was begun in 1160 and finished in 1170. 

_Chroniclers (Latin)_, historical writers of the eleventh and twelfthcenturies. 

_Chroniclers (Rhyming)_, a series of writers on English history, fromthe thirteenth century. The most noted are: Layamon (called "TheEnglish Ennius") bishop of Ernleye-upon-Severn (1216). Robert ofGloucester, who wrote a narrative of British history from the landingof Brute to the close of the reign of Henry III. (to 1272). No date isassigned to the coming of Brute, but he was the son of Silvius Aene'as(the third generation from Æneas, who escaped from Troy, B. C. 1183), so that the date may be assumed to be B. C. 1028, thus giving a scopeof 2300 years to the chronicle. (The verse of this chronicle is eightand six syllables displayed together, so as to form lines of fourteensyllables each. ) Robert de Brunne's chronicle is in two parts. Thefirst ends with the death of Cadwallader, and the second with thedeath of Edward I. The earlier parts are similar to the Anglo-Normanchronicle of Wace. (The verse is octo-syllabic. )

CHRONICLES OF CANONGATE, certain stories supposed to have been writtenby Mrs. Martha Bethune Baliol, a lady of quality and fortune, wholived, when in Edinburgh, at Baliol Lodging, in the Canongate. Thesetales were written at the request of her cousin, Mr. Croftangry, bywhom, at her death, they were published. The first series contains_The Highland Widow, The Two Drovers_, and _The Surgeon's Daughter_[afterwards removed from this series]. The second series contains _TheFair Maid of Perth_. --Sir W. Scott. 

"Chronicles of Canongate" (introduction to _The Highland Widow_). 

CHRONOLOGY _(The father of_), J. J. Scaliger (1540-1609). 

CHRONON--HOTON--THOL'OGOS _(King). _ He strikes Bombardin'ian, generalof his forces, for giving him hashed pork, and saying, "Kings as greatas Chrononhotonthologos have made a hearty meal on worse. " The kingcalls his general a traitor. "Traitor in thy teeth!" retortsthe general. They fight, and the king dies. --H. Carey, _Chrononhotonthologos_ (a burlesque). 

CHRYSALDE' (2 _syl_. ), friend of Arnolphe. --Molière, _L'École desFemmes_ (1662). 

CHRYSALE (2 _syl_. ), a simple-minded, henpecked French tradesman, whose wife Philaminte (3 _syl_. ) neglects her house for the learnedlanguages, women's rights, and the aristocracy of mind. He is himselfa plain practical man, who has no sympathy with the _bas bleu_movement. He has two daughters, Armande (2 _syl_. ) and Henriette, bothof whom love Clitandre; but Armande, who is a "blue-stocking, " loveshim platonically; while Henriette, who is a "thorough woman, " loveshim with a woman's love. Chrysale sides with his daughter Henriette, and when he falls into money difficulties through the "learnedproclivities" of his wife, Clitandre comes forward like a man, and obtains the consent of both parents to his marriage withHenriette. --Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672). 

CHRYSA'OR _(ch = k)_, the sword of sir Ar'tegal, which "exceeded allother swords. " It once belonged to Jove, and was used by him againstthe Titans, but it had been laid aside till Astraea gave it to theKnight of Justice. 

Of most perfect metal it was made, Tempered with adamant ... Nosubstance was so ... Hard But it would pierce or cleave whereso itcame. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596). 

[Illustration] The poet tells us it was broken to pieces by Radigundqueen of the Amazons (bk. V. 7), yet it reappears whole and sound(canto 12), when it is used with good service against Grantorto (_thespirit of rebellion_). Spenser says it was called Chrysaor because"the blade was garnished all with gold. "

_Chrysa'or_, son of Neptune and Medu'sa. He married Callir'rhoê (4_syl. _), one of the sea-nymphs. 

 Chrysaor rising out of the sea, Showed thus glorious and thus emulous, Leaving the arms of Callirrhoê. Longfellow, _The Evening Star_. 

Chryseis [_Kri see'. Iss_], daughter of Chrysês priest of Apollo. Shewas famed for her beauty and her embroidery. During the Trojan warChryseis was taken captive and allotted to Agamemnon king of Argos, but her father came to ransom her. The king would not accept theoffered ransom, and Chrysês prayed that a plague might fall on theGrecian camp. His prayer was answered, and in order to avert theplague Agamemnon sent the lady back to her father not only withoutransom but with costly gifts. --Homer, _Iliad_, i. 

CHRYSOSTOM, a famous scholar, who died for love of Marcella, "richWilliam's daughter. "

CHUCKS, the boatswain under Captain Savage. --Captain Marryat, _PeterSimple_ (1833). 

CHUFFEY, Anthony Chuzzlewit's old clerk, almost in his dotage, butmaster and man love each other with sincerest affection. 

Chuffey fell back into a dark corner on one side of the fire-place, where he always spent his evenings, and was neither seen nor heard.... Save once, when a cup of tea was given him, in which he was seen tosoak his bread mechanically.... He remained, as it were, frozen up;if any term expressive of such a vigorous process can be applied tohim--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_, xi. (1843). 

CHUNÉE (_À la_), very huge and bulky. Chunée was the largest elephantever brought to England. Henry Harris, manager of Covent Garden, bought it for £900 to appear in the pantomime of _HarlequinPadmenaba_, in 1810. It was subsequently sold to Cross, the proprietorof Exeter 'Change. Chunée at length became mad, and was shot by adetachment of the Guards, receiving 152 wounds. The skeleton ispreserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons. It is 12 feet 4inches high. 

CHURCH BUILT BY VOLTAIRE. Voltaire, the atheist, built, at Ferney, aChristian church, and had this inscription affixed to it "_Deo erexitVoltaire_. " Campbell, in the Life of Cowper (vol. Vii. , 358) says, "heknows not to whom Cowper alludes in these lines:"

 Nor his who for the bane of thousands born, Built God a church, and laughed His word to scorn. 

Cowper, _Retirement_ (1782). 

CHURM. Guide, philosopher, and friend of Robert Byng, in _CecilDreeme_. A noted philanthropist, the fame of whose benevolence is theOpen Sesame to an insane asylum in which his child is incarcerated. --Theodore Winthrop, _Cecil Dreeme_ (1861). 

CHUZZLEWIT (_Anthony_), cousin of Martin Chuzzlewit, the grandfather. Anthony is an avaricious old hunks, proud of having brought up hisson, Jonas, to be as mean and grasping as himself. His two redeemingpoints are his affection for his old old servant, Chuffey, and hisforgiveness of Jonas after his attempt to poison him. 

The old established firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and Son, Manchesterwarehousemen ... Had its place of business in a very narrow streetsomewhere behind the Post Office.... A dim, dirty, smoky, tumble-down, rotten old house it was ... But here the firm ... Transacted theirbusiness ... And neither the young man nor the old one had any otherresidence. --Chap. Xi. 

_Jonas Chuzzlewit_, son of Anthony, of the "firm of Anthony Chuzzlewitand Son, Manchester warehousemen. " A consummate villain of meanbrutality and small tyranny. He attempts to poison his old father, and murders Montague Tigg, who knows his secret. Jonas marries MercyPecksniff, his cousin, and leads her a life of utter misery. Hiseducation had been conducted on money-grubbing principles; the firstword he was taught to spell was _gain_, and the second, _money_. Hepoisons himself to save his neck from the gallows. 

This fine young man had all the inclination of a profligate ofthe first water, and only lacked the one good trait in the commoncatalogue of debauched vices--open-handedness--to be a notablevagabond. But there his griping and penurious habits steppedin. --Chap. Xi. 

_Martin Chuzzlewit, sen. _, grandfather to the hero of the same name. A stern old man, whose kind heart has been turned to gall by the direselfishness of his relations. Being resolved to expose Pecksniff, hegoes to live in his house, and pretends to be weak in intellect, butkeeps his eyes sharp open, and is able to expose the canting scoundrelin all his deformity. 

_Martin Chuzzlewit, jun. _, the hero of the tale called _MartinChuzzlewit_, grandson to old Martin. His nature has been warped bybad training, and, at first, he is both selfish and exacting; but thetroubles and hardships he undergoes in "Eden" completely transformhim, and he becomes worthy of Mary Graham, whom he marries. --C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

CYNDO'NAX, a chief druid, whose tomb (with a Greek inscription) wasdiscovered near Dijon, in 1598. 

CIACCO' (2 _syl. _), a glutton, spoken to by Dantê, in the third circleof hell, the place in which gluttons are consigned to endless woe. Theword means "a pig, " and is not a proper name, but only a symbolicalone. --Dantê, _Hell_, vi. (1300). 

 Ciacco, thy dire affliction grieves me much. _Hell_, vi. 

CICERO. When the great Roman orator was given up by Augustus to therevenge of Antony, it was a cobbler who conducted the sicarii toFormiae, whither Cicero had fled in a litter, intending to put tosea. His bearers would have fought, but Cicero forbade them, and oneHerennius has the unenviable notoriety of being his murderer. 

It was a cobbler that set the murderers on Cicero. --Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 6. 

_Cicero of the British Senate_, George Canning (1770-1827). 

_Cicero of France_, Jean Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742). 

_Cicero of Germany_, John, Elector of Brandenburg (1455, 1486-1499). 

_Cicero's Mouth_, Philippe Pot, Prime Minister of Louis XL(1428-1494). 

_The British Cicero_, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778). 

_The Christian Cicero_, Lucius Coelius Lactantius (died 330). 

_The German Cicero_, Johann Sturm, printer and scholar (1507-1589). 

CICELY (_Sweet_). Heroine of novel by Marietta Holley, better known as"Josiah Allen's wife. " (1885). 

_Cicely Humphreys_. Putative daughter of Bothwell and MarieStuart; who is made the companion of her mother's journeyings andcaptivity. --C. M. Yonge, _Unknown to History_ (1885). 

CYCLINIUS, mistake in one only manuscript of Chaucer for Cyllenius, aname of Mercury, from his birth-place, Mt. Cyllene in Arcadia. 

Cyclinius (Cyllenius) riding in his chevauchie. Chaucer, _Complaint ofMars and Venus_. 

CID (_The_) = Seid or Signior, also called CAMPEADOR [_Cam. Pa'. Dor_]or "Camp hero. " Rodrigue Diaz de Bivar was surnamed "the Cid. " Thegreat hero of Castille, he was born at Burgos, 1030, and died, 1099. He signalized himself by his exploits in the reigns of Ferdinand, Sancho II. , and Alphonso VI. Of Leon and Castille. In the wars betweenSancho II. And his brother (Alphonso VI. ), he sided with the former;and, on the assassination of Sancho, was disgraced, and quitted thecourt. He then assembled his vassals and marched against theMoors, whom he conquered in several battles, so that Alphonso wasnecessitated to recall him. Both Corneille and Guilhem de Cantro haveadmirable tragedies on the subject; Ross Neil has an English dramacalled _The Cid_; Sanchez, in 1775, wrote a long poem of 1128 verses, called _Poema del Cid Campeador_. Southey, in his _Chronicle of theCid_ (1808), has collected all that is known of this extraordinaryhero. (It was _The Cid_ (1636) which gained for Corneille the title of"Le Grand Corneille. ")

_The Cid's Father_, Don Diego Lainez. 

_The Cid's Mother_, Doña Teresa Nnñez. 

_The Cid's Wife_, Xime'na, daughter of the Count Lozano de Gormaz. TheFrench called her _La Belle Chimène_, but the _rôle_ ascribed to herby Corneille is wholly imaginary. 

 Never more to thine own castle Wilt thou turn Babieca's rein; Never will thy loved Ximena See thee at her side again. _The Cid_. 

_The Cid's Children_. His two daughters were Elvi'ra and Sol; his son, Diego Rodriquez, died young. 

_The Cid's Horse_ was Babieca [either _Bab. I. E'. Keh_ or_Ba. Bee. 'keh]. _ It survived its master two years and a half, but noone was allowed to mount it. Babieca was buried before the monasterygates of Valencia, and two elms were planted to mark the spot. 

 Troth it goodly was and pleasant To behold him at their head, All in mail on Babieca, And to list the words he said. _The Cid_. 

(Here "Babieca" is 4 _syl_. , but in the verse above it is only 3_syl_. ). 

_The Cid's Swords_, Cola'da and Tizo'na ("terror of the world"). Thelatter was taken by him from King Bucar. 

_Cid (The Portuguese_), Nunez Alva'rez Perei'ra (1360-1431). 

CID HAMET BENENGELI, the hypothetical author of _Don Quixote_. (SeeBENENGELI). 

Spanish commentators have discovered this pseudonym to be only anArabian version of _Signior Cervantes. Cid, i. E. _, "signior;" _Hamet_, a Moorish prefix; and _Ben-en-geli_, meaning "son of a stag. " So_cervato_ ("a young stag") is the basis of the name Cervantes. 

CIDLI, the daughter of Jairus, restored to life by Jesus. She wasbeloved by Sem'ida, the young man of Nain, also raised by Jesus fromthe dead. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iv. (1771). 

CIGARETTE. _Vivandiére_ in the French army in Algiers. Passionate, wilful, tender and brave, she gives her life to save that of the manshe loves. --Ouida, _Under Two Flags_. 

CIMMERIAN DARKNESS. Homer places the Cimmerians beyond the Oceanus, in a land of never-ending gloom; and immediately after Cimmeria, heplaces the empire of Hadês. Pliny (_Historia Naturalis_, vi. 14)places Cimmeria near the Lake Avernus, in Italy, where "the sun neverpenetrates. " Cimmeria is now called _Kertch_, but the Cossacks call it_Prekla (Hell). _

CINCINNATUS, virtuous Roman patriot called from the plough to servethe State. 

CINCINNA'TUS OF THE AMERICANS, George Washington (1732-1799). 

CINDERELLA, the heroine of a fairy tale. She was the drudge of thehouse, "put upon" by her two elder sisters. While the elder sisterswere at a ball, a fairy came, and having arrayed the "littlecinder-girl" in ball costume, sent her in a magnificent coach to thepalace where the ball was given. The prince fell in love with her, but knew not who she was. This, however, he discovered by means of a"glass slipper" which she dropped, and which fitted no foot but herown. 

(This tale is substantially the same as that of _Rhodopis andPsammitichus_ in Ælian _[Var. Hist_. , xiii. , 32]. A similar one isalso told in Strabo _(Geog. _ xvii). )

The _glass_ slipper should be the _fur_ slipper, _pantoufle en vair_, not _en verre_; our version being taken from the _Contes de Fees_ ofC. Perrault (1697). 

CINDY, maid-of-all-work in the Derrick household, in Susan Warner's_Say and Seal. _ With the freedom of Yankee help she is "'boun' toconfess" whatever occurs to her mind in season and out of season. (1860). 

CINNA, a tragedy by Pierre Corneille (1637). Mdlle. Rachel, in 1838, took the part of Emilie the heroine, and made a great sensation inParis. 

CINQ-MARS, (_H. Coiffier de Ruze, marquis de_), favorite of LouisXIII. And _protégé_ of Richelieu (1620-1642). Irritated by thecardinal's opposition to his marriage with Marie de Gonzague, Cinq-Mars tried to overthrow or to assassinate him. Gaston, the king'sbrother, sided with the conspirator, but Richelieu discovered theplot, and Cinq-Mars, being arrested, was condemned to death. Alfred deVigny published, in 1826, a novel (in imitation of Scott's historicalnovels) on the subject, under the title of _Cinq-Mars. _

CINQUECENTO (3 _syl_. ), the fifteenth century of Italian notables. They were Ariosto (1474-1533), Tasso (1544-1595), and GiovanniRucellai (1475-1526), _poets_; Raphael (1483-1520), Titian(1480-1576), and Michael Angelo (1474-1564), _painters_. These, withMachiavelli, Luigi Alamanni, Bernardo Baldi, etc. , make up what istermed the "Cinquecentesti. " The word means the worthies of the '500epoch, and it will be observed that they all flourished between 1500and the close of that century. (See SEICENTA). 

 Ouida writes in winter mornings at a Venetian writing-table of cinquecento work that would enrapture the souls of the virtuosi who haunt Christie's. --E. Yates, _Celebrities_, xix. 

CIPAN'GO OR ZIPANGO, a marvellous island described in the _Voyages_ ofMarco Polo, the Venetian traveller. He described it as lying some 1500miles from land. This island was an object of diligent search withColumbus and other early navigators, but belongs to that wonderfulchart which contains the _El Dorado_ of Sir Walter Raleigh, the_Utopia_ of Sir Thomas More, the _Atlantis_ of Lord Bacon, the_Laputa_ of Dean Swift, and other places better known in story than ingeography. 

CIRCE (2 _syl_. ), a sorceress who metamorphosed the companions ofUlysses into swine. Ulysses resisted the enchantment by means of theherb _moly_, given him by Mercury. 

 Who knows not Circe, The daughter of the sun, whose charmed cup Whoever tasted lost his upright shape, And downward fell into a grovelling swine? Milton, _Comus_ (1634). 

CIRCUIT _(Serjeant)_, in Foote's farce called _The Lame Lover_. 

CIS'LEY or CISS, any dairy-maid. Tusser frequently speaks of the"dairy-maid Cisley, " and in _April Husbandry_ tells Ciss she mustcarefully keep these ten guests from her cheeses: Gehazi, Lot's wife, Argus, Tom Piper, Crispin, Lazarus, Esau, Mary Maudlin, Gentiles andbishops. (1)Gehazi, because a cheese should never be a dead white, like Gehazi the leper. (2) Lot's wife, because a cheese should not betoo salt, like Lot's wife. (3) Argus, because a cheese should not befull of eyes, like Argus. (4) Tom Piper, because a cheese shouldnot be "hoven and puffed, " like the cheeks of a piper. (5) Crispin, because a cheese should not be leathery, as if for a cobbler's use. (6) Lazarus, because a cheese should not be poor, like the beggarLazarus. (7) Esau, because a cheese should not be hairy, like Esau. (8) Mary Maudlin, because a cheese should not be full of whey, as MaryMaudlin was full of tears. (9) Gentiles, because a cheese should notbe full of maggots or gentils. (10) Bishops, because a cheese shouldnot be made of burnt milk, or milk "banned by a bishop. "--T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, ("April, " 1557). 

CITIZEN _(The)_, a farce by Arthur Murphy. George Philpot is destinedto be the husband of Maria Wilding, but as Maria Wilding is in lovewith Beaufort, she behaves so sillily to her betrothed that he refusesto marry her, whereupon she gives her hand to Beaufort (1757). 

CITY MADAM _(The)_, a comedy by Philip Massinger (1633). She was thedaughter of a farmer named Goodman Humble, and married a merchant, SirJohn Frugal, who became immensely wealthy, but retired from business, and by a deed of gift transferred his wealth to his brother Luke, whereby madam and her daughter were both dependent on him. During herdays of wealth the extravagance of Lady Frugal was unbounded, and herdress costly beyond conception; but Luke reduced her state to that offarmers' daughters in general. Luke says to her:

 You were served in plate; Stirred not a foot without a coach, and going To church, not for devotion, but to show Your pomp. 

_The City Madam_ is an extraordinarily spirited picture of actuallife, idealized into a semi-comic strain of poetry. --ProfessorSpaulding. 

CLADPOLE _(Tim)_, Richard Lower, of Chiddingly, author of _TomCladpole's Journey to Lunnun_ (1831); _Jan Cladpole's Trip to'Merricur_ (1844), etc. 

CLAIMANT _(The). _ William Knollys, in in _The Great Banbury Case_, claimed the baronetcy, but was non-suited. This suit lasted 150 years(1660-1811). 

Douglas _v_. Hamilton, in _The Great Douglas Case_, was settled infavor of the claimant, who was at once raised to the peerage underthe name and title of Baron Douglas of Douglas Castle, but was notrestored to the title of duke (1767-1769). 

Tom Provis, a schoolmaster of ill repute, who had married a servant ofSir Hugh Smithes of Ashton Hall, near Bristol, claimed the baronetcyand estates, but was non-suited and condemned to imprisonment fortwenty-one years (1853). 

Arthur Orton, who claimed to be Sir Roger Tichborne (drowned at sea). He was non-suited and sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment forperjury (1871-1872). 

CLAIRE TWINING, daughter of a refined man, the scion of an old Englishfamily and a vulgar woman who marries him to escape from poverty. After his death, the daughter begins her career of rising in thesocial scale, using a wealthy school-fellow as the first step, awell-born husband as the last. The emptiness and vanity of what shegained are well set forth in _An Ambitious Woman_, by Edgar Fawcett. (1883). 

CLANDESTINE MARRIAGE _(The). _ Fanny Sterling, the younger daughter ofMr. Sterling, a rich city merchant, is clandestinely married to Mr. Lovewell, an apprentice in the house, of good family; and Sir JohnMelvil is engaged to Miss Sterling, the elder sister. Lord Ogleby isa guest in the merchant's house. Sir John prefers Fanny to her eldersister, and, not knowing of her marriage, proposes to her, but isrejected. Fanny appeals to Lord Ogleby, who, being a vain old fop, fancies she is in love with him, and tells Sterling he means to makeher a countess. Matters being thus involved, Lovewell goes to consultwith Fanny about declaring their marriage, and the sister, convincedthat Sir John is shut up in her sister's room, rouses the house witha cry of "Thieves!" Fanny and Lovewell now make their appearance. Allparties are scandalized. But Fanny declares they have been marriedfour months, and Lord Ogleby takes their part. So all ends well. --G. Colman and D. Garrick (1766). 

This comedy is a _réchauffé_ of _The False Concord_, by Rev. JamesTownley, many of the characters and much of the dialogue beingpreserved. 

CLA'RA, in Otway's comedy called _The Cheats of Scapin_, an Englishversion of _Les Fourberies de Scapin_, by Molière, represents theFrench character called "Hyacinthe. " Her father is called by Otway"Gripe, " and by Molière "Géronte" (2 _syl_. ); her brother is"Leander, " in French "Leandre;" and her sweetheart "Octavian" son of"Thrifty, " in French "Octave" son of "Argante. " The sum of money wrungfrom Gripe is £200, but that squeezed out of Géronte is 1, 500 livres. 

CLARA [D'ALMANZA], daughter of Don Guzman of Seville, beloved byDon Ferdinand, but destined by her mother for a cloister. She lovesFerdinand, but repulses him from shyness and modesty, quits home andtakes refuge in St. Catherine's Convent. Ferdinand discoversher retreat, and after a few necessary blunders they aremarried. --Sheridan, _The Duenna_ (1773). 

_Clara (Donna)_, the troth-plight wife of Octavio. Her affiancedhusband, having killed Don Felix in a duel, was obliged to lie _perdu_for a time, and Clara, assuming her brother's clothes and name, wentin search of him. Both came to Salamanca, both set up at the Eagle, both hired the same servant, Lazarillo, and ere long they met, recognized each other, and became man and wife. --Jephson, _Two Stringsto your Bow_ (1792). 

_Clara_ [DOUGLAS], a lovely girl of artless mind, feeling heart, greatmodesty, and well accomplished. She loved Alfred Evelyn, but refusedto marry him because they were both too poor to support a house. Evelyn was left an immense fortune, and proposed to Georgina Vesey, but Georgina gave her hand to Sir Frederick Blount. Being thusdisentangled, Evelyn again proposed to Clara, and was joyfullyaccepted. --Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840). 

CLARCHEN _[Kler'. Kn]_, a female character in Goethe's _Egmont_, notedfor her constancy and devotion. 

CLARE _(Ada)_, cousin of Richard Carstone, both of whom are orphansand wards in Chancery. They marry each other, but Richard dies young, blighted by the law's delays in the great Chancery suit of "Jarndyce_v_. Jarndyce. "--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

CLARENCE _(George Duke of_), introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Anne ofGeierstein_ (time Edward IV. ). 

CLARENCE AND THE MALMSEY BUTT. According to tradition, George, Duke ofClarence, having joined Warwick to replace Henry VI. On the throne, was put to death, and the choice being offered him, was drowned in abutt of malmsey wine (1478). 

CLARENDON _(The Earl of_), Lord Chancellor to Charles II. Introducedby Sir W. Scott in _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

CLARIBEL _(Sir)_, surnamed "The Lewd. " One of the six knights whocontended for the false Florimel. --Spenser, _Faery Queen_, iv. 9(1593). 

_Clar'ibel_, the pseudonym of Mrs. Barnard, author of numerous popularsongs (from 1865 to). 

CLAR'ICE (3 _syl_. ), wife of Rinaldo, and sister of Huon of Bordeaux. Introduced in the romances of Bojardo, Ariosto, Tasso, etc. 

CLARIN OR CLARIN'DA, the confidential maid of Radigund, queen of theAm'azons. When the queen had got Sir Ar'tegal into her power, and madehim change his armor for an apron, and his sword for a distaff, shefell in love with the captive, and sent Clarin to win him over by fairpromises and indulgences. Clarin performed the appointed mission, butfell in love herself with the knight, and told the queen that SirArtegal was obstinate, and rejected her advances with scorn. --Spenser, _Faery Queen_, v. 5 (1596). 

CLARINDA, the heroine of Mrs. Centlivre's drama _The Beau's Duel_(1703). 

[Illustration] "Estifania, " in _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_, byBeaumont and Fletcher. 

_Clarin'da_, a merry, good-humored, high-spirited lady, in love withCharles Frankly. The madcap Ranger is her cousin. --Dr. Hoadly, _TheSuspicious Husband_ (1747). 

_Clarinda_ of Robert Burns, was Mrs. Maclehose, who was alive in 1833. 

CLARION, the son and heir of Muscarol. He was the fairest and mostprosperous of all the race of flies. Aragnol, the son of Arachnê (thespider), entertained a deep and secret hatred of the young prince, andset himself to destroy him; so, weaving a most curious net, Clarionwas soon caught, and Aragnol gave him his death-wound by piercing himunder the left wing. --Spenser _Muiopotmos or The Butterfly's Fate_(1590). 

CLARIS'SA, wife of Gripe the scrivener. A lazy, lackadaisical, finecity lady, who thinks "a woman must be of mechanic mold who is eithertroubled or pleased with anything her husband can do" (act i. 3). Shehas "wit and beauty, with a fool to her husband, " but though "fool, " ahard, grasping, mean old hunks. 

_Claris'sa_, sister of Beverley, plighted to George Bellmont. --A. Murphy, _All in the Wrong_, (1761). 

CLARISSA HARLOWE. (See HARLOWE. )

CLARK _(The Rev T. )_. , the pseudonym of John Gall, the novelist (17791839). 

CLARKE _(The Rev. C. C. )_, one of the many pseudonyms of Sir RichardPhillips, author of _The Hundred Wonders of the World_ (1818), _Readings in Natural Philosophy_. 

CLARSIE, the mountain maid who, going out at dawn to "try herfortune, " discovers the "Harnt" that walks Chilhowee. --Charles EgbertCraddock (Mary Noailles Murfree), _In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1884). 

CLA'THO, the last wife of Fingal and mother of Fillan, Fingal'syoungest son. 

CLAUDE _(The English_), Richard Wilson (1714-1782). 

CLAU'DINE (2 _syl_. ), wife of the porter of the hotel Harancour, andold nurse of Julio "the deaf and dumb" count. She recognizes the lad, who had been rescued by De l'Epée from the streets of Paris, andbrought up by him under the name of Theodore. Ultimately, the guardianDarlemont confesses that he had sent him adrift under the hope ofgetting rid of him; but being proved to be the count, he is restoredto his rank and property. --Th. Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_ (1785). 

CLAUDIO _(Lord)_ of Florence, a friend of Don Pedro, Prince ofArragon, and engaged to Hero (daughter of Leonato, governor ofMessina)--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600). 

_Claudio_, condemned to die for betraying his mistress Juliet, triesto buy his life at the sacrifice of his sister Isabella's honor, shamefully pursued by Angelo, the Duke's deputy. --Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_. 

CLAU'DIUS, King of Denmark, who poisoned his brother, married thewidow, and usurped the throne. Claudius induced Laertes to challengeHamlet to play with foils, but persuaded him to poison his weapon. Inthe combat the foils got changed, and Hamlet wounded Laertes with thepoisoned weapon. In order still further to secure the death of Hamlet, Claudius had a cup of poisoned wine prepared, which he intended togive Hamlet when he grew thirsty with playing. The queen, drinking ofthis cup, died of poison, and Hamlet, rushing on Claudius, stabbed himand cried aloud, "Here, thou incestuous, murderous Dane.... Follow mymother!"--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596). [Illustration] In the _Historyof Hamblet_, Claudius is called "Fengon, " a far better name for aDane. 

_Claudius_, the instrument of Appius the decemvir for entrappingVirginia. He pretended that Virginia was his slave, who had beenstolen from him and sold to Virginius. --J. S. Knowles, _Virginius_(1820). 

_Claudius (Mathias)_, a German poet born at Rheinfeld, and author ofthe famous song called _Rheinweinlied_ ("Rhenish wine song"), sung atall convivial feasts of the Germans. 

 Claudius, though he sang of flagons, And huge tankards filled with Rhenish, From the fiery blood of dragons Never would his own replenish. Longfellow, _Drinking Song_. 

CLAUS _(Peter). _ (See under K. )

_Claus (Santa)_, a familiar name for St. Nicholas, the patron saint ofchildren. On Christmas Eve German children have presents stowedaway in their socks and shoes while they are asleep, and the littlecredulous ones suppose that Santa Claus or Klaus placed them there. 

St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three destitute maidens withmarriage portions by secretly leaving money with their widowed mother, and as his day occurs just before Christmas, he was selected for thegift-giver on Christmas Eve. --Yonge. 

"CLAVERHOUSE, " or the Marquis of Argyll, a kinsman of Ravenswood, introduced by Sir W. Scott in _The Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, WilliamIII. ). 

_Claver'house_ (3 _syl_. ), John Graham of Claverhouse (ViscountDundee), a relentless Jacobite, so rapacious and profane, so violentin temper and obdurate of heart, that every Scotchman hates the name. He hunted the Covenanters with real vindictiveness, and is a by-wordfor barbarity and cruelty (1650-1689). 

CLAVIJO _(Don)_, a cavalier who "could touch the guitar to admiration, write poetry, dance divinely, and had a fine genius for makingbird-cages. " He married the Princess Antonomesia of Candaya, and wasmetamorphosed by Malambruno into a crocodile of some unknown metal. Don Quixote disenchanted him "by simply attempting the adventure. "--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

CLAVILEN'O, the wooden horse on which Don Quixote got astride in orderto disenchant the Infanta Antonoma'sia, her husband, and the CountessTrifaldi (called the "Dolori'da Dueña"). It was "the very horseon which Peter of Provence carried off the fair Magalone, and wasconstructed by Merlin. " This horse was called Clavileno or wooden Peg, because it was governed by a wooden pin in the forehead. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. Iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

There is one peculiar advantage attending this horse; he neither eats, drinks, sleeps, nor wants shoeing.... His name is not Pegasus, norBucephalus; nor is it Brilladoro, the name of the steed of OrlandoFurioso; neither is it Bayarte, which belonged to Reynaldo deMontalbon; nor Bootes, nor Peritoa, the horses of the sun; but hisname is Clavileno the Winged. --Chap. 4. 

CLAYPOLE _(Noah), alias_ "Morris Bolter, " an ill-conditionedcharity-boy, who takes down the shutters of Sowerberry's shop andreceives broken meats from Charlotte (Sowerberry's servant), whom heafterwards marries. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

CLAY AND RANDOLPH. In his _Thirty Years' View_, Thomas Hart Bentongives a graphic description of the famous duel between Henry Clay andJohn Randolph, of Roanoke (April 8, 1826). 

After two shots had been exchanged without injury to either, the twostatesmen shook hands, Randolph remarking: "You owe me a coat, Mr. Clay, " a bullet having passed through his; and Mr. Clay answered: "Iam glad the debt is no greater!" (1854). 

CLEANTE (2 _syl_. ), brother-in-law of Orgon. He is distinguishedfor his genuine piety, and is both high-minded andcompassionate. --Molière, _La Tartuffe_ (1664). 

_Cléante_ (2 _Syl. _), son of Har'pagon the miser, in love with Mariane(3 _syl_. ). Harpagon, though 60 years old, wished to marry the sameyoung lady, but Cléante solved the difficulty thus: He dug up a casketof gold from the garden, hidden under a tree by the miser, and whileHarpagon was raving about the loss of his gold, Cléante told himhe might take his choice between Mariane and the gold. The miserpreferred the casket, which was restored to him, and Cléante marriedMariane. --Molière, _L'Avar_ (1667). 

_Cléante_ (2 _syl_. ), the lover of Angelique, daughter of Argan the_malade imaginaire_. As Argan had promised Angelique in marriage toThomas Diafoirus, a young surgeon, Cléante carries on his love as amusic-master, and though Argan is present, the lovers sing to eachother their plans under the guise of an interlude called "Tircis andPhilis. " Ultimately, Argan assents to the marriage of his daughterwith Cléante. --Molière, _Le Malade Imaginaire_ (1673). 

CLEAN'THE (2 _syl_. ), sister of Siphax of Paphos. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Mad Lover_ (1617). 

_Cleanthe_ (3 _syl_. ), the lady beloved by Ion. --Talfourd, _Ion_(1835). 

CLEAN'THES (3 _syl_. ), son of Leon'idês and husband of Hippolita, noted for his filial piety. The Duke of Epire made a law that allmen who had attained the age of 80 should be put to death as uselessincumbrances of the commonwealth. Simonidês, a young libertine, admired the law, but Cleanthês looked on it with horror, anddetermined to save his father from its operation. Accordingly, he gaveout that his father was dead, and an ostentatious funeral took place;but Cleanthês retired to a wood, where he concealed Leon'idês, whilehe and his wife waited on him and administered to his wants. --_TheOld Law_ (a comedy of Philip Massinger, T. Middleton, and W. Rowley, 1620). 

CLEGG _(Holdfast)_, a Puritan mill-wright. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril ofthe Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CLEISH'BOTHAM _(Jededi'ah)_, schoolmaster and parish clerk ofGandercleuch, who employed his assistant teacher to arrange and editthe tales told by the landlord of the Wallace Inn of the same parish. These tales the editor disposed in three series, called by the generaltitle of _The Tales of My Landlord (q. V. ). _ (See introduction to_The Black Dwarf_. ) Of course the real author is Sir Walter Scott(1771-1832). 

_Mrs. Dorothea Cleishbotham_, wife of the schoolmaster, a perfectXantippê, and a "sworn sister of the Eumen'idês. "

CLE'LIA OR CLOE'LIA, a Roman maiden, one of the hostages given toPor'sena. She made her escape from the Etruscan camp by swimmingacross the Tiber. Being sent back by the Romans, Porsena not only sether at liberty for her gallant deed, but allowed her to take with hera part of the hostages. Mdlle. Scudéri has a novel on the subject, entitled _Clélie, Histoire Romaine_. 

 Our statues--not those that men desire-- Sleek odalisques _[Turkish slaves_] ... But The Carian Artemisia ... _[See Artemisia_. ] Clelia, Cornelia ... And the Roman brows Of Agrippina. 

 Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. 

_Cle'lia_, a vain, frivolous female butterfly, with a smattering ofeverything. In youth she was a coquette; and when youth was passed, tried sundry means to earn a living, but without success. --Crabbe, _Borough_ (1810). 

CLELIE (2 _syl_. ), the heroine of a novel so called by Mdlle. Scudéri. (See CLELIA. )

CLEMENT, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (afollower of Prince John). --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Clem'ent (Justice)_, a man quite able to discern between fun andcrime. Although he had the weakness "of justices' justice. " he had notthe weakness of ignorant vulgarity. 

_Knowell_. They say he will commit a man for taking the wall of hishorse. 

_Wellbred_. Ay, or for wearing his cloak on one shoulder, or servingGod. Anything, indeed, if it comes in the way of his humor. --B. Jonson, _Every Man in His Humor_, iii. 2 (1598). 

CLEMENTI'NA _(The Lady_), an amiable, delicate, beautiful, accomplished, but unfortunate woman, deeply in love with Sir CharlesGrandison. Sir Charles married Harriet Byron. --S. Richardson, _TheHistory of Sir Charles Grandison_ (1753). 

Cle'ofas (_Don_), the hero of a novel by Lesage, entitled _Le DiableBoiteux_ (_The Devil on Two Sticks_). A fiery young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited and revengeful; noted for gallantry but not withoutgenerous sentiment. Asmode'us (4 _syl_. ) shows him what is going on inprivate families by unroofing the houses (1707). 

CLEOM'BROTUS or Ambracio'ta of Ambrac'ia, (in Epirus). Having readPlato's book on the soul's immortality and happiness in another life, he was so ravished with the description that he leaped into the seathat he might die and enjoy Plato's elysium. 

 He who to enjoy Plato's elysium leaped into the sea, Cleombrotus. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iii. 471, etc. (1665). 

CLEOM'ENES (4 _syl_. ), the hero and title of a drama by Dryden (1692). As Dryden came out of the theatre a young fop of fashion said to him:"If I had been left alone with a young beauty, I would not have spentmy time like your Spartan hero. " "Perhaps not, " said the poet, "butyou are not my hero. "--W. C. Russell, _Representative Actors_. 

_Cleom'enes_ (4 _syl_. ). "The Venus of Cleomenês" is now called "TheVenus de Medici. " Such a mere moist lump was once ... "the Venus ofCleomenês. "--Ouida, _Ariadné_, i. 8. 

CLE'ON, governor of Tarsus, burnt to death with his wife Dionys'iaby the enraged citizens, to revenge the supposed murder of Mari'na, daughter of Per'iclês, Prince of Tyre. --Shakespeare, _Pericles, Princeof Tyre_ (1608). 

_Cle'on_, the personification of Glory. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_. 

CLEOP'ATRA, Queen of Egypt, wife of Ptolemy Dionysius, her brother. She was driven from her throne, but re-established by Julius Cæsar, B. C. 47. Antony, captivated by her, repudiated his wife, Octavia, tolive with the fascinating Egyptian. After the loss of the battle ofActium, Cleopatra killed herself by an asp. 

E. Jodelle wrote in French a tragedy called _Cléopâtre Captive_(1550); Jean Mairet one called _Cléopâtre_ (1630); Isaac de Benserade(1670); J. F. Marmontel (1750), and Mde. De Girardin (1847) wrotetragedies in French on the same subject. S. Daniel (1600) wrote atragedy in English called _Cleopatra_; Shakespeare one called _Antonyand Cleopatra_ (1608); and Dryden one on the same subject, called _Allfor Love_ or _the World Well Lost_ (1682). 

[Illustration] Mrs. Oldfield (1683-1730) and Peg (Margaret) Woffington(1718-1760) were unrivalled in this character. 

_Cleopatra and the Pearl_. The tale is that Cleopatra made a sumptuousbanquet, which excited the surprise of Antony; whereupon the queentook a pearl ear-drop, dissolved it in a strong acid and drank theliquor to the health of the triumvir, saying: "My draught to Antonyshall exceed in value the whole banquet. "

[Illustration] When Queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, Sir ThomasGresham pledged her health in a cup of wine containing a preciousstone crushed to atoms, and worth £15, 000. 

Here £15, 000 at one clap goes Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks thepearl Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it; love it!--Th. Heywood, _If You Know not Me. You Know Nobody_. 

_Cleopatra in Hades_. Cleopatra, says Rabelais, is "a crier of onions"in the shades below. The Latin for a pearl and onion is _unio_, andthe pun refers to Cleopatra giving her _pearl_ (or _onion_) to Antonyin a draught of wine, or, as some say, drinking it herself in toastingher lover. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 30 (1553). 

_Cleopat'ra_, Queen of Syria, daughter of Ptolemy Philome'ter, King ofEgypt. She first married Alexander Bala, the usurper (B. C. 149); nextDeme'trius Nica'nor. Demetrius, being taken prisoner by the Parthians, married Rodogune (3 _syl_. ), daughter of Phraa'tes (3 _syl_. ) theParthian king, and Cleopatra married Antiochus Sidetês, brother ofDemetrius. She slew her son Seleucus (by Demetrius) for treason, andas this produced a revolt, abdicated in favor of her second son, Anti'ochus VIII. , who compelled her to drink poison which she hadprepared for himself. P. Corneille has made this the subject of histragedy called _Rodogune_ (1646). 

[Illustration] This is not the Cleopatra of Shakespeare's and Dryden'stragedies. 

_Cleopatra_. In his _Graffiti d'Italia_, William Wetmore Story gives apassionate soliloquy of the Egyptian Queen, beginning:--

 "Here, Charmian, take my bracelets; They bar with a purple stain My arms. "

 (1868). 

CLERE'MONT (2 _syl_. ), a merry gentleman, the friend ofDinant'. --"Beaumont and Fletcher" _The Little French Lawyer_ (1547). 

CLER'IMOND, niece of the Green Knight, sister of Fer'ragus the giant, and bride of Valentine the brave. --_Valentine and Orson_. 

CLERKS _(St. Nicholas's)_, thieves, also called "St. Nicholas'sClergymen, " in allusion to the tradition of "St. Nicholas and thethieves. " Probably a play on the words _Nich-olas_ and _Old Nick_ maybe designed. --See Shakespeare, 1 _Henry IV_. Act ii. Sc. 1 (1597). 

CLESS'AMMOR, son of Thaddu and brother of Morna (Fingal's mother). Hemarried Moina, daughter of Reutha'mir (the principal man of Balclutha, on the Clyde). It so happened that Moina was beloved by a Briton namedReuda, who came with an army to carry her off. Reuda was slain byClessammor; but Clessammor, being closely pressed by the Britons, fled, and never again saw his bride. In due time a son was born, called Carthon; but the mother died. While Carthon was still aninfant, Fingal's father attacked Balclutha, and slew Reuthama(Carthon's grandfather). While the boy grew to manhood, he determinedon vengeance; accordingly he invaded Morven, the kingdom of Fingal, where Clessammor, not knowing who he was, engaged him in singlecombat, and slew him. When he discovered that it was his son, three days he mourned for him, and on the fourth he died. --Ossian, _Carthon_. 

CLEVE'LAND _(Barbara Villiers, Duchess of)_, one of the mistresses ofCharles II. , introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_. 

_Cleve'land_ (Captain Clement), alias Vaughan [_Vawn_], "the pirate, "son of Norna of the Fitful Head. He is in love with Minna Troil(daughter of Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland). --Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III). 

CLEVER, the man-servant of Hero Sutton, "the city maiden. " When Heroassumed the guise of a quaker, Clever called himself Obadiah, andpretended to be a rigid quaker also. His constant exclamation was"Umph! "--S. Knowles, _Woman's Wit, etc_. (1838). 

Clifford _(Sir Thomas_), betrothed to Julia (daughter of Master Walter"the hunchback"). He is wise, honest, truthful, and well-favored, kind, valiant, and prudent. --S. Knowles, _The Hunchback_ (1831). 

_Clifford, (Mr. )_, the heir of Sir William Charlton in right of hismother, and in love with Lady Emily Gayville. The scrivener Alscriphad fraudulently got possession of the deeds of the Charlton estates, which he had given to his daughter called "the heiress, " and whichamounted to £2000 a year; but Rightly, the lawyer, discovered thefraud, and "the heiress" was compelled to relinquish this part ofher fortune. Clifford then proposed to Lady Emily, and wasaccepted. --General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_. (1781). 

_Clifford (Paul)_, a highwayman, reformed by the power of love. --LordLytton, _Paul Clifford_ (1830). 

_Clifford (Rosamond)_, usually called "The Fair Rosamond, " thefavorite mistress of Henry II. ; daughter of Walter Lord Clifford. Sheis introduced by Tennyson in his tragedy _Becket_. Miss Terry actedthe part. Dryden says:

 _Jane_ Clifford was her name, as books aver, "Fair Rosamond" was but her _nom de guerre. 

Epilogue to Henry II_. 

_Clifford (Henry Lord_), a general in the English army. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

CLIFTON (_Harry_), lieutenant of H. M. Ship _Tiger_. A daring, dashing, care-for-nobody young English sailor, delighting in adventure, andloving a good scrape. He and his companion Mat Mizen take the side ofEl Hyder, and help to re-establish the Chereddin, Prince of Delhi, whohad been dethroned by Hamlet Abdulerim. --Barrymore, _El Hyder, Chiefof the Ghaut Mountains_. 

CLIM OF THE CLOUGH. (See CLYM). 

CLINK (_Jem_), the turnkey at Newgate. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of thePeak_ (time, Charles II). 

CLINKER (_Humphry_), a poor work-house lad, put out by the parish asapprentice to a blacksmith, and afterwards employed as an ostler'sassistant and extra postilion. Being dismissed from the stables, heenters the service of Mr. Bramble, a fretful, grumpy, but kind-heartedand generous old gentleman, greatly troubled with gout. Here he fallsin love with Winifred Jenkins, Miss Tabitha Brambles's maid, and turnsout to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble. --T. Smollett, _The Expeditionof Humphry Clinker_ (1771. )

CLIP'PURSE (_Lawyer_), the lawyer employed by Sir Everard Waverley tomake his will. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

CLIQUOT (_Klee'ko_), a nickname given by _Punch_ to Frederick WilliamIV. Of Prussia, from his love of champagne of the "Cliquot brand"(1795, 1840-1861). 

CLITANDRE, a wealthy bourgeois, in love with Henriette, "the thoroughwoman, " by whom he is beloved with fervent affection. Her eldersister, Armande (2 _syl_. ), also loves him, but her love is of theplatonic hue, and Clitandre prefers in a wife the warmth of woman'slove to the marble of philosophic ideality. --Molière, _Les FemmesSavantes_ (1672). 

CLOACI'NA, the presiding personification of city sewers. (Latin, _cloaca_, "a sewer. ")

 ... Cloacina, goddess of the tide, Whose sable streams beneath the city glide. 

 Gay, _Trivia_, ii. (1712). 

CLOD'DIPOLE (3 _syl_. ), "the wisest lout of all the neighboringplain. " Appointed to decide the contention between Cuddy and LobbinClout. 

 From Cloddipole we learn to read the skies, To know when hail will fall, or winds arise; He taught us erst the heifer's tail to view, When struck aloft that showers would straight ensue. He first that useful secret did explain, That pricking corns foretell the gathering rain; When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air, He told us that the welkin would be clear. 

 Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714). 

(Cloddipole is the "Palaemon" of Virgil's _Ecl. _ iii. ). 

CLO'DIO _(Count)_, governor. A dishonorable pursuer of Zeno'cia, thechaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _TheCustom of the Country_ (1647). 

_Clodio_, the younger son of Don Antonio, a coxcomb and braggart. Always boasting of his great acquaintances, his conquests, andhis duels. His snuff-box he thinks more of than his lady-love, heinterlards his speech with French, and exclaims "Split me!" by way ofoath. Clodio was to have married Angelina, but the lady preferredhis elder brother, Carlos, a bookworm, and Clodio engaged himself toElvira of Lisbon. --C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_ (1694). 

CLO'E, in love with the shepherd, Thenot, but Thenot rejects her suitout of admiration of the constancy of Clorinda for her dead lover. Sheis wanton, coarse, and immodest, the very reverse of Clorinda, who isa virtuous, chaste, and faithful shepherdess. ("Thenot, " the final _t_is sounded. )--John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_ (1610). (SeeCHLOE). 

CLO'RA, sister of Fabrit'io, the merry soldier, and the sprightlycompanion of Frances (sister to Frederick). --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Captain_ (1613). 

CLORIDA'NO, a humble Moorish youth, who joined Medo'ro in seeking thebody of King Dardinello to bury it. Medoro being wounded, Cloridanorushed madly into the ranks of the enemy and was slain. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

CLORIN'DA, daughter of Sena'pus of Ethiopia (a Christian). Being bornwhite, her mother changed her for a black child. The Eunuch Arse'tes(3 _syl_. ) was entrusted with the infant Clorinda, and as he was goingthrough a forest, saw a tiger, dropped the child, and sought safety ina tree. The tiger took the babe and suckled it, after which theeunuch carried the child to Egypt. In the siege of Jerusalem by theCrusaders, Clorinda was a leader of the Pagan forces. Tancred fell inlove with her, but slew her unknowingly in a night attack. Before sheexpired she received Christian baptism at the hands of Tancred, whogreatly mourned her death. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, xii. (1675). 

(The story of Clorinda is borrowed from the _Theag'anês andCharicle'a_ of Heliodorus Bishop of Trikka). 

_Clorinda_, "the faithful shepherdess" called "The Virgin of theGrove, " faithful to her buried love. From this beautiful characterMilton has drawn his "lady" in _Comus_. Compare the words of the"First Brother" about chastity, in Milton's _Comus_, with these linesof Clorinda:

 Yet I have heard (my mother told it me), And now I do believe it, if I keep My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair, No goblin, wood-god, fairy, elf, or fiend, Satyr, or other power that haunts the groves Shall hurt my body, or by vain illusion Draw me to wander after idle fires, Or voices calling me in dead of night To make me follow and so tole me on Through mire and standing-pools, to find my ruin. ... Sure there's a power In the great name of Virgin that binds fast All rude, uncivil bloods.... Then strong Chastity, Be thou my strongest guard. 

--J. Fletcher, --_The Faithful Shepherdess_ (1610). 

CLORIS, the damsel beloved by Prince Prettyman. --Duke of Buckingham, _The Rehearsal_ (1671). 

CLOTAIRE (2 _syl_). The King of France exclaimed on his death-bed:"Oh, how great must be the King of Heaven, if He can kill so mighty amonarch as I am!"--_Gregory of Tours_, iv. 21. 

CLOTEN or CLOTON, King of Cornwall, one of the five kings of Britainafter the extinction of the line of Brute (1 _syl_. ). --Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 17 (1142). 

_Cloten_, a vindictive lout, son of the second wife of Cymbeline by aformer husband. He is noted for "his unmeaning frown, his shufflinggait, his burst of voice, his bustling insignificance, hisfever-and-ague fits of valor, his froward tetchiness, his unprincipledmalice, and occasional gleams of good sense. " Cloten is the rejectedlover of Imogen (the daughter of his father-in-law by his first wife), and is slain in a duel by Guiderius. --Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605). 

CLOTHA'RIUS or CLOTHAIRE, leader of the Franks after the death ofHugo. He is shot with an arrow by Clorinda. --Tasso, _JerusalemDelivered_, xi. (1675). 

_Cloud (St. )_, patron saint of nail-smiths. A play on the French word_clou_ ("a nail"). 

CLOUDES'LEY _(William of_), a famous north-country archer, thecompanion of Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough. Their feats of robberywere chiefly carried on in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. Williamwas taken prisoner at Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, but wasrescued by his two companions. The three then went to London to askpardon of the King, which at the Queen's intercession was granted. TheKing begged to see specimens of their skill in archery, and was sodelighted therewith, that he made William a "gentleman of fe, " and theother two "yemen of his chambre. " The feat of William was very similarto that of William Tell _(q. V. ). _--Percy, _Reliques_, I. Ii. 1. 

CLOUT _(Colin)_, a shepherd loved by Marian "the parson's maid, "but for whom Colin (who loved Cicily) felt no affection. (See COLINCLOUT). 

 Young Colin Clout, a lad of peerless meed, Full well could dance, and deftly tune the reed; In every wood his carols sweet were known, At every wake his nimble feats were shown. 

Gay, _Pastoral_, ii. (1714). 

_Clout (Loblin)_, a shepherd in love with Blouzelinda. He challengedCuddy to a contest of song in praise of their respective sweethearts, and Cloddipole was appointed umpire. Cloddipole was unable to awardthe prize, for each merited "an oaken staff for his pains. " "Havedone, however, for the herds are weary of the song, and so amI. "--Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714). 

CLOYSE _(Goody). _ A pious and exemplary dame, especially well-versedin the catechism, who, in Goodman Brown's fantasy of the witches'revel in the forest, joins him on his way thither, and croaks overthe loss of her broomstick, which was "all anointed with the juice ofsmall-age and cinquefoil and wolf's bane--" "Mingled with fine wheatand the fat of a new-born babe, " says another shape. --NathanielHawthorne, _Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1854). 

CLUB-BEARER _(The)_, Periphe'tes, the robber of Ar'golis, who murderedhis victims with an iron club. --_Greek Fable_. 

CLUMSEY _(Sir Tunbelly_), father of Miss Hoyden. A mean, ill-manneredsquire and justice of the peace, living near Scarborough. Mostcringing to the aristocracy, whom he toadies and courts. Sir Tunbellypromises to give his daughter in marriage to Lord Foppington, butTom Fashion, his lordship's younger brother, pretends to be LordFoppington, gains admission to the family and marries her. When thereal Lord Foppington arrives he is treated as an imposter, but Tomconfesses the ruse. His lordship treats the knight with such ineffablecontempt, that Sir Tunbelly's temper is aroused, and Tom is receivedinto high favor. --Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_ (1777). 

[Illustration] This character appears in Vanbrugh's _Relapse_, of which comedy the _Trip to Scarborough_ is an abridgment andadaptation. 

CLU'RICAUNE (3 _syl_. ), an Irish elf of evil disposition, especiallynoted for his knowledge of hidden treasure. He generally assumes theappearance of a wrinkled old man. 

CLUTTERBUCK (_Captain_), the hypothetical editor of some of Sir WalterScott's novels, as _The Monastery_ and _The Fortunes of Nigel_. Captain Clutterbuck is a retired officer, who employs himself inantiquarian researches and literary idleness. _The Abbot_ is dedicatedby the "author of _Waverley_" to "Captain Clutterbuck, " late of hismajesty's--infantry regiment. 

CLYM OF THE CLOUGH ("_Clement of the Cliff_"), noted outlaw, associated with Adam Bell and William of Cloudesley, in EnglewoodForest, near Carlisle. When William was taken prisoner at Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, Adam and Clym shot the magistrates, andrescued their companion. The mayor with his _posse_ went out againstthem, but they shot the mayor, as they had done the sheriff, andfought their way out of the town. They then hastened to London tobeg pardon of the king, which was granted them at the queen'sintercession. The king, wishing to see a specimen of their shooting, was so delighted at their skill that he made William a "gentleman offe, " and the other two "yemen of his chambre. "--Percy, _Reliques_("Adam Bell, " etc. , I. Ii. 1). 

CLY'TIE, a water-nymph in love with Apollo. Meeting with no return, she was changed into a sunflower, or rather a _tournesol_, which stillturns to the sun, following him through his daily course. 

The sunflower does not turn to the sun. On the same stem may be seenflowers in every direction, and not one of them shifts the directionin which it has first opened. T. Moore (1814) says:

 The sunflower turns on her god when he sets, The same look which she turned when he rose. 

This may do in poetry, but it is not correct. The sunflower is socalled simply because the flower resembles a pictured sun. 

Lord Thurlow (1821) adopted Tom Moore's error, and enlarged it:

 Behold, my dear, this lofty flower, That now the golden sun receives; No other deity has power, But only Phoebus, on her leaves; As he in radiant glory burns, From east to west her visage turns. 

_The Sunflower_. 

CLYTUS, an old officer in the army of Philip of Macedon, andsubsequently in that of Alexander. At a banquet, when both were heatedwith wine, Clytus said to Alexander, "Philip fought men, but Alexanderwomen, " and after some other insults, Alexander in his rage stabbedthe old soldier; but instantly repented and said:

 What has my vengeance done? Who is it thou hast slain? Clytus? What was he The faithfullest subject, worthiest counsellor, The bravest soldier. He who saved my life Fighting bare-headed at the river Granic. For a rash word, spoke in the heat of wine, The poor, the honest Clytus thou hast slain, -- Clytus, thy friend, thy guardian, thy preserver!

N. Lee, _Alexander the Great_, iv. 2 (1678). 

CNE'US, the Roman officer in command of the guard set to watch thetomb of Jesus, lest the disciples should steal the body, and thendeclare that it had risen from the dead. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, xiii. (1771). CO'AN (_The_), Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine"(B. C. 460-357). 

 ... The great Coan, him whom Nature made To serve the costliest creature of her tribe [_man_]. 

Dantê, _Purgatory_, xxix. (1308). 

CO'ANOCOT'ZIN (_5 syl_. ), King of the Az'tecas. Slain in battle byMadoc. --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

CO'ATEL, daughter of Acul'hua, a priest of the Az'tecas, and wifeof Lincoya. Lincoya, being doomed for sacrifice, fled for refuge toMadoc, the Welsh Prince, who had recently landed on the North Americancoast, and was kindly treated by him. This gave Coatel a sympatheticinterest in the White strangers, and she was not backward in showingit. Then, when young Hoel was kidnapped, and confined in a cavern tostarve to death, Coatel visited him and took him food. Again, whenPrince Madoc was entrapped, she contrived to release him, and assistedthe prince to carry off young Hoel. After the defeat of the Az'tecasby the White strangers, the chief priest declared that some one hadproved a traitor, and resolved to discover who it was by handing rounda cup, which he said would be harmless to the innocent, but death tothe guilty. When it was handed to Coatel, she was so frightened thatshe dropped down dead. Her father stabbed himself, and "fell upon hischild, " and when Lincoya heard thereof, he flung himself down from asteep precipice on to the rocks below. --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

COBB (_Ephraim_), in Cromwell's troop. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_(time, Commonwealth). 

COBBLER-POET (_The_), Hans Sachs, of Nuremberg. (See TWELVE WISEMASTERS). 

COBHAM (_Eleanor_), wife of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and aunt ofKing Henry VI. , compelled to do penance barefoot in a sheet inLondon, and after that to live in the Isle of Man in banishment, for"sorcery. " In _2 Henry VI_. , Shakespeare makes Queen Margaret "boxher ears, " but this could not be, as Eleanor was banished three yearsbefore Margaret came to England. 

 Stand forth, dame Eleanor Cobham, Gloster's wife ... You, madam ... Despoiled of your honor ... Shall, after three days' open penance done, Live in your country, here in banishment, With Sir John Stanley, in the Isle of Man. 

Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI_. Act ii. Sc. 3 (1591). 

COCK OF WESTMINSTER (_The_). Castell, a shoemaker, was so calledfrom his very early hours. He was one of the benefactors of Christ'sHospital (London). 

COCKER (_Edward_), published a useful treatise on arithmetic, in thereign of Charles II. , which had a prodigious success, and has givenrise to the proverb, "According to Cocker" (1632-1675). 

COCKLE (_Sir John_), the miller of Mansfield, and keeper of SherwoodForest. Hearing a gun fired one night, he went into the forest, expecting to find poachers, and seized the king (Henry VIII. ), who hadbeen hunting and had got separated from his courtiers. When the millerdiscovered that his captor was not a poacher, he offered him a night'slodging. Next day the courtiers were brought to Cockle's house byunder-keepers, to be examined as poachers, and it was then discoveredthat the miller's guest was the king. The "merry monarch" knighted themiller, and settled on him 1000 marks a year. --R. Dodsley, _The Kingand the Miller of Mansfield_ (1737). 

Cockney (_Nicholas_), a rich city grocer, brother of Barnacle. Priscilla Tomboy, of the West Indies, is placed under his charge forher education. 

_Walter Cockney_, son of the grocer, in the shop. A conceited youngprig, not yet out of the quarrelsome age. He makes boy-love toPriscilla Tomboy and Miss La Blond; but says he will "tell papa" ifthey cross him. 

_Penelope Cockney_, sister of Walter. --_The Romp_ (altered fromBickerstaff's _Love in the City_). 

Coelebs' Wife, a bachelor's ideal of a model wife. Coelebs is the heroof a novel, by Mrs. Hannah Moore, entitled _Coelebs in Search of aWife_ (1809). 

 In short, she was a walking calculation, Miss Edgworth's novels stepping from their covers, Or Mrs. Trimmer's books on education. Or "Coelebs' wife" set out in quest of lovers. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 16 (1819). 

COEUR DE LION, Surname of Richard of England (1157-1199. ) Alsoconferred upon Louis VIII. Of France. 

COFFIN (_Long Tom_), the best sailor character ever drawn. He isintroduced in _The Pilot_, a novel by J. Fenimore Cooper. Cooper'snovel has been dramatized by E. Fitzball, under the same name, andLong Tom Coffin preserves in the burletta his reckless daring, hisunswerving fidelity, his simple-minded affection, and his love for thesea. 

COGIA HOUSSAIN, the captain of forty thieves, outwitted by Morgiana, the slave. When, in the guise of a merchant, he was entertained byAli Baba, and refused to eat any salt, the suspicions of Morgiana wasaroused, and she soon detected him to be the captain of the fortythieves. After supper she amused her master and his guest withdancing; then playing with Cogia's dagger for a time, she plunged itsuddenly into his heart and killed him. --_Arabian Nights_ ("Ali Babaor the Forty Thieves"). 

COL'AX. Flattery personified in _The Purple Island_ (1633), by PhineasFletcher. Colax "all his words with sugar spices ... Lets his tongueto sin, and takes rent of shame ... His art [_was_] to hide and notto heal a sore. " Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, _kolax_, "aflatterer or fawner. ")

COLBRAND or COLEBROND (_2 syl_. ), the Danish giant, slain in thepresence of King Athelstan, by Sir Guy of Warwick, just returnedfrom a pilgrimage, still "in homely russet clad, " and in his hand a"hermit's staff. " The combat is described at length by Drayton, in his_Polyolbion_, xii. 

 One could scarcely bear his axe ... Whose squares were laid with plates, and riveted with steel, And armed down along with pikes, whose hardened points ... Had power to tear the joints Of cuirass or of mail. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613). 

COLDSTREAM (_Sir Charles_), the chief character in Charles Mathew'splay called _Used up_. He is wholly _ennuyé_, sees nothing to admirein anything; but is a living personification of mental inanity andphysical imbecility. 

COLE (_1 syl. _), a legendary British king, described as "a merry oldsoul, " fond of his pipe, fond of his glass, and fond of his "fiddlersthree. " There were two kings so called--Cole (or Coïl I. ) was thepredecessor of Porrex; but Coïl II. Was succeeded by Lucius, "thefirst British king who embraced the Christian religion. " Which ofthese two mythical kings the song refers to is not evident. 

_Cole (Mrs. )_. This character is designed for Mother Douglas, who kepta "gentlemen's magazine of frail beauties" in a superbly furnishedhouse at the north-east corner of Covent Garden. She died 1761. --S. Foote, _The Minor_ (1760). 

COLEIN (_2 syl. _), the great dragon slain by Sir Bevis ofSouthampton. --Drayton, _Polyolbion_, ii. (1612). 

COLEMI'RA (_3 syl. _), a poetical name for a cook. The word iscompounded of _coal_ and _mire_. 

 "Could I, " he cried "express how bright a grace Adorns thy morning hands and well-washed face, Thou wouldst, Colemira, grant what I implore, And yield me love, or wash thy face no more. "

 Shenstone, _Colemira_ (an eclogue). 

COLE'PEPPER (_Captain_) or CAPTAIN PEPPERCULL, the Alsatianbully. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I. ). 

COLIN, or in Scotch CAILEN, _Green Colin_, the laird of Dunstaffnage, so called from the green colour which prevailed in his tartan. 

COLIN AND ROSALINDE. In _The Shephearde's Calendar_ (1579), by Edm. Spenser, Rosalinde is the maiden vainly beloved by Colin Clout, as herchoice was already fixed on the shepherd Menalcas. Rosalinde is ananagram of "Rose Danil, " a lady beloved by Spenser (_Colin Clout_), but Rose Danil had already fixed her affections on John Florio theResolute, whom she subsequently married. 

 And I to thee will be as kind As Colin was to Rosalinde, Of courtesie the flower. 

 M. Drayton, _Dowsabel_ (1593)

COLIN CLOUT, the pastoral name assumed by the poet Spenser, in _TheShephearde's Calendar, The Ruins of Time, Daphnaida_, and in thepastoral poem called _Colin Clout's come home again_ (from his visitto Sir Walter Raleigh). Ecl. I. And xii. Are soliloquies of Colin, being lamentations that Rosalinde will not return his love. Ecl. Vi. Is a dialogue between Hobbinol and Colin, in which the former tries tocomfort the disappointed lover. Ecl. Xi. Is a dialogue between Thenotand Colin, Thenot begs Colin to sing some joyous lay; but Colin pleadsgrief for the death of the sheperdess Dido, and then sings a monody onthe great sheperdess deceased. In ecl. Vi. We are told that Rosalindehas betrothed herself to the shepherd Menalcas (1579). 

In the last book of the _Faery Queen_, we have a reference to "Colinand his lassie, " (Spenser and his wife) supposed to be Elizabeth, andelsewhere called "Mirabella" See CLOUT, etc. 

_Colin Clout and his lassie_, referred to in the last book of the_Faery Queen_, are Spenser and his wife Elizabeth, elsewhere called"Mirabella" (1596). 

COLIN CLOUT'S COME HOME AGAIN. "Colin Clout" is Spenser, who hadbeen to London on a visit to "the Shepherd of the Ocean" (Sir WalterRaleigh), in 1589; on his return to Kilcolman, in Ireland, he wrotethis poem. "Hobbinol, " his friend (Gabriel Harvey, L. L. D. ), tells himhow all the shepherds had missed him, and begs him to relate to himand them his adventures while abroad. The pastoral contains a eulogyof British contemporary poets, and of the court beauties of QueenElizabeth (1591). (See COLYN. )

COLIN TAMPON, the nickname of a Swiss, as John Bull means anEnglishman, etc. 

COLKITTO (_Young_), or "Vich Alister More, " or "Alister M'Donnell, "a Highland chief in the army of Montrose. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend ofMontrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

COLLEAN (_May_), the heroine of a Scotch ballad, which relates how"fause Sir John" carried her to a rock for the purpose of throwing herdown into the sea; but May outwitted him, and subjected him to thesame fate he had designed for her. 

COLLEEN', _i. E. _ "girl;" Colleen bawn ("the blond girl"); Colleen rhue("the red-haired girl"), etc. 

[Illustration] Dion Boucicault has a drama entitled _The ColleenBawn_, founded upon Gerald Griffin's novel _The Collegians_. 

COLLIER _(Jem)_, a smuggler. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. )

COLLINGWOOD AND THE ACORNS. Collingwood never saw a vacant place inhis estate, but he took an acorn out of his pocket and popped itin. --Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ (1848). 

COLMAL, daughter of Dunthalmo, Lord of Teutha _(the Tweed_). Herfather, having murdered Rathmor in his halls, brought up the two youngsons of the latter, Calthon and Colmar, in his own house; but whengrown to manhood he thought he detected a suspicious look about them, and he shut them up in two separate caves on the banks of the Tweed, intending to kill them. Colmal, who was in love with Calthon, sethim free, and the two made good their escape to the court of Fingal. Fingal sent Ossian with 300 men to liberate Colmar; but when Dunthalmoheard thereof, he murdered the prisoner. Calthon, being taken captive, was bound to an oak, but was liberated by Ossian, and joined inmarriage to Colmal, with whom he lived lovingly in the halls ofTeutha. --Ossian, _Calthon and Colmal_. 

COLMAR, brother of Calthon. When quite young their father was murderedby Dunthalmo, who came against him by night, and killed him in hisbanquet hall; but moved by pity, he brought up the two boys in his ownhouse. When grown to manhood, he thought he observed mischief in theirlooks, and therefore shut them up in two separate cells on the banksof the Tweed. Colmal the daughter of Dunthalmo, who was in love withCalthon, liberated him from his bonds, and they fled to Fingal tocrave aid on behalf of Colmar; but before succor could arrive, Dunthalmo had Colmar brought before him, "bound with a thousandthongs, " and slew him with his spear. --Ossian, _Calthon and Colmal. _

COLNA-DONA ("_love of heroes_"), daughter of King Car'ul. Fingal sentOssian and Toscar to raise a memorial on the banks of the Crona, to perpetuate the memory of a victory he had obtained there. Carulinvited the two young men to his hall, and Toscar fell in love withColna-Dona. The passion being mutual, the father consented to theirespousals. --Ossian, _Colna-Dona. _

COLOGNE _(The three kings of_), the three Magi, called Gaspar, Melchior, and Baltha'zar. Gaspar means "the white one. " Melchior, "king of light;" Balthazar, "lord of treasures. " Klop-stock, in _TheMessiah_, says there were six Magi, whom he calls Hadad, Sel'ima, Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 

[Illustration] The "three" Magi are variously named; thus onetradition gives them as Apellius, Amerus, and Damascus; another callsthem Magalath, Galgalath, and Sarasin; a third says they were Ator, Sator, and Perat'oras. They are furthermore said to be descendants ofBalaam the Mesopotamian prophet. 

COLON, one of the rabble leaders in _Hudibras_, is meant for NoelPerryan or Ned Perry, an ostler. He was a rigid puritan "of lowmorals, " and very fond of bear-baiting. 

COLONNA (_The Marquis of_), a high-minded, incorruptible noble ofNaples. He tells the young king bluntly that his oily courtiers arevipers who would suck his life's blood, and that Ludovico, his chiefminister and favorite, is a traitor. Of course he is not believed, andLudovico marks him out for vengeance. His scheme is to get Colonna, of his own free will, to murder his sister's lover and the king. Withthis view he artfully persuades Vicentio, the lover, that Evadnê (thesister of Colonna) is the king's wanton. Vicentio indignantly discardsEvadnê, is challanged to fight by Colonna, and is supposed to bekilled. Colonna, to revenge his wrongs on the king, invites him to abanquet with intent to murder him, when the whole scheme of villainyis exposed: Ludovico is slain, and Vicentio marries Evadnê. --Shiel, _Evadne, or the Statue_ (1820). 

COLOSSOS (Latin, _colossus_), a gigantic brazen statue 126 feet high, executed by Charles for the Rhodians. Blaise de Vignenère says it wasa striding figure, but Comte de Caylus proves that it was not so, anddid not even stand at the mouth of the Rhodian port. Philo tells usthat it _stood_ on a _block of white marble_, and Lucius Ampelliusasserts that it _stood in a car_. Tiekell makes out the statue to beso enormous in size, that--

 While at one foot the thronging galleys ride, A whole hour's sail scarce reached the further side; Betwixt the brazen thighs in loose array, Ten thousand streamers on the billows play. 

Tickell, _On the Prospect of Peace_. 

COLOSSUS. Negro servant in G. W. Cable's "Posson Jone. " He vainly triesto dissuade his master from drinking, and, in the end, restores to himthe money lost during the drunken bout. 

 "In thundering tones" the parson was confessing himself a "plum fool from whom the conceit had been jolted out, and who had been made to see that even his nigger had the longest head of the two. "

COL'THRED (_Benjamin_) or "Little Benjie, " a spy employed by Nixon(Edward Redgauntlet's agent). --Sir. W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. )

COLUMB (_St. _) or _St. Columba_, was of the family of the kings ofUlster; and with twelve followers founded amongst the Picts and Scots300 Christian establishments of presbyterian character; that in Ionawas founded 563. 

 The Pictish men by St. Columb taught. 

Campbell, _Rewllura_. 

COLUMBUS (_Christopher_), Genoese navigator who was fitted out byFerdinand and Isabella for a voyage of discovery resulting in thesight of the New World (1492). His ships were the _Santa Maria_, the _Pinta_ and the _Nina_, all small. --Washington Irving, _Life ofColumbus_. 

COLYN CLOUT (_The Boke of_), a rhyming six-syllable tirade against theclergy, by John Skelton, poet-laureate (1460-1529). 

COMAL AND GALBI'NA. Comal was the son of Albion, "chief of a hundredhills. " He loved Galbi'na (daughter of Conlech), who was beloved byGrumal also. One day; tired out by the chase, Comal and Galbina restedin the cave of Roman; but ere long a deer appeared, and Comal wentforth to shoot it. During his absence, Galbina dressed herself inarmor "to try his love, " and "strode from the cave. " Comal thoughtit was Grumal, let fly an arrow, and she fell. The chief too latediscovered his mistake, rushed to battle, and was slain. --Ossian, _Fingal_, ii. 

COM'ALA, daughter of Sarno, king of Inistore (_the Orkneys_). She fellin love with Fingal at a feast to which Sarno had invited him afterhis return from Denmark or Lochlin (_Fingal_, iii. ). Disguised as ayouth, Comala followed him, and begged to be employed in his wars; butwas detected by Hidallan, son of Lamor, whose love she had slighted. Fingal was about to marry her when he was called to oppose Caracul, who had invaded Caledonia. Comala witnessed the battle from a hill, thought she saw Fingal slain, and though he returned victorious, theshock on her nerves was so great that she died. --Ossian, _Comala_. 

COMAN'CHES (3 _syl_. ), an Indian tribe of the Texas. (See CAMANCHES. )

COMB (_Reynard's Wonderful_), said to be made of Pan'thera's bone, theperfume of which was so fragrant that no one could resist followingit; and the wearer of the comb was always of a merry heart. This combexisted only in the brain of Master Fox. --_Reynard the Fox_, xii. (1498). 

CO'ME (_St_. ), (see Cosme, ) a physician, and patron saint of medicalpractitioners. 

"By St. Come!" said the surgeon, "here's a pretty adventure. "--Lesage, (_Gil Blas_, vii. 1 1735). 

COME AND TAKE THEM. The reply of Leon'idas, king of Sparta, to themessengers of Xerxes, when commanded by the invader to deliver up hisarms. 

COM'EDY (_The Father of_), Aristoph'anês the Athenian (B. C. 444-380). 

_Comedy (Prince of Ancient)_, Aristoph'anês (B. C. 444-380). 

_Comedy (Prince of New)_, Menander (B. C. 342-291). 

COMEDY OF ERRORS, by Shakespeare (1593), Aemilia, wife of Ægeon, hadtwo sons at a birth, and named both of them Antipholus. When grownto manhood, each of these sons had a slave named Dromio, alsotwin-brothers. The brothers Antipholus had been shipwrecked ininfancy, and being picked up by different vessels, were carried one toSyracuse and the other to Ephesus. The play supposes that Antipholusof Syracuse goes in search of his brother, and coming to Ephesus withhis slave, Dromio, a series of mistakes arises from the extraordinarylikeness of the two brothers and their two slaves. Adriana, the wifeof the Ephesian, mistakes the Syracusan for her husband; but hebehaves so strangely that her jealousy is aroused, and when her truehusband arrives he is arrested as a mad man. Soon after, the Syracusanbrother being seen, the wife, supposing it to be her mad husbandbroken loose, sends to capture him; but he flees into a convent. Adriana now lays her complaint before the duke, and the lady abbesscomes into court. So both brothers face each other, the mistakes areexplained, and the abbess turns out to be Aemilia, the mother of thetwin brothers. Now, it so happened that Ægeon, searching for his son, also came to Ephesus, and was condemned to pay a fine or suffer death, because he, a Syracusan, had set foot in Ephesus. The duke, however, hearing the story, pardoned him. Thus Ægeon found his wife in theabbess, the parents their twin sons, and each son his long-lostbrother. 

[Illustration] The plot of this comedy is copied from the _Menaechmí_of Plautus. 

COMHAL or COMBAL, son of Trathal, and father of Fingal. His queenwas Morna, daughter of Thaddu. Comhal was slain in battle, fighting against the tribe of Morni, the very day that Fingal wasborn. --Ossian. 

 Fingal said to Aldo, "I was born in the battle. "

Ossian, _The Battle of Lora_. 

COMINES [_Cum'. In_]. Philip des Comines, the favorite minister ofCharles, "the Bold, " Duke of Burgundy, is introduced by Sir W. Scott, in _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

COMMANDER OF THE FAITHFUL (_Emir al Mumenin_), a title assumed by OmarI. , and retained by his successors in the caliphate (581, 634-644). 

COMMINGES (_2 syl_. ) (_Count de_), the hero of a novel so-called byMde. De Tencin (1681-1749). 

COMMITTEE (_The_), a comedy by the Hon. Sir R. Howard. Mr. Day, aCromwellite, is the head of a Committee of Sequestration, and is adishonest, canting rascal, under the thumb of his wife. He gets intohis hands the deeds of two heiresses, Anne and Arbella. The formerhe calls Ruth, and passes her off as his own daughter; the latter hewants to marry to his booby son Able. Ruth falls in love with ColonelCareless, and Arbella with colonel Blunt. Ruth contrives to get intoher hands the deeds, which she delivers over to the two colonels, andwhen Mr. Day arrives, quiets him by reminding him that she knows ofcertain deeds which would prove his ruin if divulged (1670). 

T. Knight reproduced this comedy as a farce under the title of _TheHonest Thieves_. 

COMMON (_Dol_), an ally of Subtle the alchemist. --Ben Jonson, _TheAlchemist_ (1610). 

COMMONER (_The Great_), Sir John Barnard, who in 1737 proposed toreduce the interest of the national debt from 4 per cent. To 3 percent. , any creditor being at liberty to receive his principal in fullif he preferred it. William Pitt, the statesman, is so called also(1759-1806). 

COMNE'NUS (_Alexius_), emperor of Greece, introduced by Sir. W. Scottin _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

_Anna Comne'na_ the historian, daughter of Alexius Comnenus, emperorof Greece. --Same novel. 

COMPEYSON, a would-be gentleman and a forger. He duped Abel Magwitchand ruined him, keeping him completely under his influence. He alsojilted Miss Havisham. --C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). 

COM'RADE (_2 syl_. ), the horse given by a fairy to Fortunio. 

 He has many rare qualities ... First he eats but once in eight days; and then he knows what's past, present, and to come [and speaks with the voice of a man]. --Comtesse DAunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Fortunio. " 1682). 

COMUS, the god of revelry. In Milton's "masque" so called, the "lady"is lady Alice Egerton, the younger brother is Mr. Thomas Egerton, andthe elder brother is Lord Viscount Brackley (eldest son of John, earl of Bridgewater, president of Wales). The lady, weary with longwalking, is left in a wood by her two brothers, while they go togather "cooling fruit" for her. She sings to let them know herwhereabouts, and Comus, coming up, promises to conduct her to acottage till her brothers could be found. The brothers, hearing anoise of revelry, become alarmed about their sister, when her guardianspirit informs them that she has fallen into the hands of Comus. Theyrun to her rescue, and arrive just as the god is offering his captivea potion; the brothers seize the cup and dash it on the ground, whilethe spirit invokes Sabri'na, who breaks the spell and releases thelady (1634). 

CONACH'AR, the Highland apprentice of Simon Glover, the old gloverof Perth. Conachar is in love with his master's daughter, Catharine, called "the fair maid of Perth;" but Catharine loves and ultimatelymarries Henry Smith, the armorer. Conachar is at a later period IanEachin [_Hector_] M'Ian, chief of the clan Quhele. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

CONAR, son of Trenmor, and first "king of Ireland. " When the Fir-bolg(or belgae from Britain settled in the _south_ of Ireland) had reducedthe Cael (or colony of Caledonians settled in the _north_ of Ireland)to the last extremity by war, the Cael sent to Scotland for aid. Trathel (grandfather of Fingal) accordingly sent over Conar withan army to their aid; and Conar, having reduced the Fir-bolg tosubmission, assumed the title of "king of Ireland. " Conar wassucceeded by his son Cormac I. ; Cormac I. By his son Cairbre; Cairbreby his son Artho; Artho by his son Cormac II. (a minor); andCormac (after a slight interregnum) by Ferad-Artho (restored byFingal). --Ossian. 

CONCORD HYMN, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and beginning:

 "By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world. "

was sung on the Anniversary of the Battle of Concord, April 19, 1836. 

CONKEY CHICKWEED, the man who robbed himself of 327 guineas, in orderto make his fortune by exciting the sympathy of his neighbors andothers. The tale is told by detective Blathers. --C. Dickens, _OliverTwist_ (1837). 

CON'LATH, youngest son of Morni, and brother of the famous Gaul (_aman's name_). Coiilath was betrothed to Cutho'na, daughter of Ruma, but before the espousals Toscar came from Ireland to Mora, and washospitably received by Morni. Seeing Cuthona out hunting, Toscarcarried her off in his skiff by force, and being overtaken by Conlaththey both fell in fight. Three days afterwards Cuthona died ofgrief. --Ossian, _Conlath and Cuthona_. 

CONNAL, son of Colgar, petty king of Togorma, and intimate friend ofCuthullin, general of the Irish tribes. He is a kind of Ulysses, whocounsels and comforts Cuthullin in his distress, and is the veryopposite of the rash, presumptuous, though generous Calmar. --Ossian, _Fingal_. 

CON'NEL (_Father_), an aged Catholic priest full of gentleaffectionate feelings. He is the patron of a poor vagrant boy calledNeddy Fennel, whose adventures furnished the incidents of Banim'snovel called _Father Connell_ (1842). 

 _Father Connell_ is not unworthy of association with the Protestant _Vicar of Wakefield_. --R. Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 612. 

CONINGSBY, a novel by B. Disraeli. The characters are meant forportraits; thus: "Croker" represents Rigby; "Menmouth, " Lord Hertford;"Eskdale, " Lowther; "Ormsby, " Irving; "Lucretia, " Mde. Zichy;"Countess Colonna, " Lady Strachan; "Sidonia, " Baron A. De Rothschild;"Henry Sidney, " Lord John Manners; "Belvoir, " Duke of Rutland, second son of Beaumanoir. The hero is of noble birth, he loves EdithMillbank, the daughter of a wealthy manufacturer, is returned forParliament and marries Edith. 

CONQUEROR (_The_). Alexander the Great, _The Conqueror of the World_(B. C. 356, 336-323), Alfonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1185). Aurungzebethe Great, called _Alemgir_ (1618, 1659-4707), James of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276). Othman or Osman I. , founder of the Turkish Empire (1259, 1299-1326). Francisco Pizarro, called _Conquistador_, because heconquered Peru (1475-1541). William, duke of Normandy, who obtainedEngland by conquest (1027, 1066-1137). 

CON'RAD (_Lord_), the corsair, afterwards called Lara. A proud, ascetic but successful pirate. Hearing that the Sultan, Seyd [Seed], was about to attack the pirates, he entered the palace in the disguiseof a dervise, but being found out was seized and imprisoned. He wasreleased by Gulnare (_2 syl_. ), the sultan's favorite concubine, andfled with her to the Pirates' Isle, but finding Medo'ra dead, heleft the island with Gulnare, returned to his native land, headed arebellion, and was shot. --Lord Byron, _The Corsair_, continued in_Lara_ (1814). CONRAD DRYFOOS, the son of a rich man, the backer andvirtual proprietor of _Every Other Week_, in W. D. Howells's novel, _AHazard of New Fortunes_. 

 "He's got a good head and he wanted to study for the ministry when they were all living together out on the farm ... You know they used to think that any sort of stuff was good enough to make a preacher out of; but they wanted the good timber for business, and so the old man wouldn't let him. "

Foiled in this purpose, Conrad becomes a reformer and receives amortal wound in the attempt to protect an old Socialist against thepolice, who are trying to quell a mob of strikers (1890). 

CON'RADE (_2 syl. _), a follower of Don John (bastard brother of DonPedro, Prince of Aragon). --Shakespeare, _Much Ado About Nothing_(1600). 

_Conrade_ (_2 syl. _), Marquis of Montserrat, who, with thegrand-master of the Templars, conspired against Richard Coeur deLion. He was unhorsed in combat, and murdered in his tent by theTemplar. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

CONSTANCE, mother of Prince Arthur, and widow of GeoffreyPlantagenet. --Shakespeare, _King John_ (1598). 

 Mrs. Bartley's "Lady Macbeth, " "Constance, " and "Queen Katherine" [_Henry VIII. _], were powerful embodiments, and I question if they have ever since been so finely portrayed (1785-1850). --J. Adolphus, _Recollections_. 

_Constance_, daughter of Sir William Fondlove, and courted byWildrake, a country squire, fond of field sports. "Her beauty rich, richer her grace, her mind yet richer still, though richest all. " Shewas "the mould express of woman, stature, feature, body, limb;" shedanced well, sang well, harped well. Wildrake was her childhood'splaymate, and became her husband. --S. Knowles, _The Love Chase_(1837). 

_Constance_, daughter of Bertulphe, provost of Bruges, and bride ofBouchard, a knight of Flanders. She had "beauty to shame young love'smost fervent dream, virtue to form a saint, with just enough of earthto keep her woman. " By an absurd law of Charles "the Good, " earl ofFlanders, made in 1127, this young lady, brought up in the lap ofluxury, was reduced to serfdom, because her grandfather was a serf;her aristocratic husband was also a serf because he married her (aserf). She went mad at the reverse of fortune, and died. --S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836). 

_Constance Varley_. American girl traveling in the East with friends, and bearing with her everywhere the memory of a man she has loved foryears in secret. She meets him at Damascus and after some days ofpleasant companionship, he resolves to offer his hand to her. Thewords are upon his tongue, when an unfortunate misunderstandingdivides them forever. A year later she marries another man who lovesher sincerely without appreciating the finest part of her nature. 

A woman quotes at sight of Constance's portrait:

 "I discern Infinite passion and the pain Of finite hearts that yearn. "

 "There was a singular suggestion of sadness about the grave sweet eyes, and on the small close mouth. "--Julia C. Fletcher, _Mirage_ (1882). 

CONSTANS, a mythical king of Britain. He was the eldest of the threesons of Constantine, his two brothers being Aurelius Ambrosius andUther Pendragon. Constans was a monk, but at the death of his fatherhe laid aside the cowl for the crown. Vortigern caused him to beassassinated, and usurped the crown. Aurelius Ambrosius succeededVortigern, and was himself succeeded by his younger brother, UtherPendragon, father of King Arthur. Hence it will appear that Constanswas Arthur's uncle. 

CONSTANT (_Ned_), the former lover of Lady Brute, with whom sheintrigued after her marriage with the surly knight. --Vanbrugh, _TheProvoked Wife_ (1697). 

_Constant_ (_Sir Bashful_), a younger brother of middle life, whotumbles into an estate and title by the death of his elder brother. Hemarries a woman of quality, but finding; it _comme il faut_ not to lethis love be known, treats her with indifference and politeness, andthough he dotes on her, tries to make her believe he loves her not. He is very soft, carried away by the opinions of others, and is anexample of the truth of what Dr. Young has said, "What is mere goodnature but a fool?"

_Lady Constant_, wife of Sir Bashful, a woman of spirit, taste, sense, wit, and beauty. She loves her husband, and repels with scorn anattempt to shake her fidelity because he treats her with coldindifference. --A. Murphy, _The Way to Keep Him_ (1760). 

CONSTAN'TIA, sister of Petruccio, governor of Bologna, and mistress ofthe duke of Ferrara. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (1620). 

_Constantia_, a _protégée_ of Lady McSycophant. An amiable girl, inlove with Egerton McSycophant, by whom her love is amply returned. --C. Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1764). 

CON'STANTINE (_3 syl. _), a king of Scotland, who (in 937) joined Anlaf(a Danish king) against Athelstan. The allied kings were defeated atBrunanburh, in Northumberland, and Constantine was made prisoner. 

 Our English Athelstan ... Made all the Isle his own, And Constantine, the king a prisoner hither brought. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. 3 (1613). 

CONSTANTINOPLE (_Little_), Kertch was so called by the Genoese fromits extent and its prosperity. Demosthenês calls it "the granary ofAthens. "

CONSUELO (_4 syl. _), the impersonation of moral purity in the midst oftemptations. Consuelo is the heroine of a novel so called by GeorgeSand (i. E. Mde. Dudevant). 

CONTEMPORANEOUS DISCOVERIES. Goethe and Vicq d'Azyrs discovered at thesame time the intermaxillary bone. Goethe and Von Baer discovered atthe same time Morphology. Goethe and Oken discovered at the same timethe vertebral system. _The Penny Cyclopaedia_ and _Chambers's Journal_were started nearly at the same time. The invention of printing isclaimed by several contemporaries. The processes called Talbotype andDaguerreotype were nearly simultaneous discoveries. Leverrier andAdams discovered at the same time the planet Neptune. 

[Illustration] This list may be extended to a very great length. 

CONTENTED MAN (_The_). Subject of a poem by Rev. John Adams in 1745

 No want contracts the largeness of his thoughts, And nothing grieves him but his conscious faults, He makes his GOD his everlasting tower And in His firm munition stands secure. 

CONTEST _(Sir Adam_). Having lost his first wife by shipwreck, hemarried again after the lapse of some twelve or fourteen years. Hissecond wife was a girl of 18, to whom he held up his first wife as apattern and the very paragon of women. On the wedding day this firstwife made her appearance. She had been saved from the wreck; but SirAdam wished her in heaven most sincerely. 

_Lady Contest_, the bride of Sir Adam, "young, extremely lively, andprodigiously beautiful. " She had been brought up in the country, andtreated as a child, so her _naïveté_ was quite captivating. Whenshe quitted the bride-groom's house, she said, "Good-by, Sir Adam, good-by. I did love you a little, upon my word, and should be reallyunhappy if I did not know that your happiness will be infinitelygreater with your first wife. "

_Mr. Contest_, the grown-up son of Sir Adam, by his first wife. --Mrs. Inchbald, _The Wedding Day_ (1790). 

CONTINENCE. 

ALEXANDER THE GREAT having gained the battle of Issus (B. C. 333), thefamily of King Darius fell into his hands; but he treated the ladiesas queens, and observed the greatest decorum towards them. A eunuch, having escaped, told Darius that his wife remained unspotted, forAlexander had shown himself the most continent and generous ofmen. --Arrian, _Anabasis of Alexander_, iv. 20. 

SCIPIO AFRICANUS, after the conquest of Spain, refused to touch abeautiful princess who had fallen into his hands, "lest he should betempted to forget his principles. " It is, moreover, said that he senther back to her parents with presents, that she might marry the man towhom she was betrothed. A silver shield, on which this incident wasdepicted, was found in the river Rhone by some fishermen in theseventeenth century. 

 E'en Scipio, or a victor yet more cold, Might have forgot his virtue at her sight. 

 N. Rowe, _Tamerlane_, iii. 3 (1702. )

ANSON, when he took the _Senhora Theresa de Jesus_, refused even tosee the three Spanish ladies who formed part of the prize, because hewas resolved to prevent private scandal. The three ladies consisted ofa mother and her two daughters, the younger of whom was "of surpassingbeauty. "

CONVEN'TUAL FRIARS are those who live in _convents_, contrary to therule of St. Francis, who enjoined absolute poverty, without land, books, chapel, or house. Those who conform to the rule of the founderare called "Observant Friars. "

CONVERSATION SHARP, Richard Sharp, the critic (1759-1835. )

COOK WHO KILLED HIMSELF (_The_). Vatel killed himself in 1671, becausethe lobster for his turbot sauce did not arrive in time to be servedup at the banquet at Chantilly, given by the Prince de Condé to theking. 

COOKS OF MODERN TIMES. Carême, called "The Regenerator of Cookery"(1784-1833). Charles Elmé Francatelli, cook at Crockford's, then inthe Royal Household, and lastly at the Reform Club (1805-1876). Ude, Gouffé, and Alexis Soyer, the last of whom died in 1858. 

COOKERY (_Regenerator of_), Carême (1784-1833. )

(Ude, Gouffé, and Soyer were also regenerators of this art). 

COOPER (_Anthony Ashly_, ) earl of Shaftesbury, introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. )

COPHET'UA or COPET'HUA, a mythical king of Africa, of great wealth, who fell in love with a beggar-girl, and married her. Her name wasPenel'ophon, but Shakespeare writes it Zenel'ophon in _Love's Labour'sLost_, act iv. Sc. 1. Tennyson has versified the tale in _TheBeggar-Maid. _--Percy, _Reliques_, I. Ii. 6. 

COPLEY (_Sir Thomas_), in attendance on the earl of Leicester atWoodstock. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

COPPER CAPTAIN (_A_), Michael Perez, a captain without money, butwith a plentiful stock of pretence, who seeks to make a market of hisperson and commission by marrying an heiress. He is caught in his owntrap, for he marries Estifania, a woman of intrigue, fancying her tobe the heiress Margaritta. The captain gives the lady "pearls, " butthey are only whitings' eyes. His wife says to him:

 Here's a goodly jewel.. Did you not win this at Goletta, captain?.. See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes.. And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls.. Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. Put these and them on you're a man of copper, A copper, ... Copper captain. 

 Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_ (1640). 

COPPERFLELD (_David_), the hero of a novel by Charles Dickens. Davidis Dickens himself, and Micawber is Dickens's father. According tothe tale, David's mother was nursery governess in a family whereMr. Copperfield visited. At the death of Mr. Copperfield, the widowmarried Edward Murdstone, a hard, tyrannical man, who made the home ofDavid a dread and terror to the boy. When his mother died, Murdstonesent David to lodge with the Micawbers, and bound him apprentice toMessrs. Murdstone and Grinby, by whom he was put into the warehouse, and set to paste labels upon wine and spirit bottles. David soonbecame tired of this dreary work, and ran away to Dover, where he waskindly received by his [great]-aunt Betsey Trotwood, who clothed him, and sent him as day-boy to Dr. Strong, but placed him to board withMr. Wickfield, a lawyer, father of Agnes, between whom and David amutual attachment sprang up. David's first wife was Dora Spenlow, butat the death of this pretty little "child-wife, " he married AgnesWickfield. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). 

COPPERHEADS, members of a faction in the North, during the civil warin the United States. The copperhead is a poisonous serpent, thatgives no warning of its approach, and hence is a type of a concealedor secret foe. (_The Trigonecephalus contortrix_. )

COPPERNOSE (_3 syl_. ). Henry VIII. Was so called, because he mixed somuch copper with the silver coin that it showed after a little wearin the parts most pronounced, as the nose. Hence the sobriquets"Coppernosed Harry, " "Old Copper-nose, " etc. 

COPPLE, the hen killed by Reynard, in the beast-epic called _Reynardthe Fox_ (1498). 

CORA, the gentle, loving wife of Alonzo, and the kind friend of Rolla, general of the Peruvian army. --Sheridan, _Pizarro_ (altered fromKotzebue, 1799). 

CORA MUNRO, the daughter of an English officer and the elder of thesisters whose adventures fill Cooper's _Last of the Mohicans. _ Coraloves Heyward the as yet undeclared lover of Alice, and has, herself, attracted the covetous eye of Magua, an Indian warrior. He contrivesto gain possession of her, and drawing his knife, gives her the choicebetween death and his wigwam. 

 Cora neither heard nor heeded his demand ... Once more he struggled with himself and lifted the keen weapon again--but just then a piercing cry was heard above them, and Uncas appeared, leaping frantically from a fearful height upon the ledge. Magua recoiled a step, and one of his assistants, profiting by the chance, sheathed his own knife in the bosom of Cora. (1826). 

CO'RAH, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Architophel_, is meant forDr. Titus Oates. As Corah was the political calumniator of Moses andAaron, so Titus Oates was the political calumniator of the pope andEnglish papists. As Corah was punished by "going down alive into thepit, " so Oates was "condemned to imprisonment for life, " after beingpublicly whipped and exposed in the pillory. North describes TitusOates as a very short man, and says, if his mouth were taken for thecentre of a circle, his chin, forehead, and cheekbones would fall inthe circumference. 

 Sunk were his eyes, his voice was harsh and loud, Sure signs he neither choleric was, nor proud; His long chin proved his wit; his saint-like grace, A Church vermilion, and a Moses' face; His memory miraculously great Could plots, exceeding man's belief, repeat. 

 Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1631). 

CORBAC'CIO _(Signior)_, the dupe of Mosca the knavish confederate ofVol'pone (_2 syl_. ). He is an old man, with seeing and hearing faint, and understanding dulled to childishness, yet he wishes to live on, and

 Feels not his gout nor palsy; feigns himself Younger by scores of years; flatters his age With confident belying it; hopes he may With charms, like Aeson, have his youth restored. 

 Ben Jonson, _Volpone or the Fox_ (1605). 

Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742] ... Seemed to be proud to wear the poet'sdouble name, and was particularly great in all that author's playsthat were usually performed, viz "Wasp, " in _Bartholomew Fair_;"Corbaccio;" "Morose, " in _The Silent Woman_; and "Ananias, " in _TheAlchemist_. --Chetwood. 

C. Dibdin says none who ever saw W. Parsons (1736-1795) in "Corbaccio"could forget his effective mode of exclaiming "Has he made hiswill? What has he given me!" but Parsons himself says: "Ah! to see'Corbaccio' acted to perfection, you should have seen Shuter. Thepublic are pleased to think that I act that part well, but his actingwas as far superior to mine as Mount Vesuvius is to a rushlight. "

COR'BANT, the rook, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). (French, _corbeau_, "a rook. ")

CORCE'CA _(3 syl_. ), mother of Abessa. The word means "blindness ofheart, " or Romanism. Una sought shelter under her hut, but Corcecashut the door against her; whereupon the lion which accompanied Unabroke down the door. The "lion" means _England_, "Corceca"_popery_, "Una" _protestantism_, and "breaking down the door" _theReformation_. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 3 (1590). 

CORDAY (_Marie Anne Charlotte_), descendant of the poet Corneille. Born in Normandy 1768. She killed the bloody Marat in the bath and wasguillotined for the deed, July, 1793. 

CORDE'LIA, youngest daughter of King Lear. She was disinherited by herroyal father, because her protestations of love were less violent thanthose of her sisters. Cordelia married the king of France, and whenher two elder sisters refused to entertain the old king with hissuite, she brought an army over to dethrone them. She was, however, taken captive, thrown into prison, and died there. 

 Her voice was ever soft, Gentle, and low; an excellent thing in woman. 

 Shakespeare, _King Lear_, act v. Sc. 3 (1605). 

CORFLAM'BO, the personification of sensuality, a giant killed byArthur. Corflambo had a daughter named Paea'na, who married Placidas, and proved a good wife to him. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 8 (1596). 

CORIAT (_Thomas_) died 1617, author of a book called _Crudities_. 

 Besides, 'tis known he could speak Greek, As naturally as pigs do squeak. 

 Lionel Cranfield, _Panegyric Verses on T. Coriat_

 But if the meaning was as far to seek As Coriat's horse was of his master's Greek, When in that tongue he made a speech at length, To show the beast the greatness of his strength. 

 G. Wither, _Abuses Stript and Whipt_ (1613). 

COREY (_Bromfield_). An amiable Boston aristocrat in W. D. Howells'sstory, _The Rise of Silas Lapham_. His father complains of his want ofenergy and artistic tastes, but allows him "to travel indefinitely. "He remains abroad ten years studying art, comes home and paints anamateurish portrait of his father, marries and has a family, butcontinues a dilettante, never quite abandoning his art, but workingat it fitfully. He does nothing especially clever, but never saysanything that is not clever, and is as much admired as he is beloved. At heart he is true, however cynical may be his words, and throughouthe is the _gentleman_ in grain, and incorruptible (1885). 

CORIN, "the faithful shepherdess, " who, having lost her true love bydeath, retired from the busy world, remained a virgin for the restof her life, and was called "The Virgin of the Grove. " The shepherdThenot (final _t_ pronounced) fell in love with her for her"fidelity, " and to cure him of his attachment she pretended to lovehim in return. This broke the charm, and Thenot no longer felt thatreverence of love he before entertained. Corin was skilled "in thedark, hidden virtuous use of herbs, " and says:

 Of all green wounds I know the remedies In men and cattle, be they stung by snakes, Or charmed with powerful words of wicked art, Or be they love-sick. 

--John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_, i. 1, (1610). 

_Cor'in, Corin'eus_ (3 _syl_. ), or _Corine'us_ (4 _syl_. ) "strongestof mortal men, " and one of the suite of Brute (the first mythical kingof Britain. ) (See CORINEUS. )

From Corin came it first? [_i. E. , the Cornish hug in wrestling_]. 

M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, i. (1612). 

CORINEUS (3 _syl_). Southey throws the accent on the _first_ syllable, and Spenser on the _second_. One of the suite of Brute. He overthrewthe giant Goëm'agot, for which achievement he was rewarded withthe whole western horn of England, hence called Corin'ea, and theinhabitants Corin'eans. (See CORIN). 

Corineus challenged the giant to wrestle with him. At the beginningof the encounter, Corineus and the giant standing front to front heldeach other strongly in their arms, and panted aloud for breath; butGoëmagot presently grasped Corineus with all his might, broke threeof his ribs, two on his right side and one on his left. At whichCorineus, highly enraged, roused up his whole strength, and snatchingup the giant, ran with him on his shoulders to the neighboring shore, and getting on to the top of a high rock, hurled the monster into thesea ... The place where he fell is called Lam Goëmagot or Goëmagot'sLeap, to this day. --Geoffrey, _British History_, i. 16 (1142). 

When father Brute and Cor'ineus set foot On the white island first. 

Southey, _Madoc_, vi. (1805). 

Cori'neus had that province utmost west. To him assigned. 

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10 (1500). 

Drayton makes the name a word of four syllables, and throws the accenton the last but one. 

Which to their general then great Corine'us had. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, i. (1612). 

CORINNA, a Greek poetess of Boeotia, who gained a victory over Pindarat the public games (fl. B. C. 490). 

 ... They raised A tent of satin, elaborately wrought With fair Corinna's triumph. 

Tennyson, _The Princess_, iii. 

_Corinna_, daughter of Gripe, the scrivener. She marries Dick Amlet. Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695). 

 See lively Pope advance in jig and trip "Corinna, " "Cherry, " "Honeycomb, " and "Snip;" Not without art, but yet to nature true, She charms the town with humor just yet new. 

 Churchill, _Roseiad_ (1761). 

Corinne' (2 _syl_. ) the heroine and title of a novel by Mde. De Staël. Her lover proved false, and the maiden gradually pined away. 

_A Corinthian_, a rake, a "fast man. " Prince Henry says (1 _Henry IV_. Act ii. Sc. 4. ) "[_They_] tell me I am no proud Jack, like Falstaff, but a Corinthian, a lad of mettle. "

CORINTHIAN TOM, "a fast man, " the sporting rake in Pierce Egan's _Lifein London_. 

CORIOLA'NUS _(Caius Marcius_), called Coriolanus from his victoryat Cori'oli. His mother was Vetu'ria (_not Volumnia_), and his wifeVolumnia (not _Virgilia_). Shakespeare has a drama so called. LaHarpe has also a drama entitled _Coriolan_, produced in 1781. --Livy, _Annals_, ii. 40. 

I remember her [_Mrs. Siddons_] coming down the stage in the triumphalentry of her son Coriolanus, when her dumb-show drew plaudits thatshook the house. She came alone, marching and beating time to themusic, rolling ... From side to side, swelling with the triumph of herson. Such was the intoxication of joy which flashed from her eye andlit up her whole face, that the effect was irresistible. --C. M. Young. 

CORITA'NI, the people of Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire, and Northamptonshire. Drayton refers tothem in his _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

CORMAC I. , son of Conar, a Cael, who succeeded his father as "king ofIreland, " and reigned many years. In the latter part of his reign theFir-bolg (or Belgae settled in the south of Ireland), who had beensubjugated by Conar, rebelled, and Cormac was reduced to suchextremities that he sent to Fingal for aid. Fingal went with a largearmy, utterly defeated Colculla "lord of Atha, " and re-establishedCormac in the sole possession of Ireland. For this service Cormac gaveFingal his daughter Roscra'na for wife, and Ossian was their firstson. Cormac I. Was succeeded by his son Cairbre; Cairbre by his sonArtho; Artho by his son Cormac II. (a minor); and Cormac II. , (after ashort interregnum) by Ferad-Artho. --Ossian. 

CORMAC II. (a minor), king of Ireland. On his succeeding his fatherArtho on the throne, Swaran, king of Lochlin [_Scandinavia_] invadedIreland, and defeated the army under the command of Cuthullin. Fingal's arrival turned the tide of events, for the next day Swaranwas routed and returned to Lochlin. In the third year of his reignTorlath rebelled, but was utterly discomfited at lake Lago byCuthullin, who, however, was himself mortally wounded by a randomarrow during the persuit. Not long after this Cairbre rose ininsurrection, murdered the young king, and usurped the government. Hissuccess, however, was only of short duration, for having invited Oscarto a feast, he treacherously slew him, and was himself slain at thesame time. His brother Cathmor succeeded for a few days, when he alsowas slain in battle by Fingal, and the Conar dynasty restored. Conar(first king of Ireland, a Caledonian) was succeeded by his son CormacI; Cormac I. Was succeeded by his son Cairbre; Cairbre by his sonArtho; Artho by his son Cormac II. ; and Cormac II (after a shortinterregnum) by his cousin Ferad-Artho. --Ossian, _Fingal, Dar-Thulaand Temora_. 

COR'MACK _(Donald)_, a Highland robber-chief. --Sir W. Scott, _FairMaid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV). 

COR'MALO, a "chief of ten thousand spears, " who lived near the watersof Lano (a Scandinavian lake). He went to Inis-Thona (an island ofScandinavia), to the court of King Annir, and "sought the honor of thespear" (i. E. A tournament). Argon, the eldest son of Annir, tiltedwith him and overthrew him. This vexed Cormalo greatly, and during ahunting expedition he drew his bow in secret and shot both Argon andhis brother Ruro. Their father wondered they did not return, whentheir dog Runa came bounding into the hall, howling so as to attractattention. Annir followed the hound, and found his sons both dead. Inthe mean time his daughter was carried off by Cormalo. When Oscar, sonof Ossian, heard thereof, he vowed vengeance, went with an army toLano, encountered Cormalo, and slew him. Then rescuing thedaughter, he took her back to Inis-Thona, and delivered her to herfather. --Ossian, _The War of Inis-Thona. _

COR'MORAN' _(The Giant_), a Cornish giant slain by Jack theGiant-killer. This was his first exploit, accomplished when he was amere boy. Jack dug a deep pit, and so artfully filmed it over atop, that the giant fell into it, whereupon Jack knocked him on the headand killed him. 

CORNAVII, the inhabitants of Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. Drayton refers to them in his_Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

CORNE'LIA, wife of Titus Sempronius Gracchus, and mother of the twotribunes Tiberius and Caius. She was almost idolized by the Romans, who erected a statue in her honor, with this inscription: CORNELIA, MOTHER OF THE GRACCHI. 

 Clelia, Cornelia, ... And the Roman brows Of Agrippina

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. 

CORNET, a waiting-woman on Lady Fanciful. She caused great offencebecause she did not flatter her ladyship. She actually said toher, "Your ladyship looks very ill this morning, " which the Frenchwaiting-woman contradicted by saying, "My opinion be, matam, dat yourlatyship never look so well in all your life. " Lady Fanciful said toCornet, "Get out of the room, I can't endure you;" and then turning toMdlle, she added, "This wench is insufferably ugly.... Oh, by-the-by, Mdlle. , you can take these two pair of gloves. The French arecertainly well-mannered, and never flatter. "--Vanbrugh, _The ProvokedWife_ (1697). 

[Illustration] This is of a piece with the archbishop of Granada andhis secretary Gil Blas. 

CORNEY (_Mrs_. ), matron of the workhouse where Oliver Twist was born. She is a well-to-do widow, who marries Bumble, and reduces the pompousbeadle to a hen-pecked husband. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_, xxxvii. (1837). 

CORNFLOWER (_Henry_), a farmer, who "beneath a rough outside, possessed a heart which would have done honor to a prince. "

_Mrs. Cornflower_, (by birth Emma Belton), the farmer's wife abductedby Sir Charles Courtly. --Dibdin, _The Farmer's Wife_ (1789). 

CORNIOLE GIOVANNI DELLE, i. E. Giovanni of the Cornelians, the cognomengiven to an engraver of these stones in the time of Lorenzo di Medici. His most famous work, the Savonarola in the Uffoziel gallery. 

CORN-LAW RHYMER (_The_), Ebenezer Elliot (1781-1849). 

CORNWALL (_Barry_), an imperfect anagram of Bryan Waller Proctor, author of _English Songs_ (1788-1874). 

COROMBONA (_Vittoria_), the White Devil, the chief character ina drama by John Webster, entitled _The White Devil, or VittoriaCorombona_ (1612). 

CORO'NIS, daughter of Phorôneus (3 _syl_. ) king of Pho'cis, metamorphosed by Minerva into a crow. CORPORAL (_The Little_). GeneralBonaparte was so called after the battle of Lodi(1796). 

CORRECTOR (_Alexander the_), Alexander Cruden, author of the_Concordance to the Bible_, for many years a corrector of the press, in London. He believed himself divinely inspired to correct the moralsand manners of the world (1701-1770). 

COURROUGE' (2 _syl_. ), the sword of Sir Otuel, a presumptuous Saracen, nephew of Farracute (3 _syl_. ). Otuel was in the end converted toChristianity. 

CORSAIR (_The_), Lord Conrad, afterwards called Lara. Hearing that theSultan Seyd [_Seed_] was about to attack the pirates, he assumed thedisguise of a dervise and entered the palace, while his crew set fireto the Sultan's fleet. Conrad was apprehended and cast into a dungeon, but being released by Glulnare (queen of the harem), he fled with herto the Pirates' Isle. Here he found that Medo'ra (his heart's darling)had died during his absence, so he left the Island with Gulnare, returned to his native land, headed a rebellion, and was shot. --Byron, _The Corsair_, continued in _Lara_ (1814). 

(This tale is based on the adventures of Lafitte, the notoriousbuccaneer. Lafitte was pardoned by General Jackson for servicesrendered to the States in 1815, during the attack of the British onNew Orleans). 

COR'SAND, a magistrate at the examination of Dirk Hatteraick atKippletringan. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time George II). 

CORSICAN GENERAL (_The_), Napoleon I. , who was born in Corsica(1769-1821). 

COR'SINA, wife of the corsair who found Fairstar and Chery in the boatas it drifted on the sea. Being made very rich by her foster-children, Corsina brought them up as princes. Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_(The Princess Fairstar, 1682). 

CORTE'JO, a cavaliere servente, who as Byron says in _Beppo_:

 Coach, servants, gondola, must go to call, And carries fan and tippet, gloves and shawl. 

 Was it not for this that no cortejo ere I yet have chosen from the youth of Sev'ille?

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 148 (1819). 

CORVI'NO (_Signior_), a Venetian merchant, duped by Mosca intobelieving that he is Vol'pone's heir. --Ben Jonson, _Volpone or theFox_ (1605). 

CORYATE'S CRUDITIES, a book of travels by Thomas Coryate, who calledhimself the "Odcombian Legstretcher. " He was the son of the rector ofOdcombe (1577--1617). 

CORYCIAN NYMPHS (_The_), the Muses, so called from the cave of Corycîaon Lyeorça, one of the two chief summits of Mount Parnassus, inGreece. 

COR'YDON, a common name for a shepherd. It occurs in the _Idylls_ ofTheocritos; the _Eclogues_ of Virgil; _The Cantata_, v. , of Hughes, etc. 

_Cor'ydon_, the shepherd who languished for the fair Pastorella (canto9). Sir Calidore, the successful rival, treated him most courteously, and when he married the fair shepherdess, gave Corydon both flocksand herds to mitigate his disappointment (canto 11). --Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, vi. (1596). 

_Cor'ydon_, the shoemaker, a citizen. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert ofParis_ (time, Rufus). 

CORYPHAEUS OF GERMAN LITERATURE _(The)_, Goethe. 

The Polish poet called upon ... The great Corypheeus of Germanliterature. --W. R. Morfell, _Notes and Queries_, April 27, 1878. 

CORYPHE'US (4 _syl_. ), a model man or leader, from the Koruphaios orleader of the chorus in the Greek drama. Aristarchos is called _TheCorypheus of Grammarians_. 

COSETTE. Illegitimate child of Fantine, a Parisian _grisette_. Sheputs the baby into the care of peasants who neglect and maltreat thelittle creature. She is rescued by the ex-convict Jean Valjean, whonurtures her tenderly and marries her to a respectable man. --VictorHugo, _Les Miserables. _

COSME _(St. )_, patron of surgeons, born in Arabia. He practisedmedicine in Cilicia with his brother St. Damien, and both sufferedmartyrdom under Diocletian in 303 or 310. Their fête day is December27. In the twelfth century there was a medical society called _SaintCosme_. 

COS'MIEL (3 _syl_. ), the genius of the world. He gave toTheodidactus a boat of asbestos, in which he sailed to the sun andplanets. --Kircher, _Ecstatic Journey to Heaven. _

COSMOS, the personification of "the world" as the enemy of man. Phineas Fletcher calls him "the first son to the Dragon red" (_thedevil_). "Mistake, " he says, "points all his darts;" or, as thePreacher says, "Vanity, vanity, all is vanity. " Fully described in_The Purple Island_, viii (1633). (Greek, _kosmos_, "the world. ")

COS'TARD, a clown who apes the court wits of Queen Elizabeth's time. He uses the word "honorificabilitudinitatibus, " and some of hisblunders are very ridiculous, as "ad dunghill, at the fingers' ends, as they say" (act v. I). --Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's Lost_ (1594). 

COSTIGAN, Irish Captain in _Pendennis_, W. M. Thackeray. 

COSTIN _(Lord)_, disguised as a beggar, in _The Beggar's Bush_, adrama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622). 

COTE MALE-TAILÉ _(Sir)_, meaning the "knight with the villainouscoat, " the nickname given by Sir Key (the seneschal of King Arthur) toSir Brewnor le Noyre, a young knight who wore his father's, coat withall its sword-cuts, to keep him in remembrance of the vengeance due tohis father. His first achievement was to kill a lion that "had brokenloose from a tower, and came hurling after the queen. " He married adamsel called Maledisaunt (3 _syl_. ), who loved him, but always chidedhim. After her marriage she was called Beauvinant. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 42-50 (1470). 

COTTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT; Poem in which Burns depicts the household ofa Scottish peasant gathering about the hearth on the last evening ofthe week for supper, social converse and family worship. The pictureof the "Saint, the Father and the Husband" is drawn the poet'sown father. COTYT´TO, Groddess of the Edõni of Thrace. Her orgiesresembled those of the Thracian Cyb´elê (_3 syl_). 

 Hail goddess of nocturnal sport, Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame Of midnight torches burns. Milton, _Comus_, 136, etc. (1634. )

COULIN, a British giant pursued by Debon till he came to a chasm 132feet across which he leaped; but slipping on the opposite side, hefell backwards into the pit and was killed. 

 And eke that ample pit yet far renowned For the great leap which Debon did compell Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd, Into which the returning back he fell. Spencer, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10 (1590. )

COUNT OF NARBONNE, a tragedy by Robert Jephson (1782). His father, Count Raymond, having poisoned Alphonso, forged a will barringGodfrey's right, and naming Raymond as successor. Theodore fell inlove with Adelaide, the count's daughter, but was reduced to thisdilemma: if he married Adelaide he could not challenge the count andobtain the possessions he had a right to as grandson of Alphonso; if, on the other hand, he obtained his rights and killed the count incombat, he could not expect that Adelaide would marry him. At the endthe count killed Adelaide, and then himself. This drama is copied fromWalpole's _Castle of Otranto_. 

COUNT ROBERT OF PARIS, a novel by Sir W. Scott, after the wreck ofhis fortune and repeated strokes of paralysis (1831). The critic canafford to be indulgent, and those who read this story must rememberthat the sun of the great wizard was hastening to its set. The time ofthe novel is the reign of Rufus. COUNTRY (_Father of his_). Cicerowas so called by the Roman senate (B. C. 106-43). Julius Cæsar wasso called after quelling the insurrection in Spain (B. C. 100-43). Augustus Cæsar was called _Pater atque Princeps_ (B. C. 63, 31-14). Cosmo de Med´ici (1389-1464). Washington, defender and paternalcounsellor of the American States (1732-1799). Andrea Dorea is socalled on the base of his statue in Gen´oa (1468-1560). AndronlcusPalaeol´ogus II. Assumed the title (1260-1332). (See 1 _Chron_. Iv. 14). 

COUNTRY GIRL (_The_), a comedy by Garrick, altered from Wycherly. The"country girl" is Peggy Thrift, the orphan daughter of Sir ThomasThrift, and ward of Moody, who brings her up in the country in perfectseclusion. When Moody is 50 and Peggy is 19, he wants to marry her, but she outwits him and marries Bellville, a young man of suitable ageand position. 

COUNTRY WIFE (_The_), a comedy by William Wycherly (1675). 

 Pope was proud to receive notice from the author of _The Country Wife_. --R. Chambers, _English Literature_, i. 393. 

COUPEE, the dancing-master, who says "if it were not fordancing-masters, men might as well walk on their heads as heels. " Hecourts Lucy by promising to teach her dancing. --Fielding, _The VirginUnmasked. _

COUR´TAIN, one of the swords of Ogier the Dane, made by Munifican. Hisother sword was Sauvagine. 

 But Ogier gazed upon it [_the sea_] doubtfully One Moment, and then, sheathing, Courtain, said, "What tales are these?" W. Morris, _The Earthly Paradise_ ("August"). 

COURTALL, a fop and consummate libertine, for ever boasting of hislove-conquests over ladies of the _haut monde_. He tries to corruptLady Frances Touchwood, but is foiled by Saville. --Mrs. Cowley, _TheBelle's Stratagem_ (1780). 

COURTLY (_Sir Charles_), a young libertine, who abducted the beautifulwife of Farmer Cornflower. --Dibdin, _The Farmer's Wife_ (1780). 

COUSIN COPELAND, a little old bachelor, courtly and quaint, who livesin "Old Gardiston, " the home of his ancestors "befo' de wah. " He hasbut one suit of clothes, so he dresses for dinner by donning a ruffledshirt and a flower in his buttonhole. His work is among "documents, "his life in the past; without murmur at poverty or change he keepsup the even routine of life until one evening, trying to elevate hisgentle little voice as he reads to his niece, so as to be heard abovethe rain and wind, it fails. 

 "Four days afterward he died, gentle and placid to the last. He was an old man, although no one had ever thought so. "--Constance Fennimore Woolson, _Southern Sketches_, (1880). 

COUSIN MICHEL or MICHAEL, the nickname of a German, as John Bull is ofan Englishman, Brother Jonathan of an American, Colin Tampon a Swiss, John Chinaman a Chinese, etc. 

COUVADE´ (_2 syl. _), a man who takes the place of his wife when she isin child-bed. In these cases the man lies a-bed, and the woman doesthe household duties. The people called "Gold Tooth, " in the confinesof Burmah, are _couvades_. M. Francisque Michel tells us the customstill exists in Biscay; and Colonel Yule assures us that it is commonin Yunnan and among the Miris in Upper Assam. Mr. 

Tylor has observed the same custom among the Caribs of the WestIndies, the Abipones of Central South America, the aborigines ofCalifornia, in Guiana, in West Africa, and in the Indian Archipelago. Diodorus speaks of it as existing at one time in Corsica; Strabo saysthe custom prevailed in the north of Spain; and Apollonius Rhodiusthat the Tabarenes on the Euxine Sea observed the same:

 In the Tabarenian land, When some good woman bears her lord a babe, '_Tis he_ is swathed, and groaning put to bed; While she arising tends his bath and serves Nice possets for her husband in the straw. Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonautic Exp_

COV´ERLEY (_Sir Roger de_), a member of an hypothetical club, notedfor his modesty, generosity, hospitality, and eccentric whims; mostcourteous to his neighbors, most affectionate to his family, mostamiable to his domestics. Sir Roger, who figures in thirty papersof the _Spectator_, is the very beau-ideal of an amiable countrygentleman of Queen Anne's time. 

 What would Sir Roger de Coverley be without his follies and his charming little brain-cracks? If the good knight did not call out to the people sleeping in church, and say "Amen" with such delightful pomposity; if he did not mistake Mde. Doll Tearsheet for a lady of quality in Temple Garden; if he were wiser than he is ... Of what worth were he to us? We love him for his vanities as much as for his virtues. --Thackeray. 

COWARDS and BULLIES. In Shakespeare we have Parolès and Pistol; in BenJonson, Bob´adil; in Beaumont and Fletcher, Bessus and Mons. Lapet, the very prince of cowards; in the French drama, La Capitan, Metamore, and Scaramouch. (See also BASILISCO, CAPTAIN NOLL BLUFF, BOROUGHCLIFF, CAPTAIN BRAZEN, SIR PETRONEL FLASH, SACRIPANT, VINCENT DE LA ROSA, etc. )

COWPER, called "Author of _The Task_, " from his principal poem(1731-1800). 

COXCOMB (_The Prince of_) Charles Joseph Prince de Ligne (1535-1614). 

Richard II. Of England (1366, 1377-1400). 

Henri III, of France, _Le Mignon_ (1551, 1574-1589). 

COXE (_Captain_), one of the masques at Kenilworth. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

COY BISHOP. Best friend and unconscious foil to Avis Dobell inElizabeth Stuart Phelps' _Story of Avis_. "Her face is as innocent ofsarcasm as a mocking bird's;" she "is one of the immortal few who canlook pretty in their crimping-pins;" she "has the glibness of mostunaccentuated natures;" she admires Avis without comprehending her, and she makes an excellent wife to John Rose, a practical youngclergyman. (1877). 

CRABSHAW (_Timothy_), the servant of Sir Launcelot Greaves'ssquire. --Smollett, _Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves_ (1760). 

CRAB´TREE, in Smollett's novel called _The Adventures of PereginePickle_ (1751). 

_Crab´tree_, uncle of Sir Harry Bumber, in Sheridan's comedy, _TheSchool for Scandal_ (1777). 

_Crab´tree_, a gardener at Fairport. --Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_(time George III. ). 

CRAC (_M. De_), the French Baron Munchausen; hero of a Frenchoperetta. 

CRACK´ENTHORP (_Father_), a publican. 

_Dolly Crackenthorp_, daughter of the publican. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

CRACKIT (_Flash Toby_), one of the villains in the attempted burglaryin which Bill Sikes and his associates were concerned. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837. )

CRA'DLEMONT, king of Wales, subdued by Arthur, fighting forLeod'ogran, king of Cam'eliarn (3 _syl_. ). --Tennyson, _Coming ofArthur_. 

CRADOCK (_Sir_), the only knight who could carve the boar's head whichno cuckold could cut; or drink from a bowl which no cuckold couldquaff without spilling the liquor. His lady was the only one in KingArthur's court who could wear the mantle of chastity brought thitherby a boy during Christmas-tide. --Percy, _Reliques, etc. _, III. Iii. 18. 

CRAIGDAL'LIE (_Adam_), the senior baillie of Perth. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

CRAIG'ENGELT (_Captain_), an adventurer and companion of Bucklaw. SirW. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

CRAIK MAMSELL. A murderer who allows suspicion to fall upon theinnocent in Anna Katherine Green's story, _Hand and Ring_ (1883). 

CRAMP (_Corporal_), under captain Thornton. --Sir W. Scott, _Bob Roy_(time, George I. )

CRAN'BOURNE, (_Sir Jasper_), a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

CRANE (_Dame Alison_), mistress of the Crane inn, at Marlborough. 

_Gaffer Crane_, the dame's husband. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Crane (Ichabod)_, a credulous Yankee schoolmaster. He is described as"tall, exceedingly lank, and narrow-shouldered; his arms, legs, andneck unusually long; his hands dangle a mile out of his sleeves; hisfeet might serve for shovels; and his whole frame is very loosely hungtogether. "

 The head of Ichabod Crane was small and flat at top, with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose, so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew. --W. Irving, _Sketch-Book_ ("Legend of Sleepy Hollow. ")

CRANES (1 _syl_. ). Milton, referring to the wars of the pygmies andthe cranes, calls the former

 That small infantry Warred on by cranes. 

 _Paradise Lost_, i. 575 (1665). 

CRANION, queen Mab's charioteer. 

 Four nimble gnats the horses were, Their harnesses of gossamere, Fly Cranion, her charioteer. 

 M. Dayton, _Nymphidia_ (1563-1631). 

CRANK (_Dame_), the papist laundress at Marlborough. --Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

CRA'PAUD (_Johnnie_), a Frenchman, as John Bull is an Englishman, Cousin Michael a German, Colin Tampon a Swiss, Brother Jonathan aNorth American, etc. Called Crapaud from the device of the ancientkings of France, "three toads erect saltant. " Nostradamus, in thesixteenth century, called the French _crapauds_ in the well-knownline:

 Les anciens crapauds prendront Sara. 

("Sara" is Aras backwards, a city taken from the Spaniards underLouis XIV. ) CRATCHIT (_Bob_ or _Robert_), clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge, stock-broker. Though Bob Cratchit has to maintain nine persons on 15s. A week, he has a happier home and spends a merrier Christmas than hismaster with all his wealth and selfishness. 

_Tiny Tim Cratchit_, the little lame son of Bob Cratchit, the Benjaminof the family, the most helpless and most beloved of all. Tim does notdie, but Ebenezer Scrooge, after his change of character, makes himhis special care. --C. Dickens, _A Christmas Carol_ (in five staves, 1843). 

CRAW'FORD (_Lindsay, earl of_), the young earl-marshal ofScotland. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

_Craw'ford (Lord)_, captain of the Scottish guard at Plessis lésTours, in the pay of Louis XI. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

CRAWLEY (_Sir Pitt_), of Great Gaunt Street, and of Queen's Crawley, Hants. A sharp, miserly, litigious, vulgar, ignorant baronet, veryrich, desperately mean, "a philosopher with a taste for low life, " andintoxicated every night. Becky Sharp was engaged by him to teach histwo daughters. On the death of his second wife, Sir Pitt asked her tobecome lady Crawley, but Becky had already married his son, CaptainRawdon Crawley. This "aristocrat" spoke of "brass fardens, " and wasunable to spell the simplest words, as the following specimen willshow:--"Sir Pitt Crawley begs Miss Sharp and baggidge may be hear onTuseday, as I leaf ... To-morrow erly. " The whole baronetage, peerage, and commonage of England did not contain a more cunning, mean, foolish, disreputable old rogue than Sir Pitt Crawley. He died at theage of fourscore, "lamented and beloved, regretted and honored, " if wecan believe his monumental tablet. 

_Lady Crawley_. Sir Pitt's first wife was "a confounded quarrelsome, high-bred jade. " So he chose for his second wife the daughter of Mr. Dawson, iron-monger, of Mudbury, who gave up her sweetheart, PeterButt, for the gilded vanity of Crawleyism. This ironmonger's daughterhad "pink cheeks and a white skin, but no distinctive character, noopinions, no occupation, no amusements, no vigor of mind, no temper;she was a mere female machine. " Being a "blonde, she wore draggledsea-green or slatternly sky-blue dresses, " went about slip-shod and incurl-papers all day till dinner-time. She died and left Sir Pitt forthe second time a widower, "to-morrow to fresh woods and pasturesnew. "

_Mr. Pitt Crawley_, eldest son of Sir Pitt, and at the death of hisfather inheritor of the title and estates. Mr. Pitt was a most propergentleman. He would rather starve than dine without a dress-coat andwhite neckcloth. The whole house bowed down to him; even Sir Pitthimself threw off his muddy gaiters in his son's presence. Mr. Pittalways addressed his mother-in-law with "most powerful respect, " andstrongly impressed her with his high aristocratic breeding. At Etonhe was called "Miss Crawley. " His religious opinions were offensivelyaggressive and of the "evangelical type. " He even built ameeting-house close by his uncle's church. Mr. Pitt Crawley cameinto the large fortune of his aunt, Miss Crawley, married Lady JaneSheepshanks, daughter of the Countess of Southdown, became an M. P. , grew money-loving and mean, but less and less "evangelical" as he grewgreat and wealthy. 

_Captain Rawdon Crawley_, younger brother of Mr. Pitt Crawley. He wasin the Dragoon Guards, a "blood about town, " and an adept in boxing, rat-hunting, the fives-court, and four-in-hand driving. He was a youngdandy, six feet high, with a great voice, but few brains. He couldswear a great deal, but could not spell. He ordered about theservants, who nevertheless adored him; was generous, but did not payhis tradesmen; a Lothario, free and easy. His style of talk was, "Aw, aw; Jave-aw; Grad-aw; it's a confounded fine segaw-aw--confounded as Iever smoked. Gad-aw. " This military exquisite was the adopted heir ofMiss Crawley, but as he chose to marry Becky Sharp, was set aside forhis brother Pitt. For a time Becky enabled him to live in splendor"upon nothing a year, " but a great scandal got wind of grossimproprieties between Lord Steyne and Becky, so that Rawdon separatedfrom his wife, and was given the governorship of Coventry Isle by LordSteyne. "His Excellency Colonel Rawdon Crawley died in his island ofyellow fever, most deeply beloved and deplored, " and his son Rawdoninherited his uncle's title and the family estates. 

_The Rev. Bute Crawley_, brother of Sir Pitt. He was a "tall, stately, jolly, shovel-hatted rector. " "He pulled stroke-oar in the ChristChurch boat, and had thrashed the best bruisers of the town. The Rev. Bute loved boxing-matches, races, hunting, coursing, balls, elections, regattas, and good dinners; had a fine singing voice, and was verypopular. " His wife wrote his sermons for him. 

_Mrs. Bute Crawley_, the rector's wife, was a smart little lady, domestic, politic, but apt to overdo her "policy. " She gaveher husband full liberty to do as he liked; was prudent andthrifty. --Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ (1848). 

CRAYDOCKE _(Miss). _ Quaint friend of the Ripwinkleys and of everybodyelse who figures in A. D. T. Whitney's _Real Folks_, and other of herbooks. "Around her there is always springing up a busy and a spreadingcrystallizing of shining and blessed elements. The world is none toobig for her, or for any such, of course. "

CRAY'ON _(Le Sieur de_), one of the officers of Charles "the Bold, "Duke of Burgundy. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, EdwardIV. ). 

_Crayon (Geoffrey), Esq. _, Washington Irving, author of _TheSketch-Book_ (1820). 

CREA'KLE, a hard, vulgar school-master, to whose charge DavidCopperfield was entrusted, and where he first made the acquaintance ofSteerforth. 

 The circumstance abont him which impressed me most was that he had no voice, but spoke in a whisper. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, vi. (1849). 

CREAM CHEESE _(Rev. )_, an aesthetic divine whose disciple Mrs. Potiphar is in _The Potiphar Papers_. --George William Curtis (1853). 

CREBILLON OF ROMANCE _(The)_, A. François Prévost d'Exiles(1697-1763). 

CREDAT JUDAEUS APELLA, NONEGO (Horace, _Sat. I_. V. 100). Of "Apella"nothing whatever is known. In general the name is omitted, and theword "Judaeus" stands for any Jew. "A disbelieving Jew would givecredit to the statement sooner than I should. "

CRES'SIDA, in Chaucer CRESSEIDE (2 _syl_. ), a beautiful, sparkling, and accomplished woman, who has become a by-word for infidelity. Shewas the daughter of Calchas, a Trojan priest, who took part with theGreeks. Cressida is not a character of classic story, but a mediaevalcreation. Pope says her story was the invention of Lollius theLombard, historiographer of Urbino, in Italy. Cressida betrothsherself to Troilus, a son of Priam, and vows eternal fidelity. Troilusgives the maiden a _sleeve_, and she gives her Adonis a _glove_, as alove-knot. Soon after this betrothal an exchange of prisoners is made, when Cressida falls to the lot of Diomed, to whom she very soon yieldsher love, and even gives him the very sleeve which Troilus had givenher as a love-token. 

 As false As air, as water, wind, or sandy earth. Yea, let [_men_] say to stick the heart of falsehood, "As false as Cressid. "

 (Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act iii. Sc. 2) (1602). 

CRESSWELL (_Madame_), a woman of infamous character, who bequeathed£10 for a funeral sermon, in which nothing ill should be said of her. The Duke of Buckinham wrote the sermon, which was as follows:--"AllI shall say of her is this: she was born _well_, she married _well_, lived _well_, and died _well_; for she was born at Shad-well, marriedCress-well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in Bride-well. "

CRESSY MCKINSTRY. Belle of Tuolumne County, California; pretty, saucyand illiterate. She conceives the idea of getting an education, andattends the district school, breaking an engagement of marriage to dothis; bewitches the master, a college graduate, and confesses her lovefor him, but will not be "engaged:"

"I don't know enough to be a wife to you just now and you know it. Icouldn't keep a house fit for you and you couldn't keep me withoutit.... You're only a dandy boy, you know, and they don't get marriedto backwood Southern girls. "

After many scrapes involving perils, shared together, and muchlove-making, he is stunned one morning to learn that Cressy is marriedto another man, whom she had feigned not to like. --Bret Harte, _Cressy_ (1889). 

CRETE (_Hound of_), a blood-hound. --See _Midsummer Night's Dream_, actiii. Sec. 2. 

 Coupe le gorge, that's the word; I thee defy again, O hound of Crete!

Shakespeare, _Henry V_. Act ii. Sc. 1 (1599). 

_Crete (The Infamy of)_, the Minotaur. 

 [_There_] lay stretched The infamy of Crete, detested brood Of the feigned heifer. Dante, _Hell_, xii. (1300, Cary's translation). 

CRÈVECOUR (2 _syl_. ). The count Philip de Crèvecour is the envoy sentby Charles "the Bold, " duke of Burgundy, with a defiance to Louis XI. , king of France. 

_The Countess of Crèvecour_, wife of the count. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

CRIB (_Tom_), Thomas Moore, author of _Tom Crib's Memorial toCongress_ (1819). 

CRILLON. The following story is told of this brave but simple-mindedofficer. Henry IV. , after the battle of Arques, wrote to him thus:

Prends-toi, brave Crillon, nous avons vaincu à Arques, et tu n'y étaispas. 

The first and last part of this letter have become proverbial inFrance. 

When Crillon heard the story of the Crucifixion read at Church, hegrew so excited that he cried out in an audible voice, _Où étaistu, Crillon_? ("What were you about, Crillon, to permit of suchatrocity!")

[Illustration: symbol] When Clovis was told of the Crucifixion, heexclaimed, "Had I and my Franks been by, we would have avenged thewrong, I warrant. "

CRIMO'RA AND CONNAL. Crimora, daughter of Rinval, was in love withConnal of the race of Fingal, who was defied by Dargo. He begs his"sweeting" to lend him her father's shield, but she says it isill-fated, for her father fell by the spear of Gormar. Connal wentagainst his foe, and Crimora, disguised in armor, went also, butunknown to him. She saw her lover in fight with Dargo, and dischargedan arrow at the foe, but it missed its aim and shot Connal. She ran inagony to his succor. It was too late. He died, Crimora died also, andboth were buried in one grave. Ossian, _Carric-Thura. _

CRINGLE (_Tom_), Hero of sea-story by Michael Scott, _Tom Cringle'sLog_. 

CRISPIN (_St. _). Crispinos and Crispianus were two brothers, born atRome, from which place they traveled to Soissons, in France (aboutA. D. 303), to propagate the gospel, and worked as shoe-makers, thatthey might not be chargeable to any one. The governor of the townordered them to be beheaded the very year of their arrival, and theywere made the tutelary saints of the "gentle craft. " St. Crispin's Dayis October 25. 

 This day is called the feast of Crispian.. And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by, From this day to the ending of the world, But we in it shall be remembered. 

Shakespeare, _Henry V_. Act iv. Sc. 3 (1599). 

CRITIC (_A Bossu_), one who criticizes the "getting up" of a book morethan its literary worth; a captious, carping critic. Réne le Bossu wasa French critic (1631-1680). 

 The epic poem your lordship bade me look at, upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. Admirable connoisseur! --Sterne. 

(Probably the scale referred to was that of Bossut the mathematician, and that either Bossu and Bossut have been confounded, or else that apun is intended). 

_Critic (The)_, by R. B. Sheridan, suggested by _The Rehearsal_(1779). 

[Illustration] _The Rehearsal_ is by the Duke of Buckingham (1671). 

CRITICS (_The Prince of_), Aristarchos of Byzantium, who compiled, inthe second century B. C. , the rhapsodies of Homer. 

CROAKER, guardian to Miss Richland. Never so happy as when he imagineshimself a martyr. He loves a funeral better than a festival, anddelights to think that the world is going to rack and ruin. Hisfavorite phrase is "May be not. "

 A poor, fretful soul, that has a new distress for every hour of the four and twenty. --Act i. 1. 

_Mrs. Croaker_, the very reverse of her grumbling, atrabilioushusband. She is mirthful, light-hearted, and cheerful as a lark. 

 The very reverse of each other. She all laugh and no joke, he always complaining and never sorrowful. --Act i. 1. 

_Leontine Croaker_, son of Mr. Croaker. Being sent to Paris to fetchhis sister, he falls in love with Olivia Woodville, whom he bringshome instead, introduces her to Croaker as his daughter, andultimately marries her. --Goldsmith, _The Good Natured Man_ (1768). 

CROCODILE (_King_). The people of Isna, in Upper Egypt, affirm thatthere is a king crocodile as there is a queen bee. The king crocodilehas ears but no tail, and has no power of doing harm. Southey saysthat though the king crocodile has no tail, he has teeth to devour hispeople with. --Browne, _Travels_. 

_Crocodile (Lady Kitty)_, meant for the Duchess of Kingston. --Sam. Foote, _A Trip to Calais_. 

CROCUS, a young man enamoured of the nymph Smilax, who did not returnhis love. The gods changed him into the crocus flower, to signify_unrequited love_. 

CROESUS, king of Lydia, deceived by an oracle, was conquered by Cyrus, king of Persia. Cyrus commanded a huge funeral pile to be erected uponwhich Croesus and fourteen Lydian youths were to be chained and burntalive. When this was done, the discrowned king called on the name ofSolon, and Cyrus asked why he did so. "Because he told me to call noone happy till death. " Cyrus, struck with the remark, ordered the fireof the pile to be put out, but this could not be done. Croesus thencalled on Apollo, who sent a shower which extinguished the flames, andhe with his Lydians came from the pile unharmed. 

[Illustration] The resemblance of this legend to the Bible accountof the Jewish youths condemned by Nebuchadnezzar to be cast into thefiery furnace, from which they came forth uninjured, will recur to thereader. --_Daniel_, iii. _Croesus's Dream_. Croesus dreamt that hisson, Atys, would be slain by an iron instrument, and used everyprecaution to prevent it, but to no purpose; for one day Atys went tochase the wild boar, and Adrastus, his friend, threw a dart at theboar to rescue Atys from danger; the dart, however, struck the princeand killed him. The tale is told by William Morris in his _EarthlyParadise_ ("July"). 

CROFTANGRY (_Mr. Chrystal_), a gentleman fallen to decay, cousin ofMrs. Martha Bethune Baliol, to whom at death, he left the MS. Of twonovels, one _The Highland Widow_, and the other _The Fair Maid ofPerth_, called the _First_ and _Second Series_ of the "Chronicles ofCanongate" (_q. V. _). The history of Mr. Chrystal Croftangry is givenin the introductory chapters of _The Highland Widow_, and continued inthe introduction of the _The Fair Maid of Perth_. 

Lockhart tells us that Mr. Croftangry is meant for Sir Walter Scott'sfather and that "the fretful patient at the death-bed" is a livingpicture. 

CROFTS _(Master)_, the person killed in a duel by Sir Geofrey Hudson, the famous dwarf. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, CharlesII. ). 

CROKER'S MARE. In the proverb _As coy as Croker's Mare_. This means"as chary as a mare that carries crockery. "

 She was to them as koy as a croker's Mare. 

J. Heywood, _Dialogue_ ii. 1 (1566). 

CROKERS. Potatoes are so called because they were first plantedin Croker's field, at Youghal, in Ireland. --J. R. Planche, _Recollections, etc_. Ii. 119. 

CROM'WELL _(Oliver)_, introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Woodstock_. _Cromwell's daughter Elizabeth_, who married John Claypole. Seeing herfather greatly agitated by a portrait of Charles I. , she gently andlovingly led him away out of the room. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_(time, Commonwealth). 

_Cromwell_ is called by the Preacher Burroughs "the archangel who didbattle with the devil. "

_Cromwell's Lucky Day_. The 3rd September was considered by OliverCromwell to be his red-letter day. On the 3rd September, 1650, he wonthe battle of Dunbar; on 3rd September, 1651, he won the battle ofWorcester; and on 3rd September, 1658, he died. It is not, however, true that he was born on 3rd September, as many affirm, for hisbirthday was 25th April, 1599. 

_Cromwell's Dead Body Insulted_. Cromwell's dead body was, by thesanction, if not by the express order of Charles II. , taken from itsgrave, exposed on a gibbet, and finally buried under the gallows. 

[Illustration] Similarly, the tomb of Am'asis, king of Egypt, wasbroken open by Camby'ses; the body was then scourged and insulted invarious ways, and finally burnt, which was abhorrent to the Egyptians, who used every possible method to preserve dead bodies in theirintegrity. 

The dead body of Admiral Coligny [_Co. Leen. Ye_] was similarly insultedby Charles IX. , Catherine de Medicis, and all the court of France, whospattered blood and dirt on the half-burnt blackened mass. The kinghad the bad taste to say over it:

 Fragrance sweeter than a rose Rises from our slaughtered foes. 

It will be remembered that Coligny was the guest of Charles, his onlycrime being that he was a Huguenot. 

CROOK-FINGERED JACK, one of Macheath's gang of thieves. In eighteenmonths' service he brought to the general stock four fine gold watchesand seven silver ones, sixteen snuff-boxes (five of which were gold), six dozen handkerchiefs, four silver-hilted swords, six shirts, threeperiwigs, and a "piece" of broadcloth. Pea'chum calls him "a mightycleanhanded fellow, " and adds:

"Considering these are only the fruits of his leisure hours, I don'tknow a prettier fellow, for no man alive hath a more engaging presenceof mind upon the road. "--Gay, _The Beggar's Opera_. I. 1 (1727). 

CROP _(George)_, an honest, hearty farmer, who has married a secondwife, named Dorothy, between whom there are endless quarrels. Twoespecially are noteworthy. Crop tells his wife he hopes that bettertimes are coming, and when the law-suit is over "we will have roastpork for dinner every Sunday. " The wife replies, "It shall be lamb. ""But I say it shall be pork. " "I hate pork, I'll have lamb. " "Pork, Itell you. " "I say lamb. " "It shan't be lamb, I will have pork. " Theother quarrel arises from Crop's having left the door open, which heasks his wife civilly to shut. She refuses, he commands; she turnsobstinate, he turns angry; at length they agree that the person whofirst speaks shall shut the door. Dorothy speaks first, and Crop gainsthe victory. --P. Hoare, _No Song, no Supper_ (1754-1834). 

CROPLAND (_Sir Charles_), an extravagant, heartless libertine and manof fashion, who hates the country except for hunting, and looks onhis estates and tenants only as the means of supplying money for hispersonal indulgence. Knowing that Emily Worthington is the daughterof a "poor gentleman, " he offers her "a house in town, the run of hisestate in the country, a chariot, two footmen, and £600 a year;" butthe lieutenant's daughter rejects with scorn such "splendid infamy. "At the end Sir Charles is made to see his own baseness, and offers themost ample apologies to all whom he has offended. --G. Colman, _ThePoor Gentleman_ (1802). 

CROQUEMITAINE [_Croak. Mit. Tain_], the bogie raised by fear. Somewherenear Saragossa was a terrible castle called Fear Fortress, whichappeared quite impregnable; but as the bold approached it, thedifficulties of access gradually gave way and even the fortress itselfvanished into thin air. 

_Croquemitaine_ is a romance in three parts; the first part is atournament between the knights of Marsillus, a Moorish king, and thepaladins of Charlemagne; the second part is the siege of Saragossaby Charlemagne; and the third part is the allegory of Fear Fortress. Mitaine is the godchild of Charlemagne, who goes in search of FearFortress. 

CROQUIS (_Alfred_), Daniel Maclise, R. A. This pseudonym was attachedto a series of character-portraits in _Frazer's Magazine_ between theyears 1830 and 1838. Maclise was born 1811, and died 1870. 

CROS'BIE (_William_), provost of Dumfries, a friend of Mr. Fairfordthe lawyer. 

_Mrs. Crosbie_, wife of the provost, and a cousin of Eedgauntlet. --SirW. Scott. _Redgauntlet_, (time, George III. ). 

CROSBITE (2 _syl_. ), a barrister. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (timeGeorge III. ). 

CROSS PURPOSES, a farce by O'Brien. There are three brothers namedBevil--Francis, an M. P. , Harry, a lawyer, and George, in the Guards. They all, unknown to each other, wish to marry Emily Grub, thehandsome daughter of a rich stockbroker. Francis pays court to thefather, and obtains his consent; Harry to the mother, and obtains herconsent; and George to the daughter, whose consent he obtains, and thetwo elder brothers retire from the field. The fun of the farce is thecontention of the Grubs about a suitable husband, their joy at findingthey have all selected Mr. Bevil, and their amazement at discoveringthat there are three of the same name. 

CROSS'MYLOOF, a lawyer. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

CROTHAR, "Lord of Atha, " in Connaught (then called Alnec'ma). He wasthe first and most powerful chief of the Fir-bolg ("bowmen") or Belgæfrom Britain who colonized the _southern_ parts of Ireland. Crotharcarried off Conla'ma, daughter of Cathmin, a chief of the Cael orCaledonians, who had colonized the _northern_ parts of Ireland andheld their court in Ulster. As Conlama was betrothed to Turloch, a Cael, he made an irruption into Connaught, slew Cormul, but washimself slain by Crothar, Cormul's brother. The feud now becamegeneral, "Blood poured on blood, and Erin's clouds were hung withghosts. " The Cael being reduced to the last extremity, Trathel (thegrandfather of Fingal) sent Conar (son of Trenmor) to their relief. Conar, on his arrival in Ulster, was chosen king, and the Fir-bolgbeing subdued, he called himself "the King of Ireland. "--Ossian, _Temora_, ii. 

_Crothar_, vassal king of Croma (in Ireland), held under Artho, over-lord of all Ireland. Crothar, being blind with age, was attackedby Rothmar, chief of Tromlo, who resolved to annex Croma to his owndominion. Crotha sent to Fingal for aid, and Fingal sent his sonOssian with an army; but before he could arrive Fovar-Gormo, a son ofCrothar, attacked the invader, but was defeated and slain. When Ossianreached Ulster, he attacked the victorious Rothmar and both routed thearmy and slew the chief. --Ossian, _Croma_. 

CROTO'NA'S SAGE, Pythagoras, so called because his first and chiefschool of philosophy was established at Crotna (fl. B. C. 540. )

CROWDE'RO, one of the rabble leaders encountered by Hudibras at abear-baiting. The academy figure of this character was Jackson orJephson, a milliner in the New Exchange, Strand, London. He lost a legin the service of the roundheads, and was reduced to the necessity ofearning a living by playing on the _crowd_ or _crouth_ from ale-houseto ale-house. --S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 2 (1664). 

(The _crouth_ was a long box-shaped instrument, with six or morestrings, supported by a bridge. It was played with a bow. The lastnoted performer on this instrument was John Morgan, a Welshman, whodied 1720). 

CROWE _(Captain)_, the attendant of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1 _syl_. ), in his peregrinations to reform society. Sir Launcelot is a modern DonQuixote, and Captain Crowe is his Sancho Panza. 

CROWFIELD _(Christopher)_, a pseudonym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe(1814-). 

CROWN. Godfrey, when made the overlord of Jerusalem, or "Baron of theHoly Sepulchre, " refused to wear a crown of gold where his Saviour hadonly worn a crown of thorns. 

Canute, after the rebuke he gave to his flatterers, refused to wearthenceforth any symbol of royalty at all. 

 Canute (truth worthy to be known) From that time forth did for his brows disown The ostentatious symbol of a crown, Esteeming earthly royalty Presumptuous and vain. 

CROWNED AFTER DEATH. Inez de Castro was exhumed six years after herassassination, and crowned queen of Portugal by her husband, DonPedro. (See INEZ DE CASTRO. )

CROWQUILL _(Alfred)_, Alfred Henry Forrester, author of _Leaves frommy Memorandum-Book_ (1859), one of the artists of _Punch_ (1805-1872). 

CROYE _(Isabelle, countess of)_, a ward of Charles "the Bold, " duke ofBurgundy. She first appears at the turret window in Plessis lésTours, disguised as Jacqueline; and her marriage with Quentin Durwardconcludes the novel. 

_The Countess Hameline of Croye_, aunt to Countess Isabelle. Firstdisguised as Dame Perotte (2 _syl_. ) at Plessis lés Tours; afterwardsmarried to William de la Marck. --Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_(time, Edward IV). 

_Croye (Monseigneur de la_), an officer of Charles "the Bold, " duke ofBurgundy. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

CROYSA'DO _The Great_, General Lord Fairfax (1611-1671). --S. Butler, _Hudibras_. 

CRUDOR _(Sir)_, the knight who told Bria'na he would not marry hertill she brought him enough hair, consisting of ladies' locks and thebeards of knights to purfle his cloak with. In order to obtain thislove-gift, the lady established a toll, by which every lady who passedher castle had to give the hair of her head, and every knight hisbeard, as "passing pay, " or else fight for their lives. Sir Crudorbeing overthrown by Sir Calidore, Briana was compelled to abolish thistoll. --Spencer, _Faëry Queen_, v. 1. (1596). 

CRUEL _(The)_, Pedro, king of Castle (1334, 1350-1369). 

CRUIK'SHANKS _(Ebenezer)_, landlord of the Golden Candlestick inn. SirW. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

CRUM'MLES _(Mr. Vincent_), the eccentric but kind-hearted manager ofthe Portsmouth Theatre. 

 It was necessary that the writer should, like Mr. Crummles, dramatist, construct his piece in the interest of "the pump and washing-tubs. "-- P. Fitzgerald. 

_Mrs. Crummles_, wife of Mr. Vincent Crummles, a stout, ponderous, tragedy-queen sort of a lady. She walks or rather stalks like LadyMacbeth, and always speaks theatrically. Like her husband, she is fullof kindness, and always willing to help the needy. 

_Miss Ninetta Crummles_, daughter of the manager, and called in theplay-bills "the infant phenomenon. "--C Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_(1838). 

CRUNCHER (_Jerry_), an odd-job man in Tellson's bank. His wife wascontinually saying her prayers, which Jerry termed "flopping. " He wasa "resurrection man. "--C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_ (1859). 

CRUPP _(Mrs. )_, a typical humbug, who let chambers in BuckinghamStreet for young gentlemen. David Copperfield lodged with her. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). 

CRUSHED BY ORNAMENTS. Tarpeia, daughter of the governer of the Romancitadel on the Saturnian Hill, was tempted by the gold on the Sabinebracelets and collars to open a gate of the fortress to the besiegerson condition that they would give her the ornaments which they wore ontheir arms. Tarpeia opened the gate, and the Sabines as they passedthrew on her their shields, saying, "These are the ornaments worn bythe Sabines on their arms, " and the maid was crushed to death. G. Gilfillan, alluding to Longfellow, has this erroneous allusion:

 His ornaments, unlike those of the Sabine _[sic]_ maid, have not crushed him. --_Introductory Essay to Longfellow_. 

CRUSOE _(Robinson)_, the hero and title of a novel by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe is a shipwrecked sailor, who leads a solitary lifefor many years on a desert island, and relieves the tedium of life byingenious contrivances (1719). 

(The story is based on the adventures of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchsailor, who in 1704 was left by Captain Stradding on the uninhabitedisland of Juan Fernandez. Here he remained for four years and fourmonths, when he was rescued by Captain Woods Rogers and brought toEngland. )

 Was there ever anything written by mere man that the reader wished longer except _Robinson Crusoe, Don Quixote_ and _The Pilgrim's Progress!_--Dr. Johnson. 

CRUTH-LODA, the war-god of the ancient Gaels. 

 On thy top, U-thormo, dwells the misty Loda: the house of the spirits of men. In the end of his cloudy hall bends forward Cruth-Loda of swords. His form is dimly seen amid the wavy mists, his right hand is on his shield. --Ossian, _Cath-Loda. _

CUCKOLD KING _(The)_, Sir Mark of Cornwell, whose wife Ysolde [_E. Seld_] intrigued with Sir Tristram (his nephew), one of the knights ofthe Round Table. 

CUD'DIE or CUTHBERT HEADRIGG, a ploughman, in the service of LadyBellenden of the Tower of Tillietudlem. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_(time, Charles II. ). 

CUDDY, a herdsman, in Spenser's _Shephearde's Calendar. _

_Cuddy_, a shepherd, who boasts that the charms of his Buxo'ma farexceed those of Blouzelinda. Lobbin, who is Blouzelinda's swain, repels the boast, and the two shepherds agree to sing the praises oftheir respective shepherdesses, and to make Clod'dipole arbiter oftheir contention. Cloddipole listens to their alternate verses, pronounces that "both merit an oaken staff, " but, says he, "the herdsare weary of the songs, and so am I. "--Gay, _Pastoral_, i. (1714). 

(This eclogue is in imitation of Virgil's _Ecl_. Iii. )

CULDEES _(i. E. Sequestered persons_), the primitive clergyof presbyterian character, established in Io'na or Icolmkill_[I-columb-kill]_ by St. Columb and twelve of his followers in 563. They also founded similar church establishments at Abernethy, Dunkeld, Kirkcaldy _[Kirk-Culdee]_, etc. , and at Lindesfarne, in England. Somesay as many as 300 churches were founded by them. Augustine, a bishopof Waterford, began against them in 1176 a war of extermination, whenthose who could escape sought refuge in Iona, the original cradle ofthe sect, and were not driven thence till 1203. 

 Peace to their shades! the pure Culdees Were Albyn's _[Scotland's]_ earliest priests of God, Ere yet an island of her seas By foot of Saxon monk was trod. 

 Campbell, _Reullura_. 

CULLOCH _(Sawney)_ a pedlar. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George III. ). 

CULPRIT FAY, a sprite condemned for loving a mortal maiden to catchthe spray-gem from the sturgeon's "silver bow, " and light his torchwith a falling star. --Joseph Rodman Drake, _The Culprit Fay_ (1847). 

CUMBERLAND (_John of_). "The devil and John of Cumberland" is ablunder for "The devil and John-a-Cumber. " John-a-Cumber was a famousScotch magician. 

 He poste to Scotland for brave John-a-Cumber, The only man renowned for magick skill. Oft have I heard he once beguylde the devill. A. Munday, _John-a-Kent and John-a-Cumber_ (1595). 

_Cumberland (William Augustus, duke of_), commander-in-chief ofthe army of George II. , whose son he was. The duke was especiallycelebrated for his victory of Cullo'den (1746); but he was called "TheButcher" from the great severity with which he stamped out the clansystem of the Scottish Highlanders. He was wounded in the leg atthe battle of Dettingen (1743). Sir W. Scott has introduced him in_Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

 Proud Cumberland prances, insulting the slain, And their hoof-beaten bosoms are trod to the plan. Campbell, _Lochiel's Warning_. 

CUMBERLAND POET (_The_), William

Wordsworth, born at Cockermouth (1770-1850). 

CUMNOR HALL, a ballad by Mickel, the lament of Amy Robsart, who hadbeen won and thrown away by the Earl of Leicester. She says if rosesand lilies grow in courts, why did he pluck the primrose of the field, which some country swain might have won and valued! Thus sore and sadthe lady grieved in Cumnor Hall, and ere dawn the death bell rang, andnever more was that countess seen. 

[Illustration] Sir W. Scott took this for the groundwork of his_Kenihvorth_, which he called _Cumnor Hall_, but Constable, hispublisher, induced him to change the name. 

CUNÉGONDE _[Ku'. Na. Gond]_, the mistress of Candide (2 _syl_. ). InVoltaire's novel called _Candide_. Sterne spells it "Cunëgund. "

CUN'NINGHAM _(Archie)_, one of the archers of the Scotch guards atPlessis lés Tours, in the pay of Louis XI. --Sir W. Scott, _QuentinDurward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

CU'NO, the ranger, father of Agatha. --Weber, _Der Freischütz_ (1822). 

CUNO'BELINE, a king of the Silurês, son of Tasciov'anus and father ofCaractacus. Coins still exist bearing the name of "Cunobeline, " andthe word "Camalodunum" _[Colchester]_, the capital of his kingdom. TheRoman general between A. D. 43 and 47 was Aulus Plautius, but in 47Ostorius Scapula took Caractacus prisoner. 

Some think Cunobeline is Shakespeare's "Cymbeline, " who reigned fromB. C. 8 to A. D. 27; but Cymbeline's father was Tenantius or Tenuantius, his sons Guide'rius Arvir'agus, and the Roman general was CaiusLucius. 

 ... The courageous sons of our Cunobelin Sank under Plautius' sword. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). 

CUNSTANCE or CONSTANCE (See CUSTANCE). 

CUPID AND PSYCHE [_Si. Ky_] an episode in _The Golden Ass_ of Apuleius. The allegory represents Cupid in love with Psychê. He visited herevery evening, and left at sunrise, but strictly enjoined her notto attempt to discover who he was. One night curiosity overcame herprudence, and going to look upon her lover a drop of hot oil fell onhis shoulder, awoke him, and he fled. Psychê now wandered in searchof the lost one, but was persecuted by Venus with relentless cruelty. Having suffered almost to the death, Cupid at length married her, andshe became immortal. Mrs. Tighe has a poem on the subject. Wm. Morrishas poetized the same in his _Earthly Paradise_ ("May"); Lafontainehas a poem called _Psyché_, in imitation of the episode of Apuleius;and Molière has dramatized the subject. 

CU'PIDON (_Jean_). Count d'Orsay was so called by Lord Byron(1798-1852). The count's father was styled _Le Beau d' Orsay. _

CUR'AN, a courtier in Shakespeare's tragedy of _King Lear_ (1605). 

CURÉ DE MEUDON, Rabelais, who was first a monk, then a leech, thenprebendary of St. Maur, and lastly curé of Meudon (1483-1553). 

CU'RIO, a gentleman attending on the Duke of Illyria. --Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1614). 

_Curio_. So Akenside calls Mr. Pulteney, and styles him "the betrayerof his country, " alluding to the great statesman's change of politics. Curio was a young Roman senator, at one time the avowed enemy ofCæsar, but subsequently of Cæsar's party, and one of the victims ofthe civil war. 

 Is this the man in freedom's cause approved. The man so great, so honored, so beloved ... This Curio, hated now and scorned by all, Who fell himself to work his country's fall? Akenside, _Epistle to Curio_. 

CURIOUS IMPERTINENT (_The_), a tale introduced by Cervantês in his_Don Quixote_. The "impertinent" is an Italian gentleman who is sillyenough to make trial of his wife's fidelity by persuading a friend tostorm it if he can. Of course his friend "takes the fort, " and thefool is left to bewail his own folly. --Pt. I. Iv. 5 (1605). 

CURRER BELL, the _nom de plume_ of Charlotte Brontê, author of _JaneEyre_ [_Air_] (1816-1855). 

CURTA'NA, the sword of Edward the Con'fessor, which had no point, andwas therefore the emblem of mercy. Till the reign of Henry III. , theroyal sword of England was so called. 

 But when Curtana will not do the deed, You lay the pointless clergy-weapon by, And to the laws, your sword of justice, fly. Dryden, _The Hind and the Panther_, ii. (1687). 

CURTA'NA or COURTAIN, the sword of Ogier the Dane. 

 He [_Ogier_] drew Courtain his sword out of its sheath. W. Morris, _Earthly Paradise_, (634). 

CURT-HOSE (2 _syl_. ). Robert II. Duc de Normandie (1087-1134). 

CURT-MANTLE, Henry II. Of England

(1133, 1154-1189). So called because he wore the Anjou mantle, whichwas shorter than the robe worn by his predecessors. 

CURTIS, one of Petruchio's servants. --Shakespeare, _Taming of theShrew_ (1594). 

PARSON CUSHING, pastor of the Orthodox Church in Poganuc. In fits oflearned abstraction, he fed the dog surreptitiously under the table, thereby encouraging his boys to trust his heart rather than histongue. He justifies the expulsion of the Indian tribes by Scripturetexts, and gathers eggs in the hay-mow with Dolly; upholds thedoctrines of his denomination and would seal his faith with his blood, but admits that "the Thirty-nine articles (with some few exceptions)are a very excellent statement of truth. " He is Catholic withoutsuspecting it. --Harriet Beecher Stowe, _Poganuc People_, (1878). 

CUSTANCE, daughter of the Emperor of Rome, affianced to the Sultan ofSyria, who abjured his faith and consented to be baptized in orderto marry her. His mother hated this apostasy, and at the weddingbreakfast slew all the apostates except the bride. Her she embarkedin a ship, which was set adrift and in due time reached the Britishshores, where Custance was rescued by the Lord-constable ofNorthumberland, who took her home, and placed her under the care ofhis wife Hermegild. Custance converted both the constable and hiswife. A young knight wished to marry her, but she declined his suit, whereupon he murdered Hermegild, and then laid the bloody knife besideCustance, to make her suspected of the crime. King Alia examined thecase, and soon discovered the real facts, whereupon the knight wasexecuted, and the king married Custance. 

The queen-mother highly disapproved of the match, and during theabsence of her son in Scotland embarked Custance and her infant boy ina ship, which was turned adrift. After floating about for five years, it was taken in tow by a Roman fleet on its return from Syria, andCustance with her son Maurice became the guests of a Eoman Senator. Itso happened that Alla at this same time was at Rome on a pilgrimage, and encountered his wife, who returned with him to Northumberlandand lived in peace and happiness the rest of her life. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Man of Law's Tale, " 1388). 

_Custance_, a gay and rich widow, whom Ralph Roister Doister wishesto marry, but he is wholly baffled in his scheme. --Nicholas TJdall, _Ralph Roister Doister_ (first English comedy, 1534). 

CUTE _(Alderman)_, a "practical philosopher, " resolved to put downeverything. In his opinion "everything must be put down. " Starvationmust be put down, and so must suicide, sick mothers, babies, andpoverty. --C. Dickens, _The Chimes_ (1844). 

CUTHAL, same as Uthal, one of the Orkneys. 

CUTHBERT _(St. )_, a Scotch monk of the sixth century. 

CUTHBERT BEDE, the Rev. Edw. Bradley, author of _Verdant Green_(1857. )

CUTHO'NA, daughter of Rumar, was betrothed to Conlath, youngest son ofMorni, of Mora. Not long before the espousals were to be celebrated, Toscar came from Ireland, and was hospitably entertained by Morni. Onthe fourth day, he saw Cuthona out hunting, and carried her off byforce. Being pursued by Conlath, a fight ensued, in which both theyoung men fell, and Cuthona, after languishing for three days, diedalso. --Ossian, _Conlath and Cuthona_. 

CUTHULLIN, son of Semo, commander of the Irish army, and regent duringthe minority of Cormac. His wife was Brag'elo, daughter of Sorglan. Inthe poem called _Fingal_, Cuthullin was defeated by Swaran, king ofLochlin _[Scandinavia]_, and being ashamed to meet Fingal, retiredfrom the field gloomy and sad. Fingal having utterly defeated Swaran, invited Cuthullin to the banquet, and partially restored his depressedspirits. In the third year of Cormac's reign, Torlah, son of Can'tela, rebelled. Cuthullin gained a complete victory over him at the lakeLego, but was mortally wounded in the pursuit by a random arrow. Cuthullin was succeeded by Nathos, but the young king was soondethroned by the rebel Cairbre, and murdered. --Ossian, _Fingal_ and_The Death of Cuthullin_. 

CUTLER _(Sir John)_, a royalist, who died 1699, reduced to the utmostpoverty. 

Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall. For very want he could notbuild a wall. His only daughter in a stranger's power, for very wanthe could not pay a dower. A few gray hairs his reverend templescrowned, 'Twas very want that sold them for two pound.... 

Cutler and Brutus, dying, both exclaim, "Virtue and wealth, what areye but a name?" Pope, _Moral Essays_, iii. (1709). 

CUTPURSE (_Moil_), Mary Frith, the heroine of Middleton's comedycalled _The Roaring Girl_ (1611). She was a woman of masculine vigor, who not unfrequently assumed man's attire. This notorious cut-purseonce attacked General Fairfax on Hounslow Heath, but was arrested andsent to Newgate; she escaped, however, by bribing the turnkey, anddied of dropsy at the age of 75. Nathaniel Field introduces her in hisdrama called _Amends for Ladies_ (1618). 

CUTSHAMAQUIN, an Indian Sachem, whose disobedient and rebellious sonwas "dealt with" publicly by John Eliot. At the second summons andserious admonition, the lad repented and confessed humbly, "andentreated his father to forgive him, and took him by the hand, atwhich his father burst forth into great weeping. "--John Eliot, _TheClear Sunshine of the Gospel Breaking Forth Upon the Indians_ (1648). 

CUTTLE (_Captain Edward_), a great friend of Solomon Gills, ship'sinstrument maker. Captain Cuttle had been a skipper, had a hookinstead of a right hand, and always wore a very hard, glazed hat. Hewas in the habit of quoting, and desiring those to whom he spoke "tooverhaul the catechism till they found it;" but, he added, "whenfound, make a note on. " The kind-hearted seaman was very fond ofFlorence Dombey, and of Walter Gay, whom he called "Wal'r. " WhenFlorence left her father's roof, Captain Cuttle sheltered her at theWooden Midshipman. One of his favorite sentiments was "May we neverwant a friend, or a bottle to give him. "--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_(1846). 

("When found, make a note of, " is the motto of _Notes and Queries_. )

CYC'LADES (3 _syl_. ), some twenty islands, so called from the classiclegend that they _circled round_ Delos when that island was renderedstationary by the birth of Diana and Apollo. 

CYCLIC POETS, a series of epic poets, who wrote continuations oradditions to Homer's _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_; they were called "Cyclic"because they confined themselves to the _cycle_ of the Trojan war. 

AG'IAS wrote an epic on "the return of the Greeks from Troy" (B. C. 740). 

ARCTI'NOS wrote a continuation of the _Iliad_, describing the takingof Troy by the "Wooden Horse, " and its conflagration. Virgil hascopied from this poet (B. C. 776). 

EU'GAMON wrote a continuation of the _Odyssey_. It contains theadventures of Telegonos in search of his father Ulysses. When hereached Ith'aca, Ulysses and Telemachos went against him, andTelegonos killed Ulysses with a spear which his mother Circe had givenhim (B. C. 568). 

LES'CHES, author of the _Little Iliad_, in four books, containing thefate of Ajax, the exploits of Philoctetes, Neoptol'emos, and Ulysses, and the final capture of Troy (B. C. 708). 

STASI'NOS, "son-in-law" of Homer. He wrote an introduction to the_Iliad_. 

CYCLOPS. Their names are Brontes, Steropes, and Arges. (See SINDBAD, voy. 3). 

_Cyclops (The Holy)_. So Dryden in the _Masque of Albion andAlbanius_, calls Richard Rumbold, an Englishman, the chief conspiratorin the "Ryehouse Plot. " He had lost one eye, and was executed. 

CYDIP'PE (3 _syl_), a lady courted by Acontius of Cea, but beingunable to obtain her, he wrote on an apple, "I swear by Diana thatAcontius shall be my husband. " This apple was presented to themaiden, and being persuaded that she had written the words, thoughinadvertently, she consented to marry Acontius for "the oath's sake. "

 Cydippe by a letter was betrayed, Writ on an apple to th' unwary maid Ovid, _Art of Love_, 1. 

CYL'LAROS, the horse of Pollux according to Virgil (_Georg_. Iii. 90), but of Castor according to Ovid _(Metam. _ xii. 408). It wascoal-black, with white legs and tail. 

CYLLE'NIUS, Mercury; so called from Mount Cylenê, in Arcadia, where hewas born. 

CYM'BELINE (3 _syl_. ), mythical king of Britain for thirty-five years. He began to reign in the nineteenth year of Augustus Cæsar. His fatherwas Tenantius, who refused to pay the tribute to the Romans exacted ofCassibelan after his defeat by Julius Cæsar. Cymbeline marriedtwice. By his first wife he had a daughter named Imogen, who marriedPosthumus Leonatus. His second wife had a son named Cloten by a formerhusband. --Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605). 

CYMOCHLES _[Si. Mok'. Leez]_, brother of Pyroch'lês, son of Aeratês, husband of Acras'ia the enchantress. He sets out against Sir Guyon, but being ferried over Idle Lake, abandons himself to self-indulgence, and is slain by King Arthur (canto 8). --Spencer, _Faery Queen_, ii. 5, etc. (1590). 

CYMOD'OCE (4 _syl_. ). The mother of Mar'inel is so called in bk. Iv. 12 of the _Faery Queen_, but in bk. Iii. 4 she is spoken of asCymo'ent "daughter of Nereus" (2_syl_. ) by an earth-born father, "thefamous Dumarin. "

CYMOENT. (See CYMODOCE. )

CYM'RY, the Welsh. 

The Welsh always called themselves "Cym-ry", the literal meaning ofwhich is "aborigines. " ... It is the same word as "Cimbri. " ... Theycall their language "Cymraeg, " _i. E_, "the primitive tongue. "--E. Williams. 

CYNGÆI'ROS, brother of the poet Æschylos. When the Persians, after thebattle of Marathon, were pushing off from shore, Cyngæiros seized oneof their ships with his right hand, which being lopped off, he graspedit with his left hand; this being cut off, he seized it with histeeth, and lost his life. 

ADMIEAL BENBOW, in an engagement with the French, near St. Martha, in1701, had his legs and thighs shivered into splinters by chain-shot;but (supported on a wooden frame) he remained on deck till Du Cassesheered off. 

ALMEYDA, the Portuguese Governor of India, had his legs and thighsshattered in a similar way, and caused himself to be bound to theship's mast, that he might wave his sword to cheer on the combatants. 

JAAFER, at the battle of Muta, carried the sacred banner of theprophet. One hand being lopped off, he held it with the other; thisalso being cut off, he held it with his two stumps, and when at lasthis head was cut off, he contrived to fall dead on the banner, whichwas thus detained till Abdallah had time to rescue it and hand it toKhaled. 

CYNE'THA(3 _syl. _), eldest son of Cadwallon (king of North Wales). Hewas an orphan, brought up by his uncle Owen. During his minority, Owenand Cynetha loved each other dearly; but when the orphan came of ageand claimed his inheritance, his uncle burnt his eyes out by exposingthem to plates of hot brass. Cynetha and his son Cadwallon accompaniedMadoc to North America, where the blind old man died while Madoc wasin Wales preparing for his second voyage. --Southey, _Madoc_, i. 3(1805). 

 Cadwallonis erat primaevus jure Cynëtha: Proh pudor! hunc oculis patruus privavit Oenus. _The Pentarchia_. 

CYNIC TUB (_The_), Diog'enês, the Cynic philosopher lived in a tub, and it is to this fact that illusion is made in the line:

 [_They_] fetch their doctrines from the Cynic tub. Milton, _Comus_, 708 (1634). 

CY'NOSURE (3 _syl_. ), the pole-star. The word means "the dog's tail, "and is used to signify a guiding genius, or the observed of allobservers. Cynosu'ra was an Idaean nymph, one of the nurses of Zeus (1_syl_. ). 

CYN'THIA, the moon or Diana, who was born on Mount Cynthus, in Dêlos. Apollo is called "Cynthius. "

 ... Watching, in the night, Beneath pale Cynthia's melancholy light. Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, iii. 2 (1756). 

_Cyn'thia. _ So Spenser, in _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_, callsQueen Elizabeth, "whose angel's eye" was his life's sole bliss, hisheart's eternal treasure. Ph. Fletcher, in _The Purple Island_, iii. , also calls Queen Elizabeth "Cynthia. "

 Her words were like a stream of honey fleeting.. Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes... Her looks were like beams of the morning sun Forth looking thro' the windows of the east... Her thoughts were like the fumes of frankincense Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. Spenser, _Colin Clout's Come Home Again_ (1591). 

_Cyn'thia_, daughter of Sir Paul Pliant, and daughter-in-law of LadyPliant. She is in love with Melle'font (2 _syl_. ). Sir Paul calls her"Thy"--W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1694). 

CYN'THIA WARE. Auburn-haired girl living upon Lost Creek in Tennessee, in love with Evander Price, a young blacksmith. When he is sent to thepenitentiary upon a false accusation, she labors unceasingly for ayear to obtain his pardon. A year after it is granted, she learns thathe is doing well in another State and has forgotten her. In time, hereturns, married and prosperous, and calls upon his old friends uponLost Creek. 

 "His recollections were all vague, although at some reminiscence of hers he laughed jovially, and ''lowed that in them days, Cinthy, you an' me had a right smart notion of keepin' company tergether. ' He did not notice how pale she was, and that there was often a slight spasmodic contraction of her features. She was busy with her spinning-wheel, as she placidly replied: 'Yes, --'though I always 'lowed ez I counted on livin' single. '"--Charles Egbert Craddock, _In the Tennessee Mountains_ (1885). 

CYP'RIAN _(A)_, a woman of loose morals; so called from the islandCyprus, a chief seat of the worship of Venus or Cyp'ria. 

_Cyp'rian (Brother)_, a Dominican monk at the monastery ofHolyrood. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

CYRENA'IC SHELL _(The)_, the lyre or strain of Callini'achos, a Greekpoet of Alexandria, in Egypt. Six of his hymns in hexameter verse arestill extant. 

 For you the Cyrenaic shell Behold I touch revering. 

 Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_. 

CYR'IC _(St. )_, the saint to whom sailors address themselves. The St. Elmo of the Welsh. 

 The weary mariners Called on St. Cyric's aid. Southey, _Madoc_, i. 4 (1805). 

CYRUS AND TOM'YRIS. Cyrus, after subduing the eastern parts of Asia, was defeated by Tomyris queen of the Massage'tae, in Scythia. Tomyriscut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, saying, as she did so, "There, drink thy fill. " Dantê refers to thisincident in his _Purgatory_, xii. 

 Consyder Syrus ... He whose huge power no man might overthrowe, Tom'yris Queen with great despite hath slowe, His head dismembered from his mangled corps Herself she cast into a vessel fraught With clotted bloud of them that felt her force. And with these words a just reward she taught-- "Drynke now thy fyll of thy desired draught. " T. Sackville, _A Mirrour for Magistraytes_ ("The Complaynt, " 1587). 

CYTHERE'A, Venus; so called from Cythe'ra (now _Cerigo_), amountainous island of Laco'nia, noted for the worship of Aphrodite(or Venus). The tale is that Venus and Mars, having formed an illicitaffection for each other, were caught in a delicate net made byVulcan, and exposed to the ridicule of the court of Olympus. 

 He the fate [_May sing_] Of naked Mars with Cytherea chained. Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_. 

CYZE'NIS, the infamous daughter of Diomed, who killed every onethat fell into her clutches, and compelled fathers to eat their ownchildren. 

CZAR (_Casar_), a title first assumed in Russia by Ivan III. , who, in 1472, married a princess of the imperial Byzantine line. He alsointroduced the double-headed black eagle of Byzantium as the nationalsymbol. The official style of the Russian autocrat is _Samoderjetz_. D'ACUNHA (_Teresa_), waiting-woman to the countess of Glenallan. --SirW. Scott, _Antiquary_ (time, George III. ). 

DAFFODIL. When Perseph'onê, the daughter of Deme'ter, was a littlemaiden, she wandered about the meadows of Enna in Sicily, to gather_white_ daffodils to wreathe into her hair, and being tired she fellasleep. Pluto, the god of the infernal regions, carried her off tobecome his wife, and his touch turned the white flowers to a goldenyellow. Some remained in her tresses till she reached the meadows ofAcheron, and falling off there grew into the asphodel, with which themeadows thenceforth abounded. 

 She stepped upon Sicilian grass, Demeter's daughter, fresh and fair, A child of light, a radiant lass, And gamesome as the morning air. The daffodils were fair to see, They nodded lightly on the lea; Persephonê! Persephonê!

 Jean Ingelow, _Persephone_. 

DAGON, sixth in order of the hierarchy of hell: (1) Satan, (2)Beëlzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz, (6) Dagon. Dagon washalf man and half fish. He was worshipped in Ashdod, Gath, Ascalon, Ekron, and Gaza (the five chief cities of the Philistines). When the"ark" was placed in his temple, Dagon fell, and the palms of his handswere broken off. 

 Next came ... Dagon ... Sea-monster, upward man And downward fish. 

 Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 457, etc. (1665). 

DAG'ONET (_Sir_), King Arthur's fool. One day Sir Dagonet, with twosquires, came to Cornwall, and as they drew near a well Sir Tristramsoused them all three in, and dripping wet made them mount theirhorses and ride off, amid the jeers of the spectators (pt. Ii. 60). 

 King Arthur loved Sir Dagonet passing well, and made him knight; with his own hands; and at every tournament he made King Arthur laugh. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_. Ii. 97 (1470). 

Justice Shallow brags that he once personated Sir Dagonet, while hewas a student at Clement's Inn. --Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV_. Act ii. Sc. 2 (1598). 

[Illustration] Tennyson deviates in this, as he does in so many otherinstances, from the old romance. The _History_ says that King Arthurmade Dagonet knight "with his own hands, " because he "loved himpassing well;" but Tennyson says that Sir Gawain made him "amock-knight of the Round Table. "--_The Last Tournament_, 1. 

DAISY MILLER. Mrs. Miller, _nouvelle riche_ and in true Americansubjection to her children, is travelling abroad. Her only daughter ispretty, unconventional, and so bent upon having "a good time" that shefalls under the most degrading suspicions. The climax of flirtationand escapade is a midnight expedition to the Colosseum, where shecontracts Roman fever and dies. --Henry James, Jr. , _Daisy Miller_(1878). 

DAL'DAH, Mahomet's favorite white mule. 

DALES (_The_), a family in Ashurst, where is laid the scene of _JohnWard, Preacher_: By Margaret Deland. The wife is prim and dictatorial, a pattern housewife, with decided views upon all subjects, includingreligion and matrimony. The husband wears a cashmere dressing-gown, and spreads a red handkerchief over his white hair to protect hiswhite head from draughts; reads "A Sentimental Journey;" looks at hiswife before expressing an opinion, and makes an excellent fourth atwhist (1888). 

DALGA, a Lombard harlot, who tries to seduce young Goltho, but Golthois saved by his friend Ulfinore. --Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died1668). 

DALGARNO (_Lord Malcolm of_), a profligate young nobleman, son ofthe earl of Huntinglen (an old Scotch noble family). Nigel strikesDalgarno with his sword, and is obliged to seek refuge in "Alsatia. "Lord Dalgarno's villainy to the Lady Hermïonê excites the displeasureof King James, and he would have been banished if he had not marriedher. After this, Lord Dalgarno carries off the wife of John Christie, the ship-owner, and is shot by Captain Colepepper, the Alsatianbully. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I. ). 

DALGETTY (_Dugald_, ) of Drumthwacket, the union of the soldado withthe pedantic student of Mareschal College. As a soldier of fortune, he is retained in the service of the Earl of Monteith. The Marquis ofArgyll (leader of the parliamentary army) tried to tamper with himin prison, but Dugald siezed him, threw him down, and then made hisescape, locking the marquis in the dungeon. After the battle, CaptainDalgetty was knighted. This "Ritt-master" is a pedant, very conceited, full of vulgar assurance, with a good stock of worldly knowledge, a student of divinity, and a soldier who lets his sword out to thehighest bidder. The character is original and well drawn. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

The original of this character was Munro, who wrote an account of thecampaigns of that band of Scotch and English auxiliaries in the islandof Swinemünde, in 1630. Munro was himself one of the band. DugaldDalgetty is one of the best of Scott's characters. 

DALTON (_Mrs. _), housekeeper to the Rev. Mr. Staunton, of WillinghamRectory. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

_Dalton (Beginald)_, the hero of a novel so called, by J. C. Lockhart(1832). 

DALZELL (_General Thomas_), in the royal army of Charles II. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (1816). 

DAME DU LAC, Vivienne le Fay. The lake was "en la marche de la petiteBretaigne;" "en ce lieu ... Avoit la dame moult de belles maisons etmoult riches. "

_Dame du Lac_, Sebille (2 _syl_. ). Her castle was surrounded by ariver on which rested so thick a fog that no eye could see across it. Alexander the Great abode a fortnight with this fay, to be cured ofhis wounds, and King Arthur was the result of their amour. (This isnot in accordance with the general legends of this noted hero. SeeARTHUR. )--_Perceforest_, i. 42. 

DAM'IAN, a squire attending on the Grand-Master of the KnightsTemplars. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

DAMIOT'TI (_Dr. Baptisti_), a Paduan quack, who exhibits "theenchanted mirror" to Lady Forester and Lady Bothwell. They see thereinthe clandestine marriage and infidelity of Sir Philip Forester. --SirW. Scott, _Aunt Margaret's Mirror_ (time, William III. ). DAMIS_[Dah. Me]_, son of Orgon and Elmire (2 _syl_. ), impetuous andself-willed. --Molière, _Tartuffe_ (1664). 

DAMN WITH FAINT PRAISE. 

 Damn with faint praise, assent with evil leer, And without sneering, teach the rest to sneer. Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 201 (1734). 

DAMNO'NII, the people of Damnonium, that is, Cornwall, Devon, Dorsetshire, and part of Somersetshire. This region, says Richard ofCirencester (_Hist. _ vi. 18), was much frequented by the Phoenician, Greek, and Gallic merchants, for the metals with which it abounded, and particularly for its tin. 

 Wherein our Devonshire now and fartherest Cornwal are, The old Danmonii [_sic_] dwelt. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

DAMARIS WAINRIGHT. A woman richly endowed by Nature and fortune, whosemother and brother have died insane. She comes to maidenly maturityunder the impression which strengthens into belief that madness is herheritage. After long struggles she accepts the hand of one who hasstriven steadily to combat what he considers a morbid conviction, andmakes ready for her marriage. When dressed for the ceremony she sitsdown to await her bridegroom, and the image of herself in a tarnishedmirror suggests a train of melancholy musing that result in dementia. 

 "With a mad impulse to flee she sprang to her feet just as Lincoln knocked.... For an instant her failing reason struggled to consciousness as a drowning swimmer writhes a last time to the surface, and gasps a breath only to give it up in futile bubbles that mark the spot where he sank. With a supreme effort her vanquished will for a moment re-asserted itself. She knew her lover was at the door, and she knew also that the feet of doom had been swifter than those of the bridegroom.... She sprang forward and threw open the door. "

 "'I am mad!' she shrieked, in a voice which pierced to every corner of the old mansion. "

Arlo Bates, _The Wheel of Fire_, (1885). 

DAM'OCLES (3 _syl_. ), a sycophant, in the court of Dionys'ius _theElder_, of Syracuse. After extolling the felicity of princes, Dionysius told him he would give him experimental proof thereof. Accordingly he had the courtier arrayed in royal robes and seated ata sumptuous banquet, but overhead was a sword suspended by a singlehorsehair, and Damocles was afraid to stir, lest the hair should breakand the sword fall on him. Dionysius thus intimated that the lives ofkings are threatened every hour of the day. --Cicero. 

 Let us who have not our names in the Red Book console ourselves by thinking comfortably how miserable our betters may be, and that Damocles, who sits on satin cushions, and is served on gold plate, has an awful sword hanging over his head, in the shape of a bailiff, or hereditary disease, or family secret. --Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_, xlvii. (1848). 

DAMOE'TAS, a herdsman. Theocritos and Virgil use the name in theirpastorals. 

 And old Damoetas loved to hear our song. Milton, _Lycidas_ (1638). 

DA'MON, a goat-herd in Virgil's third _Eclogue_. Walsh introduces thesame name in his _Eclogues_ also. Any rustic, swain, or herdsman. 

DAMON AND DELIA. Damon asks Delia why she looks so coldly on him. Shereplies because of his attention to Belvidêra. He says he paid theseattentions at her own request, "to hide the secret of their mutuallove. " Delia confesses that his prudence is commendable, but hisacting is too earnest. To this he rejoins that she alone holds hisheart; and Delia replies:

 Tho' well I might your truth mistrust, My foolish heart believes you just; Reason this faith may disapprove, But I believe, because I love. 

Lord Lyttleton. 

DAMON AND MUSIDO'RA, two lovers who misunderstood each other. Musidorawas coy, and Damon thought her shyness indicated indifference; but oneday he saw her bathing, and his delicacy so charmed the maiden thatshe at once accepted his proffered love. --Thomson, _The Seasons_("Summer, " 1727). 

DA'MON AND PYTH'IAS. Damon, a senator of Syracuse, was by naturehot-mettled, but was schooled by Pythagore'an philosophy into a Stoiccoldness and slowness of speech. He was a fast friend of the republic, and when Dionysius was made "King" by a vote of the senate, Damonupbraided the betrayers of his country, and pronounced Dionysius a"tryant. " For this he was seized, and as he tried to stab Dionysius, he was condemned to instant death. Damon now craved respite for fourhours to bid farewell to his wife and child, but the request wasdenied him. On his way to execution, his friend Pythias encounteredhim, and obtained permission of Dionysius to become his surety, and todie in his stead, if within four hours Damon did not return. Dionysiusnot only accepted the bail, but extended the leave to six hours. WhenDamon reached his country villa, Lucullus killed his horse to preventhis return; but Damon, seizing the horse of a chance traveler, reachedSyracuse just as the executioner was preparing to put Pythias todeath. Dionysius so admired this proof of friendship, that he forgaveDamon, and requested to be taken into his friendship. 

This subject was dramatized in 1571 by Richard Edwards, and again in1825 by John Banim. 

(The classic name of _Pythias_ is "Phintias. ")

DAMSEL OR DAMOISEAU (in Italian, _donzel_; in Latin, _domisellus_);one of the gallant youths domiciled in the _maison du roi. _ Theseyouths were always sons of the greater vassals. Louis VII. _(leJeune_) was called "The Royal Damsel;" and at one time the royalbody-guard was called "The King's Damsells. "

DAMSEL OF BRITTANY, Eleanor, daughter of Godffrey (second son of HenryII. Of England). After the death of Arthur, his sister Eleanor wasnext in succession to the crown, but John, who had caused Arthur'sdeath, confined Eleanor in Bristol Castle, where she remained till herdeath, in 1241. 

D'AMVILLE (2 _syl_), "the atheist, " with the assistance of Borachio, murdered Montferrers, his brother, for his estates. --Cyril Tourneur, _The Atheists Tragedy_ (seventeenth century). 

DAM'YAN (2 _syl_. ), the lover of May (the youthful bride of January, aLombard knight, 60 years of age). --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("TheMerchant's Tale, " 1388). 

DAN OF THE HOWLET HIRST, the dragon of the revels at KennaquhairAbbey. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ and _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

DAN'AE, (3 _syl_. ), an Argive princess, visited by Zeus [Jupiter]in the form of a shower of gold, while she was confined in aninaccessible tower. 

DANAID (3 _syl_), Dan'aus had fifty daughters, called the Danaïds orDana'ïdês. These fifty women married the fifty sons of Ægyptus, and(with one exception) murdered their husbands on the night of theirespousals. For this crime they were doomed in Hadês to pour watereverlastingly into sieves. 

 Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse or prove The Danaid of a leaky vase. 

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. 

DANCING CHANCELLOR _(The)_, Sir Christopher Hatton, who attracted theattention of Queen Elizabeth by his graceful dancing, at a masque. Shetook him into favor, and made him both Chancellor and knight of theGarter (died 1591). 

[Illustration] Mons. De Lauzun, the favorite of Louis XIV. , owed hisfortune to his grace in dancing in the king's quadrille. 

Many more than one nobleman owed the favor he enjoyed at court tothe way he pointed his toe or moved his leg. --A. Dumas, _Taking theBastile. _

DANCING WATER _(The)_, from the Burning forest. This water had thepower of imparting youthful beauty to those who used it. Prince Chery, aided by a dove, obtained it for Fairstar. 

 The dancing water is the eighth wonder of the world. It beautifies ladies, makes them young again, and even enriches them. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("Princess Fairstar, " 1682). 

DANDIES _(The Prince of_), Beau Brummel (1778-1840). 

DANDIN _(George)_, a rich French tradesman, who marries Ang'elique, the daughter of Mons. Le Baron de Sotenville, and has the "privilege"of paying-off the family debts, maintaining his wife's noble parents, and being snubbed on all occasions to his heart's content. Heconstantly said to himself; in self-rebuke, _Vous Vavez voulu, vousVavez voulu, George Dandin!_ ("You have no one to blame but yourself!you brought it on yourself, George Dandin!")

 Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin! vous l'avez voulu!... Vous avez juste-ment ce que vous meritez. --Molière, _George Dandin_, i. 9 (1668). 

 "Well, _tu l'as voulu_, George Dandin, " she said, with a smile, "you were determined on it, and must bear the consequences. "--Percy Fitzgerald, _The Parvenu Family_, ii. 262. 

[Illustration] There is no such phrase in the comedy as _Tu l'asvoulu_, it is always _Vous Vavez voulu_. 

DAN'DOLO _(Signor)_, a friend to Fazio in prosperity, but who turnsfrom him when in disgrace. He says:

 Signor, I am paramount In all affairs of boot and spur and hose; In matters of the robe and cap supreme; In ruff disputes, my lord, there's no appeal From my irrefragibility. 

Dean Milman, _Fazio_, ii. I (1815). 

DANGEAU _(Jouer a la_), to play as good a hand at cards as Phillippede Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau (1638-1720). 

DAN'GERFLELD _(Captain)_, a hired witness in the "Popish Plot"--Sir W. Scott, _Pe-veril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DANGLE, a gentleman bitten with the theatrical mania, who annoys amanager with impertinent flattery and advice. It is said that ThomasVaughan, a playwright of small reputation, was the original of thischaracter. --Sheridan, _The Critic_ (see act i. I), (1779). 

DAN'HASCH, one of the genii who did not "acknowledge the greatSolomon. "

When the Princess Badoura in her sleep was carried to the bed ofPrince Camaral'zaman that she might see him, Danhasch changed himselfinto a flea, and bit her lip, at which Badoura awoke, saw the princesleeping by her side, and afterwards became his wife. --_ArabianNights_ ("Camaralzarnan and Badoura. ")

DANIEL, son of Widow Lackitt; a wealthy Indian planter. A noodle ofthe softest mould, whom Lucy Weldon marries for his money. --ThomasSouthern, _Oroonoko_ (1696). 

DAN'NISCHEMEND, the Persian sorcerer, mentioned in Donnerhugel'snarrative. --Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

DANTÊ AND BEATRICE. Some say that Beatrice, in Dantê's _DivinaCommedia_, merely personifies faith; others think it a real character, and say she was the daughter of the illustrious family of Portinari, for whom the poet entertained a purely platonic affection. Shemeets the poet after he has been dragged through the river Lethê_(Purgatory_, xxxi), and conducts him through paradise. BeatricePortina'ri married Simon de Bardi, and died at the age of 24; Dantewas a few months older. 

 Some persons say that Dante meant Theology By Beatrice, and not a mistress; I ... Deem this a commentator's phantasy. 

Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 11 (1820). 

DANTÊ AND-VIRGIL. Virgil was Dante's poetic master and is described asconducting him through the realms depicted in the _Divina Commedia_. 

[Illustration] The poet married Gemma, of the powerful house ofDonati. (See LOVES). 

_Dantê's Beard_. All the pictures of

Dantê which I have seen represent him without any beard or hair on hisface at all; but in _Purgatory_, xxxi. , Beatrice says to him, "Raisethou thy beard, and lo! what sight shall do, " _i. E. _ lift up your faceand look about you; and he adds, "No sooner lifted I mine aspect up... Than mine eyes _(encountered)_ Beatrice. "

DAN DEVEREUX. A young Nantucket giant married to a dainty waif rescuedin infancy from the sea. He marries her because she is homelessand seems to be in love with him. When too late, he knows that hisaffections are another's, and sees his wife fascinated by a handsomeFrench adventurer. In an attempt to elope, the wife and her lover arewrecked, and clinging to a spar, are overtaken by the "terrible SouthBreaker--plunging and rearing and swelling, a monstrous billow, sweeping and swooping and rocking in. " Dan in later life, marriesGeorgia, his first love. --Harriet Prescott Spofford, _The SouthBreaker_ (1863). 

DANTON OF THE CEVENNES. Pierre Seguier, prophet and preacher ofMagistavols, in France. He was a leader amongst the Camisards. 

DANVERS _(Charles)_, an embyro barrister of the Middle Temple. --C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman. _

DAPH'NE (2 _syl_. ). , daughter of Sileno and Mysis, and sister of Nysa. The favorite of Apollo while sojourning on earth in the character of ashepherd lad named "Pol. "--Kate O'Hara, _Midas_ (a burletta, 1778). 

(In classic mythology Daphnê fled from the amorous god, and escaped bybeing changed into a laurel. )

DAPH'NIS, a beautiful Sicilian shepherd, the inventor of bucolicpoetry. He was a son of Mercury, and friend both of Pan and Apollo. 

 _Daph'nis_, the modest shepherd. 

 This is that modest shepherd, he That only dare salute, but ne'er could be Brought to kiss any, hold discourse, or sing, Whisper, or boldly ask. 

 John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_, i. 3 (1610). 

DAPH'NIS AND CHLO'E, a prose pastoral love story in Greek, by Longos(a Byzantine), not unlike the tale of _The Gentle Shepherd_, by AllanRamsay. Gessner has also imitated the Greek romance in his idyllcalled _Daphnis_. In this lovestory Longos says he was hunting inLesbos, and saw in a grove consecrated to the nymphs a beautifulpicture of children exposed, lovers plighting their faith, and theincursions of pirates, which he now expresses and dedicates to Pan, Cupid, and the nymphs. Daphnis, of course, is the lover of Chloê. 

DAPPER, a lawyer's clerk, who went to Subtle "the alchemist, " to besupplied with "a familiar" to make him win in horse-racing, cards, and all games of chance. Dapper is told to prepare himself for aninterview with the fairy queen by taking "three drops of vinegar inat the nose, two at the mouth, and one at either ear, " "to cry _hum_thrice and _buzz_ as often. "--Ben Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1610). 

DAPPLE, the donkey ridden by Sancho Panza, in Cervantês' romance of_Don Quixote_ (1605-1615). 

DARBY AND JOAN. This ballad, called _The Happy Old Couple_, is printedin the _Gentleman's Magazine_, v. 153 (March, 1735). 

It is also in Plumtre's _Collections of Songs_, 152 (Camb. 1805), withthe music. The words are sometimes attributed to Prior, and the firstline favors the notion: "Dear _Chloe_, while thus beyond measure;"only Prior always spells _Chloe_ without "h. "

Darby and Joan are an old-fashioned, loving couple, wholly averse tochange of any sort. It is generally said that Henry Woodfall was theauthor of the ballad, and that the originals were John Darby (printer, of Bartholomew Close, who died 1730) and his wife Joan. Woodfallserved his apprenticeship with John Darby. 

 "You may be a Darby _[Mr. Hardcastle]_, but I'll be no Joan, I promise you. "--Goldsmith, _She Stoops to Conquer_, i. 1 (1773). 

DRADU-LE'NA, the daughter of Foldath, general of the Fir-bolg or Belgæsettled in the south of Ireland. When Foldath fell in battle, His soul rushed to the vale of Mona, to Dardu-Lena's dream, by Dalrutho's stream, where she slept, returning from the chase of hinds. Her bow is near the maid, unstrung ... Clothed in the beauty of youth, the love of heroes lay. Dark-bending from ... The wood her wounded father seemed to come. He appeared at times, then hid himself in mist. Bursting into tears, she arose. She knew that the chief was low ... Thou wert the last of his race, O blue-eyed Dardu-Lena!--Ossian, _Temora_, v. 

DARGO, the spear of Ossian, son of Fingal. --Ossian, _Calthon andColmal_. 

DAR'GONET, "the Tall, " son of Astolpho, and brother of Paradine. In the fight provoked by Oswald against Duke Grondibert, which wasdecided by four combatants against four, Dargonet was slain by Hugothe Little. Dargonet and his brother were rivals for the love ofLora. --Sir Wm. Davenant, _Gondibert_, i. (died 1668). 

DARI'US AND HIS HORSE. The seven candidates for the throne of Persiaagreed that he should be king whose horse neighed first. As the horseof Darius was the first to neigh, Darius was proclaimed king. 

 That brave Scythian Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 

Lord Brooke. 

DARLEMONT, guardian and maternal uncle of Julio of Harancour; formerlya merchant. He takes possession of the inheritance of his ward by foulmeans, but is proud as Lucifer, suspicious, exacting, and tyrannical. Every one fears him; no one loves him. --Thorn. Holcroft, _Deaf andDumb_ (1785. )

DARLING _(Grace)_, daughter of William Darling, lighthouse-keeper onLongs tone, one of the Fame Islands. On the morning of September 7, 1838, Grace and her father saved nine of the crew of the _Forfarshire_steamer, wrecked among the Fame Islands opposite Bamborough Castle(1815-1842). 

DARNAY _(Charles)_, the lover and afterwards the husband of LucieManette. He bore a strong likeness to Sydney Carton, and was a noblecharacter, worthy of Lucie. His real name was Evrémonde. --C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_ (1859. )

DARNEL _(Aurelia)_, a character in Smollet's novel entitled _TheAdventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves_ (1760). 

DARNLEY, the _amant_ of Charlotte [Lambert], in _The Hypocrite_, byIsaac Bicker-staff. In Molière's comedy of _Tartuffe_, Charlotte iscalled "Mariane, " and Darnley is "Valère. "

DAR'-THULA, daughter of Colla, and "fairest of Erin's maidens. " Shefell in love with Nathos, one of the three sons of Usnoth, lord ofEtha (in Argyllshire). Cairbar, the rebel was also in love with her, but his suit was rejected. Nathos was made commander of King Cormac'sarmy at the death of Cuthullin, and for a time upheld the totteringthrone. But the rebel grew stronger and stronger, and at length foundmeans to murder the young king; whereupon the army under Nathosdeserted. Nathos was now obliged to quit Ireland, and Dar-Thula fledwith him. A storm drove the vessel back to Ulster, where Cairbar wasencamped, and Nathos, with his two brothers, being overpowered bynumbers, fell. Dar-Thula was arrayed as a young warrior; but when herlover was slain "her shield fell from her arm; her breast of snowappeared, but it was stained with blood. An arrow was fixed inher side, " and her dying blood was mingled with that of the threebrothers. --Ossian, _Dar-Thula_ (founded on the story of "Deirdri, " i. _Trans, of the Gaelic Soc_. )

DAR'TLE (_Rosa_), companion of Mrs. Steerforth. She loved Mrs. Steerforth's son, but her love was not reciprocated. Miss Dartle is avindictive woman, noted for a scar on her lip, which told tales whenher temper was aroused. This scar was from a wound given by youngSteerforth, who struck her on the lip when a boy. --C. Dickens, _DavidCopperfield_ (1849). 

DARWIN'S MISSING LINK, the link between the monkey and man. Accordingto Darwin, the present host of animal life began from a few elementalforms, which developed, and by natural selection propagated certaintypes of animals, while others less suited to the battle of life diedout. Thus, beginning with the larvae of ascidians (a marine mollusc, )we get by development to fish lowly organized (as the lancelet), thence to ganoids and other fish, then to amphibians. From amphibianswe get to birds and reptiles, and thence to mammals, among which comesthe monkey, between which and man is a MISSING LINK. 

DASHALL (_The Hon. Tom_), cousin of Tally-ho. The rambles andadventures of these two blades are related by Pierce Egan (1821-1822). 

D'ASUMAR (_Count_), an old Nestor who fancied nothing was so good aswhen he was a young man. 

 "Alas! I see no men nowadays comparable to those I knew heretofore; and the tournaments are not performed with half the magnificence as when I was a young man.... " Seeing some fine peaches served up, he observed, "In my time, the peaches were much larger than they are at present; natures degenerates every day. " "At that rate, " said his companion, smiling, "the peaches of Adam's time must have been wonderfully large. "--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, iv. 7 (1724). 

DAUGHTER (_The_), a drama by S. Knowles (1836). Marian, "daughter" ofRobert, once a wrecker, was betrothed to Edward, a sailor, who went onhis last voyage, and intended then to marry her. During his absence astorm at sea arose, a body was washed ashore, and Robert went down toplunder it. Marian went to look for her father and prevent his robbingthose washed ashore by the waves, when she saw in the dusk some onestab a wrecked body. It was Black Norris, but she thought it was herfather. Robert being taken up Marian gave witness against him, and hewas condemned to death. Norris said he would save her father if shewould marry him, and to this she consented; but on the wedding dayEdward returned. Norris was taken up for murder, and Marian was saved. 

DAUGHTER WITH HER MURDERED FATHER'S HEAD. Margaret Roper, daughter ofSir Thomas More, obtained privately the head of her father, which hadbeen exposed for some days on London Bridge, and buried it in St. Dunstan's Church, Canterbury (1835). Tennyson alludes to this in thefollowing lines:--

 Morn broadened on the borders of the dark, Ere I saw her who clasped in her last trance Her murdered father's head. 

The head of the young earl of Derwent-water was exposed on Temple Barin 1716. His wife drove in a cart under the the arch, and a man, hiredfor the purpose, threw the young earl's head into the cart, that itmight be decently buried--Sir Bernard Burke Mdlle. De Sombreuil, daughter of the Comte de Sombreuil, insisted on the sharing herfather's prison during the "Reign of Terror, " and in accompanying himto the guillotine. 

DAUPHIN _(Le Grand_), Louis duc de Bourgoyne, eldest son of LouisXIV. , for whom was published the _Delphine Classics_ (1661-1711). 

_Dauphin (Le Petit)_, son of the "Grand Dauphin" (1682-1712). 

DAURA, daughter of Armin. She was betrothed to Armar, son of Armart, Erath a rival lover having been rejected by her. One day, disguised asan old grey-beard, Erath told Daura that he was sent to conduct herto Armar, who was waiting for her. Without suspicion she followed herguide, who took her to a rock in the midst of the sea, and there lefther. Her brother Arindal, returning from the chase, saw Erath on theshore, and bound him to an oak; then pushing off the boat, went tofetch back his sister. At this crisis Armar came up, and dischargedhis arrow at Erath; but the arrow struck Arindal, and killed him. "Theboat broke in twain, " and Armar plunged into the sea to rescue hisbetrothed; but a "sudden blast from the hills struck him, and he sankto rise no more. " Daura was rescued by her father, but she haunted theshore all night in a drenching rain. Next day "her voice grew veryfeeble; it died away; and spent with grief, she expired. " Ossian, _Songs of Selma_. 

DAVENANT (_Lord_), a bigamist. One wife was Marianne Dormer, whomhe forsook in three months. It was given out that he was dead, andMarianne in time married Lord Davenant's son. His other wife wasLouisa Travers, who was engaged to Captain Dormer, but was told thatthe Captain was faithless and had married another. When the villainyof his lordship could be no longer concealed he destroyed himself. 

_Lady Davenant_, one of the two wives of Lord Davenant. She was "afaultless wife, " with beauty to attract affection, and every womanlygrace. 

_Charles Davenant_, a son of Lord Davenant, who married MarianneDormer, his father's wife. --Cumberland, _The Mysterious Husband_(1783). 

_Davenant (Will)_, a supposed descendant from Shakespeare, and Wildrake's friend, --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, theCommonwealth). 

DAVENPORT (_Colonel_), a Revolutionary veteran who, fighting thebattle of Long Island over again in Parson Cushing's family, admitsthat General Washington poured out "a terrible volley of curses. "

"And he swore?" objects Parson Gushing. 

"It was not profane swearing. It was not taking GOD'S name in vain, for it sent us back as if we had been chased by lightning. It wasan awful hour, and he saw it. It was life or death; country or nocountry. "--Harriet Beecher Stowe, _Poganuc People_ (1878). 

DAVID, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_ is meant forCharles II. As David's beloved son Absalom rebelled against him, so the Duke of Monmouth rebelled against his father Charles II. AsAchitophel was a traitorous counsellor to David, so was the Earl ofShaftesbury to Charles II. As Hushaï outwitted Achitophel, so Hyde(duke of Eochester) outwitted the Earl of Shaftesbury, etc. , etc. 

 Auspicious prince. Thy longing country's darling and desire, Their cloudy pillar, and their guardian fire ... The people's prayer, the glad diviner's theme, The young men's vision and the old men's dream. 

Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681). 

_David_, king of North Wales, eldest son of Owen, by his second wife. Owen died in 1169. David married Emma Plantagenet, a Saxon princess. He slew his brother Hoel and his half-brother Yorworth (son of Owenby his first wife), who had been set aside from the succession inconsequence of a blemish in the face. He also imprisoned his brotherRodri, and drove others into exile. Madoc, one of his brothers, wentto America, and established there a Welsh colony. --Southey, _Madoc_(1805). 

DAVID SOVINE. Witness in a murder case in Edward Eggleston's novel_The Graysons. _ He is put upon the stand and tells a plausible storyof "the shooting, " which he claims to have seen. The prosecutor thenhands him over to the prisoner's counsel, Abraham Lincoln, whosecross-examination of the wretched man concludes thus:

"Why does David Sovine go to all this trouble to perjure himself? Whydoes he wish to swear away the life of that young man who never didhim any harm? Because that witness shot and killed George Lockwoodhimself. I move your honor that David Sovine be arrested at once formurder!" (1888). 

DAVID SWAN. A native of New Hampshire, born of respectable parents whohas had a "classic finish" by a year at Grilmanton Academy. He liesdown to sleep at noon of a Summer's day, pillowing his head on abundle of clothing. While sound asleep in the shade, he is passed bymany people on the road. Five or six pause to survey the youth andcomment upon him. Awakened by the stage-coach, he mounts to the top, and bowls away, unconscious that a phantom of Wealth, of Love andof Death had visited him in the brief hour since he lay down tosleep. --Nathaniel Hawthorn, _Twice-told Tales_, (1851. )

_David (St. )_, son of Xantus, prince of Cereticu _(Cardiganshire)_ andthe nun Malearia. He was the uncle of King Arthur. St. David firstembraced the ascetic life in the Isle of Wight, but subsequentlyremoved to Menevia, in Pembrokeshire, where he founded twelveconvents. In 577 the archbishop of Caerleon resigned his see tohim, and St. David removed the seat of it to Menevia, which wassubsequently called St. David's and became the metropolis of Wales. Hedied at the age of 146, in the year 642. The waters of Bath "owe theirwarmth and salutary qualities to the benediction of this saint. "Drayton says he lived in the valley of Ewias (2 _syl_. ), between thehills of Hatterill, in Monmouthshire. 

 Here in an aged cell with moss and ivy grown, In which not to this day the sun hath ever shown. That reverend British saint in zealous ages past, To contemplation lived. 

_Polyolbion_, iv. (1612. )

DAVID AND JONATHAN, inseparable friends. The allusion is to David thePsalmist and Jonathan the son of Saul. David's lamentation at thedeath of Jonathan was never surpassed in pathos and beauty. --2_Samuel_, i. 19-27. 

DAVIE DEBET, debt. 

 So ofte thy neighbors banquet in thy hall, Till Davie Debet in thy parler stand, And bids thee welcome to thine own decay. 

G. Gascoigne, _Magnum Vectigal, etc_. (died 1775). 

DAVIE OF STENHONSE, a friend of Hobbie Elliott. --Sir W. Scott, _TheBlack Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

DAVIES (_John_), an old fisherman employed by Joshua Geddes thequaker. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III). 

DA'VUS, a plain, uncouth servitor; a common name for a slave in Greekand Roman plays, as in the _Andria_ of Terence. 

 His face made of brass, like a vice in a game. His gesture like Davus, whom Terence doth name. 

T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, liv. (1557). 

_Davus sum, non Oedipus. _ I am a homely man, and do not understandhints, innuendoes, and riddles, like Oedipus. Oedipus was theTheban who expounded the riddle of the Sphinx, that puzzled all hiscountrymen. Davus was the stock name of a servant or slave in Latincomedies. The proverb is used by Terence, _Andria_, 1, 2, 23. 

DAVY, the varlet of Justice Shallow, who so identifies himself withhis master that he considers himself half host half varlet. Thus whenhe seats Bardolph and Page at table, he tells them they must take"his" good will for their assurance of welcome. --Shakespeare, 2 _HenryIV_. (1598). 

DAW (_Sir David_), a rich, dunder-headed baronet of Monmouthshire, without wit, words, or worth, but believing himself somebody, andfancying himself a sharp fellow, because his servants laugh at hisgood sayings, and his mother calls him a wag. Sir David pays his suitto Miss [Emily] Tempest; but as the affections of the young lady arefixed on Henry Woodville, the baron goes to the wall. --Cumberland, _The Wheel of Fortune_ (1779). 

_Daw (Marjorie)_ Edward Delaney, writing to another young fellow, JohnFlemming, confined in town in August by a broken leg, interests himin a charming girl, Marjorie Daw by name, whom he has met in his(Delaney's) summering-place. His description of her ways, sayings andlooks so works upon the imagination of the invalid that he falls madlyin love with her--_without_ sight. As soon as he can travel he rushesmadly down to "The Pines" where his friend is staying, and findsinstead of Delaney a letter:

... "I tried to make a little romance to interest you, somethingsoothing and idyllic, and by Jove! I've done it only too well ... Ifly from the wrath to come--when you arrive! For, O, dear Jack, thereisn't any colonial mansion on the other side of the road, there isn'tany piazza, there isn't any hammock, --there isn't any Marjorie Daw!"

Thomas Bailey Aldrich, _Marjorie Daw_ (1873). 

DAWFYD, "the one-eyed" freebooter chief. --Sir W. Scott, _TheBetrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

DAWKINS (_Jack_), known by the sobriquet of the "Artful Dodger. " Heis one of Fagin's tools. Jack Dawkins is a young scamp of unmitigatedvillainy, and full of artifices, but of a cheery, buoyant temper. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_, viii. (1837). 

DAWSON (_Bully_), a London sharper, bully, and debauchee of theseventeenth century. --See _Spectator_, No. 2. 

Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and half the town kicked byBully Dawson. --Charles Lamb. 

_Dawson (Jemmy). _ Captain James Dawson was one of the eight officersbelonging to the Manchester volunteers in the service of CharlesEdward, the young pretender. He was a very amiable young man, engagedto a young lady of family and fortune, who went in her carriage towitness his execution for treason. When the body was drawn, _i. E. _embowelled, and the heart thrown into the fire, she exclaimed, "JamesDawson!" and expired. Shenstone has made this the subject of a tragicballad. 

 Young Dawson was a gallant youth, A brighter never trod the plain; And well he loved one charming maid, And dearly was he loved again. 

Shenstone, _Jemmy Dawson_. 

_Dawson (Phoebe)_, "the pride of Lammas Fair, " courted by all thesmartest young men of the village, but caught "by the sparklingeyes" and ardent words of a tailor. Phoebe had by him a child beforemarriage, and after marriage he turned a "captious tyrant and a noisysot. " Poor Phoebe drooped, "pinched were her looks, as one who pinedfor bread, " and in want and sickness she sank into an early tomb. Thissketch is one of the best in Crabbe's _Parish Register_ (1807). 

DAY (_Justice_), a pitiable hen-pecked husband, who always addresseshis wife as "duck" or "duckie. "

_Mrs. Day_, wife of the "justice, " full of vulgar dignity, overbearing, and loud. She was formerly the kitchen-maid of herhusband's father; but being raised from the kitchen to the parlor, became my lady paramount. 

In the comedy from which this farce is taken, "Mrs. Day" was thekitchen-maid in the family of Colonel Careless, and went by the nameof Gillian. In her exalted state she insisted on being addressed as"Your honor" or "Your ladyship. "

Margaret Woffington [1718-1760], in "Mrs. Day, " made no scruples todisguise her beautiful face by drawing on it the lines of deformity, and to put on the tawdry habiliments and vulgar manners of an oldhypocritical city vixen. --Thomas Davies. 

_Abel Day_, a puritanical prig, who can do nothing without Obadiah. This "downright ass" (act i. I) aspires to the hand of the heiressArabella. --T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_. 

This farce is a mere _réchauffé_ of _The Committee_, a comedy bythe Hon. Sir R. Howard (1670). The names of "Day, " "Obadiah, " and"Arabella" are the same. 

_Day (Ferquhard)_, the absentee from the clan Chattan ranks at theconflict. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

DAY OF THE DUPES, November 11, 1630. The dupes were Marie de Medicis, Anne of Austria, and Gaston, duc d'Orléans, who were outwitted byCardinal Richelieu. The plotters had induced Louis XIII. To dismisshis obnoxious minister, whereupon the cardinal went at once to resignthe seals of office; the king repented, re-established the cardinal, and he became more powerful than ever. 

DAYS RECURRENT IN THE LIVES OF GREAT MEN. 

BECKET. Tuesday was Becket's day. He was born on a Tuesday, and ona Tuesday was assassinated. He was baptized on a Tuesday, took hisflight from Northampton on a Tuesday, withdrew to France on a Tuesday, had his vision of martydom on a Tuesday, returned to England on aTuesday, his body was removed from the crypt to the shrine on aTuesday, and on Tuesday (April 13, 1875) Cardinal Manning consecratedthe new church dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket. 

CROMWELL'S day was September 3. On September 3, 1650, he won thebattle of Dunbar; on September 3, 1651, he won the battle ofWorcester; on September 3, 1658, he died. 

HAROLD'S day was October 14. It was his birthday, and also the day ofhis death. William the Conqueror was born on the same day, and, onOctober 14, 1066, won England by conquest. 

NAPOLEON'S day was August 15, his birthday; but his his "lucky" day, like that of his nephew, Napoleon III. , was the 2nd of the month. Hewas made consul for life on August 2, 1802; was crowned December2, 1804; won his greatest battle, that of Austerlitz, for whichhe obtained the title of "Great, " December 2, 1805; married thearchduchess of Austria, April 2, 1810; etc. 

NAPOLEON III. The _coup d'état_ was December 2, 1851. Louis Napoleonwas made emperor December 2, 1852; he opened, at Saarbrück, theFranco-German war August 2, 1870; and surrendered his sword to Williamof Prussia, September 2, 1870. 

DAZZLE, in _London Assurance_, by D. Boucicault. 

 "Dazzle" and "Lady Gay Spanker" "act themselves, " and will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays. --Percy Fitzgerald. 

DE BOURGO (_William_), brother of the earl of Ulster and commander ofthe English forces that defeated Felim O'Connor (1315) at Athunree, inConnaught. 

 Why tho' fallen her brother kerne [_Irish infantry_] Beneath De Bourgo's battle stern. 

Campbell, _O'Connor's Child_. 

DE COURCY, in a romance called _Women_, by the Rev. C. R. Maturin. AnIrishman, made up of contradictions and improbabilities. He is in lovewith Zaira, a brilliant Italian, and also with her unknown daughter, called Eva Wentworth, a model of purity. Both women are blighted byhis inconstancy. Eva dies, but Zaira lives to see De Courcy perish ofremorse (1822). 

DE GARD, a noble staid gentleman, newly lighted from his travels;brother of Oria'na, who "chases" Mi'rabel "the wild goose, " andcatches him. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild-goose Chase_ (1652). 

DE L'EPÈE (_Abbe_). Seeing a deaf and dumb lad abandoned in thestreets of Paris, he rescues him, and brings him up under the name ofTheodore. The foundling turned out to be Julio, count of Harancour. 

"In your opinion, who is the greatest genius that France has everproduced?" "Science would decide for D'Alembert, Nature [_would_] sayBuffon; Wit and Taste [_would_] present Voltaire; and Sentiment pleadfor Rousseau; but Genius and Humanity cry out for De l'Epee, and himI call the best and greatest of human creatures. "--Th. Holcroft, _TheDeaf and Dumb_, iii. 2. (1785). 

DE VALMONT (_Count_), father of Florian and uncle of Geraldine. Duringhis absence in the wars, he left his kinsman, the Baron Longueville, guardian of his castle; but under the hope of coming into theproperty, the baron set fire to the castle, intending thereby to killthe wife and her infant boy. When De Valmont returned and knew hislosses, he became a wayward recluse, querulous, despondent, frantic attimes, and at times most melancholy. He adopted an infant "found in aforest, " who turned out to be his son. His wife was ultimately found, and the villainy of Longueville was brought to light. --W. Dimond, _TheFoundling of the Forest. _

Many "De Valmonts" I have witnessed in fifty-four years, but havenever seen the equal of Joseph George Holman [1764-1817]. --Donaldson. 

DEAF AND DUMB (_The_), a comedy by Thomas Holcroft. "The deaf anddumb" boy is Julio, count of Harancour, a ward of M. Darlemont, who, in order to get possession of his ward's property, abandons him whenvery young in the streets of Paris. Here he is rescued by the Abbé Del'Epèe, who brings him up under the name of Theodore. The boy beingrecognized by his old nurse and others, Darlemont confesses his crime, and Julio is restored to his rank and inheritance. --Th. Holcroft, _TheDeaf and Dumb_ (1785). 

DEAN OF ST. PATRICK (_The_), Jonathan Swift, who was appointed to thedeanery in 1713, and retained it till his death. (1667-1745). 

DEANS (_Douce Davie_), the cowherd at Edinburgh, noted for hisreligious peculiarities, his magnanimity in affection, and hiseccentricities. 

_Mistress Rebecca Deans_, Douce Davie's second wife. 

_Jeanie Deans_, daughter of Douce Davie Deans, by his first wife. Shemarries Reuben Butler, the Presbyterian minister. Jeanie Deans isa model of good sense, strong affection, resolution, anddisinterestedness. Her journey from Edinburgh to London is asinteresting as that of _Elizabeth_ from Siberia to Moscow, or ofBunyan's pilgrim. 

_Effie [Euphemia] Deans_, daughter of Douce Davie Deans, by his secondwife. She is betrayed by George [afterward Sir George] Staunton(called _Geordie Robertson_) and imprisoned for child-murder. Jeaniegoes to the queen and sues for pardon, which is vouchsafed to her, and Staunton does what he can to repair the mischief he has done bymarrying Effie, who thus becomes Lady Staunton. Soon after this SirGeorge is shot by a gypsy boy, who proves to be his own son, andEffie retires to a convent on the Continent. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart ofMidlothian_ (time, George II). 

[Illustration] J. E. Millais has a picture of Effie Deans keeping trystwith George Staunton. 

[Illustration] The prototype of Jeanie Deans was Helen Walker, towhose memory Sir W. Scott erected a tombstone in Irongray churchyard(Kirkcudbright). 

DEAN (Elder). Rigid and puritaincal church, official who brings acharge of heretical opinions and blacksliding against his pastor'swife in _John Ward, Preacher_, Margaret Deland (1888). 

DEATH OR MORS. So did Tennyson call Sir Ironside the Red Knight of theRed Lands, who kept Lyonors (for Lionês) captive in Castle Perilous. The name "Mors, " which is Latin, is very inconsistent with apurely British tale, and of course does not appear in the originalstory. --Tennyson, _Idylls_ ("Gareth and Lynette"); Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 134-137 (1470). 

DEATH FROM STRANGE CAUSES. 

Æschylus was killed by the fall of a tortoise on his head from theclaws of an eagle in the air. --Pliny, _Hist_. Vii. 7. 

Agath'ocles (4 _syl_. ), tyrant of Sicily, was killed by a tooth-pick, at the age of 95. 

Anacreon was choked by a grape stone. --Pliny, _Hist_. Vii. 7. 

Bassus (_Q. Lucilius_) died from the prick of a fine needle in hisleft thumb. 

Chalchas, the soothsayer, died of laughter at the thought of hishaving outlived the time predicted for his death. 

Charles VIII. , conducting his queen into a tennis-court, struck hishead against the lintel, and it caused his death. 

Fabius, the Roman praetor, was choked by a single goat-hair in themilk which he was drinking. --Pliny, _Hist_. Vii. 7. 

Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, died from the blow of a cricketball. 

Itadach died of thirst in the harvest field, because (in observance ofthe rule of St. Patrick) he refused to drink a drop of anything. 

Louis VI. Met with his death from a pig running under his horse, andcausing it to stumble. Margutte died of laughter on seeing a monkeytry ing to pull on a pair of his boots. 

Philom'enes (4 _syl_. ) died of laughter at seeing an ass eating thefigs provided for his own dessert. --Valerius Maximus. 

Placut (_Phillipot_) dropped down dead while in the act of paying abill. --Backaberry the elder. 

Quenelault, a Norman physician of Montpellier, died from a slightwound made in his hand in the extraction of a splinter. 

Saufeius (_Spurius_) was choked supping up the albumen of asoft-boiled egg. 

Zeuxis, the painter, died of laughter at sight of a hag which he hadjust depicted. 

DEATH RIDE (_The_), the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, October 25, 1854. In this action 600 English horsemen, under theearl of Cardigan, charged a Russian force of 5, 000 calvary and sixbatallions of infantry. They galloped through the battery of thirtyguns, cutting down the artillerymen, and through the calvary, but thendiscovered the batallions and cut their way back again. Of the 670who advanced to this daring charge, not 200 returned. This recklessexploit was the result of some misunderstanding in an order from thecommander-in-chief. Tennyson has a poem on the subject called _TheCharge of the Light Brigade_. 

For chivalrous devotion and daring, "the Death Ride" of the LightBrigade will not easily be paralleled. --Sir Edw. Creasy, _The FifteenDecisive Battles_ (preface). 

DEB'ON, one of the companions of Brute. According to British fable, Devonshire is a corruption of "Debon's-share", or the share of thecountry assigned to Debon. 

DEBORAH DEBBITCH, governante at Lady Peveril's--Sir W. Scott, _Peverilof the the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DEBORAH WOODHOUSE. The practical sister of the spinster pair whocherish (respectively) a secret attachment for Mr. Dermer. MissDeborah is an admirable cook, and an affectionate aunt and considersthat in religion a woman ought to think just as her husbanddoes. --Margaret Deland, _John Ward, Preacher_ (1888). 

DECEM SCRIPTORES, a collection of ten ancient chronicles on Englishhistory, edited by Twysden and John Selden. The names of thechroniclers are Simeon of Durham, John of Hexham, Richard of Hexham, Ailred of Rieval, Ralph De Diceto, John Brompton of Jorval, Gervaseof Canterbury, Thomas Stubbs, William Thorn of Canterbury, and HenryKnighton of Leicester. 

DECEMBER. A mother laments in the

 "Darkest of all Decembers Ever her life has known, "

the death of two sons, one of whom fell in battle, while the otherperished at sea. 

 "Ah, faint heart! in thy anguish What is there left to thee? Only the sea intoning Only the wainscot-mouse Only the wild wind moaning Over the lonely house!"

Thomas Bailey Aldrich, _Poems_, (1882). 

DE'CIUS, friend of Antin'ous (4 _syl_. ). --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Lawsof Candy_ (1647). 

DEDLOCK _(Sir Leicester), bart_. , who has a general opinion that theworld might get on without hills, but would be "totally done up"without Dedlocks. He loves Lady Dedlock, and believes in herimplicity. Sir Leicester is honorable and truthful, but intenselyprejudiced, immovably obstinate, and proud as "county" can make a man;but his pride has a most dreadful fall when the guilt of Lady Dedlockbecomes known. 

_Lady Dedlock_, wife of Sir Leicester, beautiful, cold, and apparentlyheartless; but she is weighed down with this terrible secret, thatbefore marriage she had had a daughter by Captain Hawdon. Thisdaughter's name is Esther [Summerson] the heroine of the novel. 

_Volumnia Dedlock_, cousin of Sir Leicester. A "young" lady of 60, given to rouge, pearl-powder, and cosmetics. She has a habit of pryinginto the concerns of others. --C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853). 

DEE'S SPEC'ULUM, a mirror, which Dr. John Dee asserted was brought tohim by the angels Raphael and Gabriel. At the death of the doctor itpassed into the possession of the Earl of Peterborough, at Drayton;then to Lady Betty Grermaine, by whom it was given to John, last dukeof Argyll. The duke's grandson (Lord Frederic Campbell) gave it toHorace Walpole; and in 1842 it was sold, at the dispersion of thecuriosities of Strawberry Hill, and bought by Mr. Smythe Pigott. At the sale of Mr. Pigott's library, in 1853, it passed into thepossession of the late Lord Londesborough. A writer in _Notes andQueries_ (p. 376, November 7, 1874) says, it "has now been for manyyears in the British Museum, " where he saw it "some eighteen yearsago. "

This magic speculum is a flat _polished mineral, like cannel coal_, ofa circular form, fitted with a handle. 

DEERSLAYER (_The_), the title of a novel by J. F. Cooper, and thenickname of its hero, Natty or Nathaniel Bumppo. He is a modeluncivilized man, honorable, truthful, and brave, pure of heart andwithout reproach. 

DEERFIELD. The particulars of the captivity of the Williams familyof Deerfield, (Mass. ), are told by John Williams, the head of thehousehold. The Indians entered the town before dawn Feb. 29, 1703, broke into the house, murdered two children and a servant and carriedthe rest into the wilderness. Mrs. Williams being weak from a recentillness, was killed on the journey. --John Williams, _The RedeemedCaptive Returning to Zion_ (1707). 

DEFARGE (_Mons. _), keeper of a wine shop in the Faubourg St. Antoine, in Paris. He is a bull-necked, good-humored, but implacable-lookingman. 

_Mde. Defarge_, his wife, a dangerous woman, with great force ofcharacter; everlastingly knitting. 

Mde. Defarge had a watchful eye that seldom seemed to look atanything. --C. Dickens, _A Tale of Two Cities_, i. 5 (1859). 

DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, the title first given to Henry VIII, by PopeLeo X. , for a volume against Luther, in defence of pardons, thepapacy, and the seven sacraments. The original volume is in theVatican, and contains this inscription in the king's handwriting;_Anglorum rex Henricus, Leoni X. Mittit hoc opus et fidei testem etamicitiæ_; whereupon the pope (in the twelfth year of his reign)conferred upon Henry, by bull, the title "Fidei Defensor, " andcommanded all Christians so to address him. The original bull waspreserved by Sir Robert Cotton, and is signed by the pope, four bishop-cardinals, fifteen priest-cardinals, and eightdeacon-cardinals. A complete copy of the bull, with its seals andsignatures, may be seen in Selden's _Titles of Honor_, v. 53-57(1672). 

DEFOE writes _The History of the Plague of London_ as if he had beena personal spectator, but he was only three years old at the the time(1663-1731). 

DEGGIAL, antichrist. The Mohammedan writers say he has but one eye andone eyebrow, and on his forehead is written CAFER ("infidel")

Chilled with terror, we concluded that the Deggial, with hisexterminating angels, had sent forth their plagues on the earth. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784). 

DEIRD'RI, an ancient Irish story similar to the _Dar-Thula_ of Ossian. Conor, king of Ulster, puts to death by treachery the three sonsof Usnach. This leads to the desolating war against Ulster, whichterminates in the total destruction of Eman. This is one of the threetragic stories of the Irish, which are: (1) The death of the childrenof Touran (regarding Tuatha de Danans); (2) the death of the childrenof Lear or Lir, turned into swans by Aoife; (3) the death of thechildren of Usnach (a "Milesian" story). 

DEK'ABRIST, a Decembrist, from _Dekaber_, the Russian for December. It denotes those persons who suffered death or captivity for the partthey took in the military conspiracy which broke out in St. Petersburgin December, 1825, on the accession of Czar Nicholas to the throne. 

DELA'DA, the tooth of Buddah, preserved in the Malegawa temple atKandy. The natives guard it with the greatest jealousy, from a beliefthat whoever possesses it acquires the right to govern Ceylon. Whenthe English (in 1815) obtained possession of this palladium, thenatives submitted without resistance. 

DELASERRE (_Captain Philip_), a friend of Harry Bertram. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

DE'LIA, Diana; so called from the island Delos, where she was born. Similarly, Apollo was called _Delius_. Milton says that Eve, e'en

 Delia's self, In gait surpassed and goddess-like deport, Though not as she with bow and quiver armed. 

_Paradise Lost_, ix. 338, etc. (1665). 

_Delia_, any female sweetheart. She is one of the shepherdesses inVirgil's _Eclogues_. Tibullus, the Roman poet, calls his lady-love"Delia, " but what her real name was is not certain. 

_Delia_, the lady-love of James Hammond's elegies, was Miss Dashwood, who died in 1779. She rejected his suit, and died unmarried. In one ofthe elegies the poet imagines himself married to her, and that theywere living happily together till death, when pitying maids would tellof their wondrous loves. 

DELIAN KING (_The_). Apollo or the sun is so called in the Orphichymn, Oft as the Delian king with Sirius holds The central heavens. 

Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_ (1767). 

DELIGHT OF MANKIND (_The_), Titus the Roman emperor, A. D. 40, (79-81). 

 Titus indeed gave one short evening gleam, More cordial felt, as in the midst it spread Of storm and horror: "The Delight of Men. "

Thomson, _Liberty_, in. (1725). 

DELLA CRUSCA SCHOOL, originally applied in 1582 to a society inFlorence, established to purify the national language and sift from itall its impurities; but applied in England to a brotherhood of poets(at the close of the last century) under the leadership of Mrs. Piozzi. This school was conspicuous for affectation and high-flownpanegyrics on each other. It was stamped out by Gifford, in _TheBaviad_, in 1794, and _The Moeviad_, in 1796. Robert Merry, who signedhimself _Della Crusca_, James Cobb, a farce-writer, James Boswell(biographer of Dr. Johnson), O'Keefe, Morton, Reynolds, Holcroft, Sheridan, Colman the younger, Mrs. H. Cowley, and Mrs. Robinson wereits best exponents. 

DEL'PHINE, (2 _syl. _), the heroine and title of a novel by Mde. DeStaël. Delphine is a charming character, who has a faithless lover, and dies of a broken heart. This novel, like _Corinne_, was writtenduring her banishment from France by Napoleon I. , when she travelledin Switzerland and Italy. It is generally thought that "Delphine" wasmeant for the authoress herself (1802). 

DELPHINE CLASSICS (_The_), a set of Latin classics edited in Francefor the use of the grand dauphin (son of Louis XIV. ). Huet was chiefeditor, assisted by Montausier and Bossuet. They had thirty-ninescholars working under them. The indexes of these classics are veryvaluable. 

DELTA [Illustration] of _Blackwood_ is D. M. Moir (1798-1851). 

DEL'VILLE (2 _syl_. ), one of the guardians of Cecilia. He is a manof wealth and great ostentation, with a haughty humility andcondescending pride, especially in his intercourse with his socialinferiors. --Miss Burney, _Cecilia_ (1782). DEME'TIA, South Wales; theinhabitants are called Demetians. 

 Denevoir, the seat of the Demetian king. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, v. (1612). 

DEME'TRIUS, a young Athenian, to whom Egeus (3 _syl_. ) promised hisdaughter Hermia in marriage. As Hermia loved Lysander, she refused tomarry Demetrius, and fled from Athens with Lysander. Demetrius went inquest of her, and was followed by Helena, who doted on him. All fourfell asleep, and "dreamed a dream" about the fairies. On waking, Demetrius became more reasonable. He saw that Hermia disliked him, butthat Helena loved him sincerely, so he consented to forego the one andtake to wife the other. When Egeus, the father of Hermia, found outhow the case stood, he consented to the union of his daughter withLysander. --Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night's Dream_ (1592). 

_Deme'trius_, in _The Poetaster_, by Ben Jonson, is meant for JohnMarston (died 1633). 

_Deme'trius_, (4 _syl_. ), son of King Antig'onus, in love with Celia, _alias_ Enan'thê. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Humorous Lieutenant_(1647). 

_Deme'trius_, a citizen of Greece during the reign of AlexiusComnenus. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

DEMIURGUS, that mysterious agent which, according to Plato, made theworld and all that it contains. The Logos or "Word" of St. John'sGospel (ch. I. I) is the demiurgus of platonizing Christians. 

DEMOC'RITOS (in Latin _Democritus_), the laughing or scoffingphilosopher, the Friar Bacon of his age. To "dine with Democ'ritos"is to go without dinner, the same as "dining with Duke Humphrey, " or"dining with the cross-legged knights. "

People think that we [_authors_] often dine with Democritos, but therethey are mistaken. There is not one of the fraternity who is notwelcome to some good table. --Lesage, _Gil Blas_, xii. 7 (1735). 

DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR, Robert Burton, author of _The Anatomy ofMelancholy_ (1576-1640). 

DEMOD'OCOS (in Latin _Demodocus_), bard of Alcin'ous (4 _syl_. ) kingof the Phæa'cians. 

 Such as the wise Demodicos once told In solemn songs at King Alcinous' feast, While sad Ulysses' soul and all the rest Are held, with his melodious harmony, In willing chains and sweet captivity. 

Milton, _Vacation Exercise_ (1627). 

DEM'OGOR'GON, tyrant of the elves and fays, whose very name inspiredterror; hence Milton speaks of "the dreaded name of Demogorgon"(_Paradise Lost_, ii. 965). Spenser says he "dwells in the deep abysswhere the three fatal sisters dwell" (_Faëry Queen_, iv. 2); butAriosto says he inhabited a splendid palace on the Himalaya Mountains. Demogorgon is mentioned by Statius in the _Thebaid_, iv. 516. 

He's the first-begotten of Beëlzebub, with a face as terrible asDemogorgon. --Dryden, _The Spanish Fryar_, v. 2 (1680). 

DEMON. Increase Mather tells a long and circumstantial story of _TheDemon at William Morse His House_, time of visitation being 1679. "The true story of these strange disturbances is as yet not certainlyknown, " he says. "Some (as has been hinted), did suspect Morse's wifeto be guilty of witchcraft. "--Increase Mather, _An Essay for theEecording of Illustrious Providences_ (1681). DEMOPH'OÔN (4 _syl. _)was brought up by Demêter, who anointed him with ambrosia and plungedhim every night into the fire. One day, his mother, out of curiosity, watched the proceeding, and was horror-struck; whereupon Demêter toldher that her foolish curiosity had robbed her son of immortal youth. 

[Illustration] This story is also told of Isis. --Plutarch, _De Isid. Et Osirid_. , xvi. 357. 

[Illustration] A similar story is told of Achillês. His mother Thet'iswas taking similar precautions to render him immortal, when his fatherPe'leus (2 _syl_. ) interfered. --Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonautic Exp_. , iv. 866. 

DEMOS'THENES OF THE PULPIT. Dr. Thomas Rennell, dean of Westminster, was so called by William Pitt (1753-1840). 

DENDIN (_Peter_), an old man, who had settled more disputes than allthe magistrates of Poitiers, though he was no judge. His plan was towait till the litigants were thoroughly sick of their contention, and longed to end their disputes; then he would interpose, and hisjudgment could not fail to be acceptable. 

_Tenot Dendin_, son of the above, but, unlike the father, he alwaystried to crush quarrels in the bud; consequently, he never succeededin settling a single dispute submitted to his judgment. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, in. 41 (1545). 

(Racine has introduced the same name into his comedy called _LesPlaideurs_ (1669), and Lafontaine in his _Fables_ 1668). 

DENNET (_Father_), an old peasant at the Lists of St. George. --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

DENNIS the hangman, one of the ringleaders of the "No Popery Riots;"the other two were Hugh, servant of the Maypole inn, and thehalf-witted Barnaby Rudge. Dennis was cheerful enough when he "turnedoff" others, but when he himself ascended the gibbet he showed a mostgrovelling and craven spirit. --C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841). 

_Dennis (John)_, "the best abused man in English literature. " Swiftlampooned him; Pope assailed him in the _Essay on Criticism_; andfinally he was "damned to everlasting fame" in the _Dunciad_. He iscalled "Zo'ïlus" (1657-1733). 

DENNISON _(Jenny)_, attendant on Miss Edith Bellenden. She marriesCuddie Headrigg. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DERMER _(Mr. )_, a little bachelor lawyer, whose face has "a pinched, wistful look" under the curls of his brown wig. He lives in a drearyhouse, with a testy housekeeper, and a timid little nephew-ward, andspends many of his lonely hours in trying to decide if he loves MissDeborah Woodhouse the utilitarian, or aesthetic Miss Ruth. On hisdeath-bed, he gives an old daguerreotype of himself to Miss Ruth. 

 "Not that I have--have changed my mind, but it is not improper, I am sure that Miss Deborah's sister should give me--if she will be so good--her hand, that I may say 'goodbye'"--Margaret Deland, _John Ward, Preacher_ (1888). 

D'ÉON DE BEAUMONT (_Le Chevalier_), a person notorious for theambiguity of his sex; said to be the son of an advocate. His face waspretty, without beard, moustache, or whiskers. Louis XV. Sent him as awoman to Russia on a secret mission, and he presented himself to theczarina as a woman (1756). In the Seven Years' War he was appointedcaptain of dragoons. In 1777 he assumed the dress of a woman again, which he maintained till death (1728-1810). 

DERBY (_Earl of_), third son of the Earl of Lancaster, and nearkinsman of Edward III. His name was Henry Plantagenet, and he died1362. Henry Plantagenet, earl of Derby, was sent to protect Guienne, and was noted for his humanity no less than for his bravery. Hedefeated the Comte de l'Isle at Bergerac, reduced Perigord, took thecastle of Auberoche, in Gascony, overthrew 10, 000 French with only1000, taking prisoners nine earls and nearly all the barons, knights, and squires (1345). Next year he took the fortresses of Monsegur, Montpezat, Villefranche, Miraumont, Tonneins, Damazin, Aiguillon, andReole. 

That most deserving Earl of Derby, we prefer Henry's third valiantson, the Earl of Lancaster. That only Mars of men, Dayton, _Polyolbion_, xviii. (1613). 

_Derby (Countess of)_, Charlotte de la Tremouille, Countess of Derbyand Queen of Man. 

_Philip (earl of Derby)_, King of Man, son of the countess. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DANIEL DERONDA, pure young fellow whose influence for good over menand women is marvellous, and explicable only upon the principle thatvirtue is mightier than vice. "You could not have seen his facethoroughly meeting yours without believing that human creatureshad done nobly in times past and might do more nobly in time tocome. "--George Eliot, _Daniel Deronda_. 

DER'RICK, hangman in the first half of the seventeenth century. Thecrane for hoisting goods is called a derrick, from this hangman. 

_Derrick (Faith). _ The rural heroine of Susan Warner's novel _Say andSeal_ (1860). 

_Derrick (Tom)_, quarter-master of the pirate's vessel. --Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III. ). 

DERRY DOWN TRIANGLE _(The)_, Lord Castlereagh; afterwards marquis ofLondonderry; so called by William Hone. The first word is a pun on thetitle, the second refers to his lordship's oratory, a triangle beingthe most feeble, monotonous, and unmusical of all musical instruments. Tom Moore compares the oratory of Lord Castlereagh to "water spoutingfrom a pump. "

 _Q_. Why is a pump like viscount Castlereigh? _A_. Because it is a slender thing of wood, That up and down its awkward arm doth sway, And coolly spout, and spout, and spout away, In one weak, washy, everlasting flood. 

 T. Moore. 

DERVISH ("_a poor man_"), a sort of religious friar or mendicant amongthe Mohammedans. 

DESBOROUG-H _(Colonel)_, one of the parliamentary commissioners. --SirW. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

DESDEMO'NA, daughter of Brabantio, a Venetian senator, in love withOthello the Moor (general of the Venetian army). The Moor loves herintensely, and marries her; but Iago, by artful villainy, induces himto believe that she loves Cassio too well. After a violent conflictbetween love and jealousy, Othello smothers her with a bolster, andthen stabs himself. --Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611. )

The soft simplicity of Desdemona, confident of merit and conscious ofinnocence, her artless perseverance in her suit, and her slowness tosuspect that she can be suspected, are proofs of Shakespeare's skillin human nature. --Dr. Johnson. 

DESERT FAIRY _(The)_. This fairy was guarded by two lions, thatcould be pacified only by a cake made of millet, sugar-candy, andcrocodiles' eggs. The Desert Fairy said to Allfair, "I swear bymy coif you shall marry the Yellow Dwarf, or I will burn mycrutch. "--Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The Yellow Dwarf, " 1682). 

DESERTED DAUGHTER _(The)_, a comedy by Holcroft. Joanna was thedaughter of Mordent, but her mother died, and Mordent married LadyAnne. In order to do so he ignored his daughter and had her broughtup by strangers, intending to apprentice her to some trade. Item, amoney-lender, acting on the advice of Mordent, lodges the girl withMrs. Enfield, a crimp, where Lennox is introduced to her, and obtainsMordent's consent to run away with her. In the interim Cheveril seesher, falls in love with her, and determines to marry her. Mordentrepents, takes the girl home, acknowledges her to be his daughter, andshe becomes the wife of the gallant young Cheveril (1784). 

[Illustration] This comedy has been recast, and called _The Steward_. 

DESERTER _(The)_, a musical drama by Dibdin (1770). Henry, a soldier, is engaged to Louisa, but during his absence some rumors of gallantryto his disadvantage reach the village, and to test his love, Louisain pretence goes with Simkin as if to be married. Henry sees theprocession, is told it is Louisa's wedding day, and in a fit ofdesperation gives himself up as a deserter, and is condemned to death. Lousia goes to the king, explains the whole affair, and returns withhis pardon as the muffled drums begin to beat. 

DESMAS. The repentant thief is so called in _The Story of Josephof Arimathea_; but Dismas in the apocryphal _Gospel of Nicodemus. _Longfellow, in _The Golden Legend_, calls him Dumachus. The impenitentthief is called Gestas, but Longfellow calls him Titus. 

 Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis: _Dismas et Gesmas_, media est Divina Potestas; Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas; Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas. 

 Of differing merits from three trees incline Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine; Dismas repents, Gesmas no pardon craves, The power Divine by death the sinner saves. 

DESMONDS OF KILMALLOCK (Limerick). The legend is that the lastpowerful head of this family, who perished in the reign of QueenElizabeth, still keeps his state under the waters of Lough Gur, thatevery seventh year he re-appears fully armed, rides round the lakeearly in the morning, and will ultimately return in the flesh to claimhis own again. (See BARBAROSSA. )--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_. 

DESPAIR (_Giant_), lived in Doubting Castle. He took Christian andHopeful captive for sleeping on his grounds, and locked them in a darkdungeon from Wednesday to Saturday, without "one bit of bread, or dropof drink, or ray of light. " By the advice of his wife, Diffidence, thegiant beat them soundly "with a crab-tree cudgel. " On Saturday nightChristian remembered he had a key in his bosom, called "Promise, "which would open any lock in Doubting Castle. So he opened the dungeondoor, and they both made their escape with speed. --John Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_, i. (1678). 

DEUCE IS IN HIM (_The_) a farce by George Colman, senior. The personreferred to is Colonel Tember, under which name the plot of the farceis given (1762). 

DEUGA'LA, says Ossian, "was covered with the light of beauty, but herheart was the house of pride. "

DEVE'TA, plu. Devetas, inferior or secondary deities in Hindûmythology. 

DEVIL (_The_). Olivier le Daim, the tool of Louis XL, and once theking's barber, was called _Le Diable_, because he was as much feared, was as fond of making mischief, and was far more disliked than theprince of evil. Olivier was executed in 1484. 

_Devil (The French)_, Jean Bart, an intrepid French sailor, born atDunkirk (1650-1702). 

_Devil (The White)_. George Castriot, surnamed "Scanderbeg, " wascalled by the Turks "The White Devil of Wallachia" (1404-1467). 

_Devil (The Printer's)_. Aldus Manutius, a printer in Venice to theholy Church and the doge, employed a negro boy to help him in hisoffice. This little black boy was believed to be an imp of Satan, andwent by the name of the "printer's devil. " In order to protect himfrom persecution, and confute a foolish superstition, Manutius made apublic exhibition of the boy, and announced that "any one who doubtedhim to be flesh and blood might come forward and pinch him. "

_Devil (Robert the)_, of Normandy; so called because his father wassaid to have been an incubus or fiend in the disguise of a knight(1028-1035). 

[Illustration] Robert Francois Damiens is also called _Robert leDiable_, for his attempt to assassinate Louis XV. (1714-1757). 

_Devil (Son of the)_, Ezzeli'no, chief of the Gibelins, governor ofVicenza. He was so called for his infamous cruelties (1215-1259). 

DEVIL DICK, Richard Porson, the critic, (1759-1808). 

DEVIL ON TWO STICKS, (_The_), that is _Le Diable Boiteux_, by Lesage(1707). The plot of this humorous satirical tale is borrowed from theSpanish, _El Diabolo Cojuelo_, by Gueva'ra (1635). Asmode'us (_lediable boiteux_) perches Don Cle'ofas on the steeple of St. Salvador, and stretching out his hand, the roofs of all the houses open, andexpose to him what is being done privately in every dwelling. 

_Devil on Two Sticks (The)_, a farce by S. Foote; a satire on themedical profession. 

DEVIL TO PAY, (_The_), a farce by C. Coffey. Sir John Loverule hasa termagant wife, and Zackel Jobson, a patient grissel. Two spiritsnamed Nadir and Ab'ishog transform these two wives for a time, so thatthe termagant is given to Jobson, and the patient wife to Sir John. When my lady tries her tricks on Jobson, he takes his strap to her andsoon reduces her to obedience. After she is well reformed, the twoare restored to their original husbands, and the shrew becomes anobedient, modest wife (died, 1745). 

DEVIL'S AGE (_The_). A wealthy man once promised to give a poorgentleman and his wife a large sum of money if at a given time theycould tell him the devil's age. When the time came, the gentleman athis wife's suggestion, plunged first into a barrel of honey and theninto a barrel of feathers, and walked on all fours. Presently up camehis Satanic majesty, and said, "_X and x_ years have I lived, " namingthe exact number, "yet never saw I an animal like this. " The gentlemenhad heard enough, and was able to answer the question withoutdifficulty. --Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_, 58 (1877). 

DEVIL'S CHALICE (_The_). A wealthy man gave a poor farmer a large sumof money on this condition: at the end of a twelvemonth he was eitherto say "of what the devil made his chalice, " or else give his head tothe devil. The poor farmer as the time came round, hid himself in thecrossroads, and presently the witches assembled from all sides. Saidone witch to another, "You know that Farmer So-and-so has sold hishead to the devil, for he will never know of what the devil makes hischalice. In fact I don't know myself. " "Don't you?" said the other;"why, of the parings of finger-nails trimmed on Sundays. "--The farmerwas overjoyed, and when the time came round was quite ready with hisanswer. --Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_, 71 (1877). 

DEVIL'S DYKE, BRIGHTON (_The_). One day, as St. Cuthman was walkingover the South Downs, and thinking to himself how completely he hadrescued the whole country from paganism, he was accosted by his sablemajesty in person. "Ha, ha!" said the prince of darkness; "so youthink by these churches and convents to put me and mine to your ban, do you? Poor fool! why, this very night will I swamp the whole landwith the sea. " "Forewarned is forearmed, " thought St. Cuthman, andhies him to sister Celia, superior of a convent which then stood onthe spot of the present Dyke House. "Sister, " said the saint, "I loveyou well. This night, for the grace of God, keep lights burning at theconvent windows from midnight to day-break, and let masses be saidby the holy sisterhood. " At sundown came the devil with pickaxe andspade, mattock: and shovel, and set to work in right good earnest todig a dyke which should let the waters of the seas into the downs. "Fire and brim-stone!"--he exclaimed, as a sound of voices rose andfell in sacred song--"Fire and brim-stone! What's the matter withme?" Shoulders, feet, wrists, loins, all seemed paralyzed. Down wentmattock and spade, pickaxe and shovel, and just at that moment thelights at the convent windows burst forth, and the cock, mistaking theblaze for daybreak, began to crow most lustily. Off flew the devil, and never again returned to complete his work. The small digging heeffected still remains in witness of the truth of this legend of the"Devil's Dyke. "

DEVIL'S PARLIAMENT (_The_), the parliament assembled by Henry VI. AtConventry, 1459. So called because it passed attainders on the duke ofYork and his chief supporters. 

DEVIL SACRAMENT. This blasphemous rite whereby those who wouldpractice witchcraft were initiated into the diabolical mysteries isdescribed by Deodat Lawson in 1704. 

"At their cursed supper they were said to have red bread and reddrink, and when they pressed an afflicted person to eat and drinkthereof she turned away her head and spit at it, and said, 'I willnot eat, I will not drink. It is blood. ' ... Thus horribly doth Satanendeavor to have his kingdom and administrations to resemble those ofour Lord Jesus Christ. "--Deodat Lawson, _Christ's Fidelity the onlyShield against Satan's Malignity_ (1704). 

DEVONSHIRE, according to historic fable, is a corruption of"Debon's-share. " This Debon was one of the companions of Brute, thedescendent of Aene'as. He chased the giant Coulin till he came to apit eight leagues across. Trying to leap this chasm, the giant fellbackwards and lost his life. 

 ... That ample pit, yet far renowned For the great leap which Debon did compel Coulin to make, being eight lugs of ground, Into the which retourning back he fell ... And Debon's share was that is Devonshire. 

Spenser, _Faery Queen_, ii. 10 (1590). 

DE'VORGOIL (_Lady Jane_), a friend of the Hazlewood family. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

DEWLAP (_Dick_), an anecdote teller, whose success depended more uponhis physiognomy than his wit. His chin and his paunch were his mosttelling points. 

I found that the merit of his wit was founded upon the shaking ofa fat paunch, and the tossing up of a pair of rosy jowls. --RichardSteele. 

DEXTER, (_Gregory_), the typical Successful Man who is first suitor, then the generous friend of Anne Douglas, in Constance FennimoreWoolson's _Anne_. 

 "A little indifference to outside opinion would have made him a contented, as he was a successful man. But there was a surface of personal vanity over his better qualities which led him to desire a tribute of universal liking. " (1882). 

DHU (_Evan_) of Lochiel, a Highland chief in the army of Montrose. 

_Mhich-Connel Dhu_. Or M'Ilduy, a Highland chief in the army ofMontrose. --

Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

DHUL'DUL, the famous horse of Ali, son-in-law of Mahomet. 

DHU'L KARNEIN ("_the two-horned_, ") a true believer according to theMohammedan notion, who built the wall to prevent the incursions of Gogand Magog. --_Al Korân_, xviii. 

 Commentators say the wall was built in this manner: The workman dug till they found water; and having laid the foundation of stone and melted brass, they built the superstructure of large pieces of iron, between which they packed wood and coal, till the whole equalled the height of the mountains [_of Armenia_]. Then setting fire to the combustibles, and by the use of bellows, they made the iron red hot, and poured molten brass over to fill up the interstices. 

--Al Beidawi. 

DHU'LNUN, the surname of Jonah. ; so called because he was _swallowedby a fish_. 

Remember Dhu'lnun, when he departed in wrath, and thought that wecould not exercise our power over him. --_Al Korân_, xxi. 

DIAFOIRUS (_Thomas_), son of Dr. Diafoirus. He is a young medicalmilksop, to whom Argan has promised his daughter Angelique inmarriage. Diafoirus pays his compliments in cut-and-dried speeches, and on one occasion, being interrupted in his remarks, says, "Madame, vous m'avez interrompu dans le milieu de ma période, et cela m'atroublé la mémoire. " His father says, "Thomas, reservez cela pour uneautre fois. " Angelique loves Cléante (2 _syl_. ), and Thomas Diafoirusgoes to the wall. 

Il n'a jamais eu l'imagination bien vive, ni ce feu d'esprit qu'onremarque dans quelques uns, .... Lorsqui'il était petit, il n'a jamaisété ce qu'on appelle mièvre et éveille; on le voyait toujours doux, paisible, et taciturne, ne disant jamais mot, et ne jouant jamais àtons ces petits jeux que l'on nomme enfantins. --Molière, _Le MaladeImaginaire_, ii. 6 (1673). 

DI'AMOND, one of three brothers, sons of the fairy Agapê. Though verystrong, he was slain in single fight by Cambalo. His brothers werePri'amond and Tri'amond. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. (1596). 

DIAMOND JOUSTS, nine jousts instituted by Arthur, and so calledbecause a diamond was the prize. These nine diamonds were all won bySir Launcelot, who presented them to the queen, but Guinevere, in atiff, flung them into the river which ran by the palace. --Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Elaine"). 

DIAMOND SWORD, a magic sword given by the god Syren to the king of theGold Mines. 

She gave him a sword made of one entire diamond, that gave as greatlustre as the sun. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ ("The YellowDwarf, " 1682). 

DIANA, the heroine and title, a pastoral of Montemayor, imitated fromthe _Daphnis_ and _Chloe_ of Longos (fourteenth century). 

_Dian'a_, daughter of the widow of Florence with whom Hel'ena lodgedon her way to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. Count Bertramwantonly loved Diana, but the modest girl made this attachment themeans of bringing about a reconciliation between Bertram and his wifeHelena. --Shakespeare, _All's Well that Ends Well_ (1598). 

DIAN'A DE LASCOURS, daughter of Ralph and Louise de Lascours, andsister of Martha, _alias_ Ogari'la. Diana was betrothed to Horace deBrienne, whom she resigns to Martha. --E. Stirling, _The Orphan of theFrozen Sea_ (1856). 

DIAN'A THE INEXORABLE. (1) She slew Orion with one of her arrows, fordaring to make love to her. (2) She changed Actæon into a stag and sether own dogs on him to worry him to death, because he chanced to lookupon her while bathing. (3) She shot with her arrows the six sons andsix daughters of Niobé, because the fond mother said she was happierthan Latona, who had only two children. 

 Dianae non movenda numina. 

Horace, _Epode_, xvii. 

DIANA THE SECOND OF SALMANTIN, a pastoral romance by Gil Polo. 

"We will preserve that book, " said the cure, "as carefully as ifApollo himself had been its author. "--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. I. 6 (1605). 

DIANA _(the Temple of_), at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders ofantiquity, was set on fire by Herostratos to immortalize his name. 

DIANA OF THE STAGE, Mrs. Anne Brace-girdle (1663-1748). 

DIAN'A'S FORESTERS, "minions of the moon, " "Diana's knights, " etc. , highwaymen. 

 Marry, then, sweet wag, when thou art king, let not us that are "squires of the night's body" be called _thieves_ ... Let us be "Diana's foresters, " "Gentlemen of the shade, " "minions of the moon. "--Shakespeare, I _Henry IV_. Act i. Sc. 2 (1597). 

DIANO'RA, wife of Gilberto of Friu'li, but amorously loved by Ansaldo. In order to rid herself of his importunities, she vowed never to yieldto his suit till he could "make her garden at midwinter as gay withflowers as it was in summer" (meaning _never_). Ansaldo, by the aid ofa magician, accomplished the appointed task; but when the lady toldhim that her husband insisted on her keeping her promise, Ansaldo, notto be outdone in generosity, declined to take advantage of hisclaim, and from that day forth was the firm and honorable friend ofGilberto. --Bocaccio, _Decameron_, x. 5. 

The _Franklin's Tale_ of Chaucer is substantially the same story. (SeeDORIGEN). 

DIARMAID, noted for his "beauty spot, " which he covered up with hiscap; for if any woman chanced to see it, she would instantly fall inlove with him. --Campbell, _Tales of the West Highlands_ ("Diarmaid andGrainne"). 

DIAV'OLO (_Fra_), Michele Pezza, Insurgent of Calabria(1760-1806). --Auber, _Fra Diavolo_ (libretto by Scribe, 1836). 

DIBBLE (_Davie_), gardener at Monkbarns. --Sir W. Scott, _Antiquary_(time, George III. ). 

_Dibu'tades_ (4 _syl_. ), a potter of Sicyon, whose daughter traced onthe wall her lover's shadow, cast there by the light of a lamp. This, it is said, is the origin of portrait painting. The father applied thesame process to his pottery, and this, it is said, is the origin ofsculpture in relief. 

Will the arts ever have a lovelier origin than that fair daughter ofDibutades tracing the beloved shadow on the wall!--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 6. 

DICAE'A, daughter of Jove, the "accusing angel" of classic mythology. 

 Forth stepped the just Dicaea, full of rage. 

 Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vi. (1633). 

DICCON THE BEDLAMITE, a half-mad mendicant, both knave and thief. Aspecimen of the metre will be seen by part of Diccon's speech:

 Many amyle have I walked, divers and sundry waies, And many a good man's house have I bin at in my dais; Many a gossip's cup in my tyme have I tasted, And many a broche and spyt have I both turned and basted ... When I saw it booted nit, out at doores I hyed mee, And caught a slyp of bacon when I saw none spyd mee Which I intend not far hence, unless my purpose fayle, Shall serve for a shooing home to draw on two pots of ale. 

 _Gammer Gurton's Needle_ (1575). 

DICIL'LA, one of Logistilla's handmaids, noted for herchastity. --Ariosto, _Orlanda Furioso_ (1516). 

DICK, ostler at the Seven Stars inn, York. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart ofMidlothian_ (time, Greorge II. ). 

_Dick_, called "The Devil's Dick of Hellgarth;" a falconer andfollower of the earl of Douglas. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_(time, Henry IV. ). 

_Dick (Mr. )_, an amiable, half-witted man, devoted to David's "aunt, "Miss Betsey Trotwood, who thinks him a prodigious genius. Mr. Dickis especially mad on the subject of Charles I. --C. Dickens, _DavidCopperfield_ (1849). 

DICK AMLET, the son of Mrs. Amlet, a rich, vulgar tradeswoman. Dickassumes the airs of a fine gentleman, and calls himself ColonelShapely, in which character he gets introduced to Corinna, thedaughter of Gripe, a rich scrivener. Just as he is about to elope, hismother makes her appearance, and the deceit is laid bare; but Mrs. Amlet promises to give her son £10, 000, and so the wedding isadjusted. Dick is a regular scamp, and wholly without principle; butbeing a dashing young blade, with a handsome person, he is admired bythe ladies. --Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695). 

DICK SHAKEBAG, a highwayman in the gang of Captain Colepepper (theAlsatian bully). --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I). 

DICKSON (_Thomas_) farmer at Douglasdale. 

_Charles Dickson_, son of the above, killed in the church. --Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I. ). 

DICTA'TOR OF LETTERS, Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, called the"Great Pan" (1694-1778). 

DICTIONARY (_A Living_). Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) was so called byGeorge I. 

[Illustration] Longinus was called "The Living Cyclopaedia" (213-273). 

[Illustration] Daniel Huet, chief editor of the _Delphine Classics_, was called a _Porcus Literarum_ for his unlimited knowledge(1630-1721). 

DIDDLER (_Jeremy_), an artful swindler; a clever, seedy vagabond, whoborrows money or obtains credit by his songs, witticisms, or otherexpedients. --Kenny, _Raising the Wind_. 

DIDERICK, the German form of Theodorick, king of the Goths. As Arthuris the centre of British romance, and Charlemagne of French romance, so Diderick is the central figure of the German minnesingers. DIDIER(_Henri_), the lover of Julie Les-urques (2 _syl_. ); a gentleman infeeling and conduct, who remains loyal to his _fiancée_ through allher troubles. --Ed. Stirling, _The Courier of Lyons_ (1852). 

DIDO, _daughter of Belus, king of Tyre_. She bought "as much land inAfrica as a bull's hide could cover, " shred the hide into strings, andenclosed a large tract. Æneas was wrecked upon her coast, and a loveaffair ensued. He deserted her, and she killed herself after watchinghis ship until it was out of sight. 

DIE'GO, the sexton to Lopez the "Spanish curate. "--Beaumont andFletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622). 

_Die'go (Don)_, a man of 60, who saw a country maiden named Leonora, whom he liked, and intended to marry if her temper was as amiable asher face was pretty. He obtained leave of her parents to bring herhome and place her under a duenna for three months, and then eitherreturn her to them spotless, or to make her his wife. At theexpiration of the time, he went to settle the marriage contract; and, to make all things sure, locked up the house, giving the keys toUrsula, but to the outer door he attached a huge padlock, and put thekey in his pocket. Leander, being in love with Leonora, laughed atlocksmiths and duennas, and Diego (2 _syl_. ), found them about toelope. Being a wise man, he not only consented to their union, butgave Leonora a handsome marriage portion. --I. Bickerstaff, _ThePadlock. _

DIES IRAE. The name generally given from the opening words to amediaeval hymn on the Last Judgment. The author is unknown, but thehymn is now generally ascribed to a monk of the Abruzzi, in Naples, Thomas de Celano, who died about 1255. 

 Dies irae, dies ilia Sol vet sseclum in favilla Teste David cum Sibylla. 

 That Day of Wrath, that dreadful day When Heaven and Earth shall pass away, So David and the Sibyl say. 

DIET OF PERFORMERS. 

BEAHAM sang on _bottled porter_. 

CATLEY _(Miss)_ took _linseed tea and madeira. _

COOKE _(G. F. )_ drank everything. 

HENDEESON, _gum arable and sherry_. 

INCLEDON sang on _madeira_. 

JOEDAN _(Mrs. )_ drank _calves'-foot jelly and sherry. _

KEAN _(C. )_ took _beef-tea_ for breakfast, and preferred a_rump-steak_ for dinner. 

KEAN _(Edm. )_ EMERY and REEVE drank _cold brandy-and-water. _

KEMBLE _(John)_ took _opium_. 

LEWIS, _mulled wine_ and _oysters_. 

MACEEADY used to eat the _lean of mutton-chops_ when he acted, andsubsequently lived almost wholly on a vegetable diet. 

OXBERRY drank _tea_. 

RUSSELL _(Henry)_ took a _boiled egg_. 

SMITH (_W_. ) drank _coffee_. 

WOOD (_Mrs_. ) sang on _draught porter_. 

WEENCH and HAELEY took _no_ refreshment during a performance. --W. O. Russell, _Representative Actors_. 272. 

DIE'TRICH (2 _syl_. ). So Theod'oric _The Great_ is called by theGerman minnesingers. In the terrible broil stirred up by QueenKriemhild in the banquet hall of Etzel, Dietrich interfered, andsucceeded in capturing Hagan and the Burgundian King Ghinther. Thesehe handed over to the queen, praying her to set them free; but shecut off both their heads with her own hands. --_The Niebelungen Lied_(thirteenth century. )

_Dietrich (John)_, a laborer's son of Pomerania. He spent twelve yearsunder ground, where he met Elizabeth Krabbin, daughter of the ministerof his own village, Rambin. One day, walking together, they heard acock crow, and an irresistible desire came over both of them to visitthe upper earth, John so frightened the elves by a toad, that theyyielded to his wish, and gave him hoards of wealth, with part of whichhe bought half the island of Riigen. He married Elizabeth, and becamefounder of a very powerful family. --Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_. (SeeTANHAUSER. )

DIETZ _(Bernard). _ Broad-shouldered giant who wears an air of deep andgentle repose, and comes like a benediction from heaven to the sickroom of Count Hugo in Blanche Willis Howard's novel _The Open Door. _He is a stone-mason who says with a genial laugh, "I hope if I'm lucky enough to get into the New Jerusalem they talkabout, there'll still be a little building going on, for I shouldn'tfeel at home without a block of stone to clip. "

His grand simplicity and strong common sense medicine the morbid soulof the more nobly-born man. His argument against the suicide Hugocontemplates as an open door out of the world, surprises the listenerprofoundly. 

"You see, you can never destroy anything. You can only _seem_ to. Thelife in us--it doesn't ask us if we want to be born, --it doesn't askus if we want to die. It is beyond us, and I don't believe it _can_ bedestroyed" (1889). 

DIEU ET MON DROIT, the parole of Richard I. At the battle of Gisors(1198). 

DIGGERY, one of the house-servants at Strawberry Hall. Beingstage-struck, he inoculates his fellow-servants (Cymon and Wat) withthe same taste. In the same house is an heiress named Kitty Sprightly(a ward of Sir Gilbert Pumpkin), also stage-struck. Diggery's favoritecharacter is "Alexander the Great, " the son of "Almon. " One day, playing _Romeo and Juliet_, he turns the oven into the balcony, but, being rung for, the girl acting "Juliet" is nearly roasted alive. (SeeDIGGORY. )--J. Jackman, _All the World's a Stage_. 

DIGGES (_Miss Maria_), a friend of Lady Penfeather; a visitor at theSpa. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

DIGGON [DAVIE], a shepherd in the _Shephearde's Calendar_, by Spenser. He tells Hobbinol that he drove his sheep into foreign lands, hopingto find better pasture; but he was amazed at the luxury and profligacyof the shepherds whom he saw there, and the wretched condition of theflocks. He refers to the Roman Catholic clergy, and their abandonedmode of life. Diggon also tells Hobbinol a long story about Roffynn(_the bishop of Rochester_) and his watchful dog Lauder catching awolf in sheep's clothing in the fold. --_Ecl_. Ix. (September, 1572 or1578). 

DIGGORY, a barn laborer, employed on state occasions for butler andfootman by Mr. And Mrs. Hardcastle. He is both awkward and familiar, laughs at his master's jokes and talks to his master's guests whileserving. (See DIGGERY. )--Goldsmith, _She Stoops to Conquer_. (1773). 

_Diggory_ (_Father_), one of the monks of St. Botolph's Priory. --SirW. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

DIMANCHE, (_Mons_. ), a dun. Mons. Dimanche, a tradesman, applies toDon Juan for money. Don Juan treats him with all imaginable courtesy, but every time he attempts to revert to business interrupts him withsome such question as, _Comment se porte Madame Dimanche?_ or _Etvotre petite fille Claudine comment se porte-t-ell?_ or _Le petitColin fait-il toujours bien du bruit avec son tambour?_ or _Ét votrepetit chien Brusquet, gronde-t-il toujours aussi fort_ ... ? and, aftera time, he says he is very sorry, but he must say good-bye for thepresent, and he leaves Mons. Without his once stating the object ofhis call. (See SHUFFLETON. ) Molière, _Don Juan_ (1665). 

DIMMESDALE _(Arthur). _ Master Prynne, an English physician living inAmsterdam, having determined to join the Massachusetts Colony, senthis young wife Hester before him to await his coming. He was detainedtwo years, and on reaching Boston, the first sight that met his eyeswas his wife standing in the pillory with a young babe in her arms andwith the letter A, the mark of her shame, embroidered in scarleton her breast. A young clergyman, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, regarded by all the people as a saint, too good for earth, wasearnestly exhorting her to declare the name of the child's father, butshe steadfastly refused, and was sent back to prison. Prynne who hadheard in Amsterdam rumors of his wife's infidelity, both to discoverher betrayer and to hide his own relation to his wife, had taken thename of Roger Chillingworth, and with eyes sharpened by jealousy andwounded pride, soon discovered that his wife's lover was no other thanDimmesdale himself. As a physician and under the guise of friendshiphe attached himself to the minister, and pursued his ghastly searchfor the secret cause that was eating away his life. How it all endedis shown in that wonderful book where, as in a Greek drama, the fatesof Arthur Dimmesdale, Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth, and thelove-child, Little Pearl, are traced in lines of fire. --NathanielHawthorne, _The Scarlet Letter_. 

DINANT', a gentleman who once loved and still pretends to love Lamira. The wife of Champernel. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little FrenchLawyer_ (1647). 

DINARZA'DE (_4 syl_. ), sister of Scheherazadê, Sultana of Persia. Dinarzadê was instructed by her sister to wake her every morning anhour before daybreak, and say, "Sister, relate to me one of thosedelightful stories you know, " or "Finish before daybreak the storyyou began yesterday. " The sultan got interested in these tales, andrevoked the cruel determination he had made of strangling at daybreakthe wife he had married the preceeding night. (See SCHEHERAZADE. )

DINAS EMRYS, or "Fort of Ambrose" (_i. E. _ Merlin), on the Brith, a part of Snowdon. When Vortigern built this fort, whatever wasconstructed during the day was swallowed up in the earth during thenight. Merlin (then called Ambrose or Embres-Guletic) discovered thecause to be "two serpents at the bottom of a pool below the foundationof the works. " These serpents were incessantly struggling with eachother; one was white, and the other red. The white serpent at firstprevaled, but ultimately the red one chased the other out of the pool. The red serpent, he said, meant the Britons, and the white one theSaxons. At first the Saxons (or _white serpent_) prevailed, but in theend "our people" _the red serpent_ "shall chase the Saxon race beyondthe sea. "--Nennius, _History of the Britons_ (842). 

 And from the top of Brith, so high and wondrous steep Where Dinas Emris stood, showed where the serpents fought The white that tore the red, for whence the prophet taught The Britons' sad decay. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, x, (1612). 

DINE WITH DUKE HUMPHREY (_To_), to have no dinner to go to. The Dukereferred to was the son of Henry IV. , murdered at St. Edmundsbury, andburied at St. Alban's. It was generally thought that he was buriedin the nave of St. Paul's Cathedral; but the monument supposed to beerected to the duke was in reality that of John Beauchamp. Loungers, who were asked if they were not going home to dinner, and those whotarried in St. Paul's after the general crowd had left, were supposedto be so busy looking for the duke's monument that they disregardedthe dinner hour. 

DINER-OUT OF THE FIRST WATER, the Rev. Sidney Smith; so called by the_Quarterly Review_ (1769-1845). 

DINGLE (_Old Dick of the_), friend of Hobbie Elliott of the Heugh-footfarm. --Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

DINGWALL (_Davie_), the attorney at Wolfe's Hope village. --Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time William III. ). 

DINIAS AND DERCYLLIS (_The Wanderings, Adventures, and Loves of_), anold Greek novel, the basis of the romance of Antonius Diog'enês intwenty-four books and entitled _Incredible Things beyond Thule_ [_TaHuperThoulen Apista_], a store-house from which subsequent writershave borrowed largely. The work is not extant, but Photius gives anoutline of its contents. 

DINMONT (_Dandy, i. E. _ Andrew), an eccentric and humorous store farmerat Charlie's Hope. He is called "The fighting Dinmont of Liddesdale. "

_Ailie Dinmont_, wife of Dandy Dinmont. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_(time George II. ). 

[Illustration] This novel has been dramatized by Daniel Terry. 

DINNER BELL. Burke was so called from his custom of speaking so longas to interfere with the dinner of the members (1729-1797). 

DIOCLE'TIAN, the king and father of Erastus, who was placed under thecharge of the "seven wise masters" (_Italian version_). 

In the _French_ version, the father is called"Dolop'athos. "--_Sandabar's Parables_. 

DIOG'ENES, Greek cynic, who carried a lantern at noon, to search foran honest man. 

DIOG'ENES (4 _syl_. ), the negro slave of the cynic philosopher MichaelAgelestês (4 _syl_. ). --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

DI'OMEDE (3 _syl_. ), fed his horses on human flesh, and he was himselfeaten by his horse, being thrown to it by Herculês. 

DION (_Lord_), father of Euphra'sia. Euphrasia is in love withPhilaster, heir to the crown of Messi'na. Disguised as a page, Euphrasia assumes the name of Bellario and enters the serviceof Philaster. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Philaster_ or _Love Liesa-bleeding_ (1638). 

(There is considerable resemblance between "Euphrasia" and "Viola" inShakespeare's _Twelfth Night_, 1614). 

DIONÆ'AN CÆSAR, Julius Cæsar, who claimed descent from Venus, calledDionê from her mother. Æneas was son of _Venus_ and Anchisês. 

 Ecce, Dionæi processit Cæsaris astrum. 

 Virgil, _Eclogues_, ix. 47. 

DIO'NE (3 _syl_. ), mother of Aphroditê (_Venus_), Zeus or Jove beingthe father. Venus herself is sometimes called Dionê. 

 Oh, bear ... Thy treasures to the green recess, Where young Dionê strays; with sweetest airs Entice her forth to lend her angel form For Beauty's honored image. 

 Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, (1744). 

DIONYS'IA, wife of Cleon, governor of Tarsus. Periclês prince of Tyrecommits to her charge his infant daughter Mari'na, supposed to bemotherless. When her foster-child is fourteen years old, Dionysia, outof jealousy, employs a man to murder her, and the people of Tarsus, hearing thereof, set fire to her house, and both Dionysia and Cleonare burnt to death in the flames, --Shakespeare, _Pericles, Prince ofTyre_ (1608). 

DIONYS'IUS, tyrant of Syracuse, dethroned Evander, and imprisoned himin a dungeon deep in a huge rock, intending to starve him to death. But Euphrasia, having gained access to him, fed him from her ownbreast. Timoleon invaded Syracuse, and Dionysius, seeking safety in atomb, saw there Evander the deposed king, and was about to kill him, when Euphrasia rushed forward, struck the tyrant to the heart, and hefell dead at her feet. --A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_ (1772). 

[Illustration] In this tragedy there are several gross historicalerrors. In act i. The author tells us it was Dionysius the Elder whowas dethroned, and went in exile to Corinth; but the elder Dionysiusdied in Syracuse, at the age of 63, and it was the _younger_ Dionysiuswho was dethroned by Timoleon, and went to Corinth. In act v. He makesEuphrasia kill the tyrant in Syracuse, whereas he was allowed to leaveSicily, and retired to Corinth, where he spent his time in riotousliving, etc. 

_Dionys'ius_ [THE ELDER] was appointed sole general of the Syracusanarmy, and then king by the voice of the senate. Damon "thePythagorean" opposed the appointment, and even tried to stab "thetyrant, " but was arrested and condemned to death. The incidentswhereby he was saved are to be found under the article DA'MON (q. V. ). 

_Damon and Pythias_, a drama by R. Edwards (1571), and another by JohnBanim, in 1825. 

_Dionys'ius_ [THE YOUNGER], being banished from Syracuse, went toCorinth and turned schoolmaster. 

 Corinth's pedagogue hath now Transferred his byword _[tyrant]_ to thy brow. 

 Byron, _Ode to Napoleon_. 

DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE was one of the judges of the Areopagite whenSt. Paul appeared before this tribunal. Certain writings, fabricatedby the neo-platonicians in the fifth century, were falsely ascribedto him. The _Isido'rian Decretals_ is a somewhat similar forgery byMentz, who lived in the ninth century, or three hundred years afterIsidore. 

 The error of those doctrines so vicious Of the old Areopagite Dionysius. 

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

DIOSCU'RI _(sons of Zeus_), Castor and Pollux. Generally, butincorrectly, accented on the second syllable. 

DIOTI'MA, the priestess of Mantineia in Plato's _Symposium_, theteacher of Soc'rates. Her opinions on life, its nature, origin, end, and aim, form the nucleus of the dialogue. Socratês died of hemlock. 

 Beneath an emerald plane Sits Diotima, teaching him that died Of Hemlock. 

Tennyson, _The Princess_, iii. 

DIPLOMATISTS _(Prince of_), Charles Maurice Talleyrand de Pèrigord(1754-1838). 

DIPSAS, a serpent, so called because those bitten by it suffered fromintolerable thirst. (Greek, _dipsa_, "thirst. ") Milton refers to it in_Paradise Lost_, x. 526 (1665). 

DIPSODES (2 _syl_. ), the people of Dipsody, ruled over by KingAnarchus, and subjugated by Prince Pantag'ruel (bk. Ii. 28). Pantagruel afterwards colonized their country with nine thousandmillion men from Utopia (or to speak more exactly, 9, 876, 543, 210 men), besides women, children, workmen, professors, and peasant-laborers(bk. Iii. I). --Rabelais, _Pantag'ruel_ (1545). 

DIP'SODY, the country of the Dipsodes (2 _syl), q. V. _

DIRCÆ'AN SWAN, Pindar; so called from Dircê, a fountain in theneighborhood of Thebes, the poet's birthplace (B. C. 518-442. )

DIRLOS or D'YRLOS (_Count_), a paladin, the embodiment of valor, generosity, and truth. He was sent by Charlemagne to the East, wherehe conquered Aliar'dê, a Moorish prince. On his return, he found hisyoung wife betrothed to Celi'nos (another of Charlemagne's peers). The matter was put right by the king, who gave a grand feast on theoccasion. 

DISASTROUS PEACE (_The_), the peace signed at Cateau-Cambrésis, bywhich Henri II. Renounced all claim to Gen'oa, Naples, Mil'an, andCorsica (1559). 

DIS'MAS, the penitent thief; Gesmas the impenitent one. 

DISTAFFI'NA, the troth-plight wife of General Bombastês; butArtaxaminous, king of Utopia, promised her "half a crown" if shewould forsake the general for himself--a temptation too great to beresisted. When the general found himself jilted, he retired from theworld, hung up his boots on the branch of a tree, and dared any one toremove them. The king cut the boots down, and the general cut the kingdown. Fusbos, coming up at this crisis, laid the general prostrate. At the close of the burlesque all the dead men jump up and join thedance, promising "to die again to-morrow, " if the audience desireit. --W. B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_ (1790. )

 Falling on one knee, he put both hands on his heart and rolled up his eyes, much after the manner of Bombastes Furioso making love to Distaffina. --E. Sargent. 

DISTRESSED MOTHER (_The_), a tragedy by Ambrose Philips (1712). The"distressed mother" is Androm'achê, the widow of Hector. At the fallof Troy she and her son Asty'anax fell to the lot of Pyrrhus, king ofEpirus, Pyrrhus fell in love with her and wished to marry her, but sherefused him. At length an embassy from Greece, headed by Orestês, sonof Agamemnon, was sent to Epirus to demand the death of Astyanax, lestin manhood he might seek to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhus toldAndromachê he would protect her son, and defy all Greece, if she wouldconsent to marry him; and she yielded. While the marriage rites weregoing on, the Greek ambassadors fell on Pyrrhus and murdered him. Ashe fell he placed the crown on the head of Andromachê, who thus becamequeen of Epirus, and the Greeks hastened to their ships in flight. This play is an English adaptation of Racine's _Andromaque_ (1667). 

Ditchley _(Gaffer)_, one of the miners employed by Sir GeoffreyPeveril. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DITHYRAMBIC POETRY _(Father of_), Arion of Lesbos (fl. B. C. 625). 

DITTON _(Thomas)_ footman of the Rev. Mr. Staunton, of WillinghamRectory. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

DIVAN _(The)_, the supreme council and court of justice of thecaliphs. The abbassides always sat in person in this court to aidin the redress of wrongs. It was called "a divan" from the benchescovered with cushions on which the members sat. --D'Herbelot, _Bibliothèque Orientate_, 298. 

DIVE _[deev]_, a demon in Persian mythology. In the mogul's palace atLahore, there used to be several pictures of these dives (1 _syl_), with long horns, staring eyes, shaggy hair, great fangs, ugly paws, long tails, and other horrible deformities. 

DI'VER (_Colonel_), editor of the _New York Rowdy Journal_, inAmerica. His air was that of a man oppressed by a sense of his owngreatness, and his physiognomy was a map of cunning and conceit. --C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844. )

DI'VES (2 _syl_. ), the name popularly given to the "rich man" inour Lord's parable of the rich man and Lazarus; in Latin, _Divês etLazarus_. --_Luke_ xvi. 

DIVI'NA COMME'DIA, the first poem of note ever written in the Italianlanguage. It is an epic by Dante' Alighie'ri, and is divided intothree parts: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante' called it a_comedy_, because the ending is happy; and his countrymen added theword _divine_ from admiration of the poem. The poet depicts a vision, in which he is conducted, first by Virgil (_human reason_, ) throughhell and purgatory; and then by Beatrice (_revelation_), and finallyby St. Bernard, through the several heavens, where he beholds theTriune God. 

"Hell, " is represented as a funnel-shaped hollow, formed of graduallycontracting circles, the lowest and smallest of which is the earth'scentre. (See INFERNO, 1300). 

"Purgatory" is a mountain rising solitarily from the ocean on thatside of the earth which is opposite to us. It is divided intoterraces, and its top is the terrestrial paradise. (See PURGATORY, 1308). 

From this "top" the poet ascends through the seven planetary heavens, the fixed stars, and the "primum mobile" to the empyre'an or seat ofGod. (See PARADISE, 1311). 

DIVINE (_The_), St. John the evangelist, called "John the Divine. "

Raphael, the painter, was called _Il Divino_ (1483-1520). 

Luis Moralês, a Spanish painter, was called _El Divino_ (1509-1586). 

Ferdinand de Herre'ra, a Spanish poet (1516-1595). 

DIVINE DOCTOR _(The)_, Jean de Ruysbroek, the mystic (1294-1381). 

DIVINE SPEAKER _(The)_ Tyr'tamos, usually known as Theophrastos("divine speaker"), was so called by Aristotle (B. C. 370-287). 

DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS. The dogma that _Kings can do no wrong_ is basedon a dictum of Hincmar Archbishop of Rheims, viz. , that kings aresubject to no man so long as they rule by God's law. --_Hincmar'sWorks_, i. 693. 

DIVINING ROD, a forked branch of hazel suspended between the ballsof the thumbs. The inclination of this rod indicates the presence ofwater-springs and precious metals. 

 Now to rivulets from the mountains Point the rods of fortune-tellers. 

Longfellow, _Drinking Song_. 

[Illustration] Jacques Aymar of Crôle was the most famous of alldiviners. He lived in the latter half of the seventeenth century andthe beginning of the eighteenth. His marvellous faculty attracted theattention of Europe. M. Chauvin, M. D. , and M. Garnier, M. D. , publishedcarefully written accounts of his wonderful powers, and both wereeye-witnesses thereof. --See S. Baring-Gould, _Myths of the MiddleAges_. 

DIVINITY. There are four professors of divinity at Cambridge, andthree at Oxford. Those at _Cambridge_ are the Hul'sean, the Margaret, the Norrisian, and the Regius. Those at _Oxford_ are the Margaret, theRegius, and one for Ecclesiastical History. 

DIVI'NO LODOV'ICO, Ariosto, author of _Orlando Furioso_ (1474-1533). 

DIXIE'S LAND, the land of milk and honey to American negroes. Dixiewas a slave-holder of Manhattan Island, who removed his slaves to theSouthern States, where they had to work harder and fare worse; sothat they were always sighing for their old home, which they called"Dixie's Land. " Imagination and distance soon advanced this islandinto a sort of Delectable Country or land of Beulah. 

This is but one of many explanations given of the origin of a phrasethat, during the Civil War (1861-1865) came to be applied to theSeceding States. The song "Dixie's Land" was supposed to be sung byexiles from the region south of Mason and Dixon's line. 

 "Away down South in Dixie, I wish I were in Dixie, In Dixie's Land I'd take my stand To live and die in Dixie. "

DIXON, servant to Mr. Richard Vere (1 _syl. _). --Sir W. Scott, _TheBlack Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

DIZZY, a nickname of Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield(1804-1881). 

DJA'BAL, son of Youssof, a sheikh, and saved by Maä'ni, in the greatmassacre of the sheikhs by the Knights Hospitallers in the Spo'radês. He resolves to avenge this massacre, and gives out that he is Hakeem', the incarnate god, their founder, returned to earth to avenge theirwrongs and lead them back to Syria. His imposture being discovered, hekills himself, but Loys _[Lo'. Iss]_, a young Breton count, leads theexiles back to Lebanon. Djabal is Hakeem, the incarnate Dread, Thephantasm khalif, king of Prodigies. 

Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_, i. 

DOBBIN _(Captain_, afterwards _Colonel_), son of Sir William Dobbin, a London tradesman. Uncouth, awkward, and tall, with huge feet;but faithful and loving, with a large heart and most delicateappreciation. He is a prince of a fellow, is proud and fond of CaptainGeorge Osborne from boyhood to death, and adores Amelia, George'swife. When she has been a widow for some ten years, he marriesher. --Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ (1848). 

DOBBS'S HORSE, Charley Dobbs, setting off to California, gives hisbest friend Theophilus an order for "a good sound family horse, notyoung, but the safer for all that, " that had once belonged to hismother. He is boarding the creature on a farm in Westchester County, and his friend is welcome to the use of him. 

Dobbs's Horse is the skeleton in the household in many a sense of theword. He refuses to be fattened: he balks; he has colic and spasms; helies down in harness; he impales himself upon a broken rail; hekeels over upon the grass, whizzing like a capsized engine; he biteshimself--and has driven the family to the verge of insanity when Dobbsreturns and upon beholding the "noble old fellow, " shouts that theyhave the wrong horse! "This is one I sold long ago for fifteendollars!"--Mary Mapes Dodge, _Theophilus and Others_ (1876). 

DOBBINS _(Humphrey)_, the confidential servant of Sir Robert Brambleof Blackberry Hall, in the county of Kent. A blunt old retainer, mostdevoted to his master. Under a rough exterior he concealed a heartbrimful of kindness, and so tender that a word would melt it. --GeorgeColman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1802). 

DOBU'NI, called _Bodu'ni_ by Dio; the people of Gloucestershire andOxfordshire. Drayton refers to them in his _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

DOCTOR (_The_), a romance by Souther. The doctor's name is Dove, andhis horse "Nobbs. "

_Doctor_ (_The Admirable_), Roger Bacon (1214-1292). 

_The Angelic Doctor_, Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), "fifth doctor of theChurch. "

_The Authentic Doctor_, Geogory of Rimini (_-1357). 

_The Divine Doctor_, Jean Ruysbroek (1294-1381). 

_The Dulcifluous Doctor_, Antonio Andreas, (_-1320). 

_The Ecstatic Doctor_, Jean Ruysbroek (1294-1381). 

_The Eloquent Doctor_, Peter Aureolus, archbishop of Aix (fourteenthcentury). 

_The Evangelical Doctor_, J. Wycliffe (1324-1384). 

_The Illuminated Doctor_, Raymond Lully (1235-1315), or _MostEnlightened Doctor_. 

_The Invincible Doctor_, William Occam (1276-1347). 

_The Irrefragable Doctor_, Alexander Hales (_-1245. )

_The Mellifluous Doctor_, St. Bernard (1091-1153). 

_The Most Christian Doctor_, Jean de Gerson (1363-1429). 

_The Most Methodical Doctor_, John Bassol(_-1347). 

_The Most Profound Doctor_, Ægidius de Columna (_-1316). 

_The Most Resolute Doctor_, Durand de St. Pourçain (1267-1332). 

_The Perspicuous Doctor_, Walter Burley (fourteenth century). 

_The Profound Doctor_, Thomas Bradwardine (_-1349). 

_The Scholastic Doctor_, Anselm of Laon (1050-1117). 

_The Seraphic Doctor_, St. Bonaventura (1211-1274). 

_The Solemn Doctor_, Henry Goethals (1227-1293). 

_The Solid Doctor_, Richard Middleton (_-1304). 

_The Subtle Doctor_, Duns Scotus (1265-1308), or _Most Subtle Doctor_. 

_The Thorough Doctor_, William Varro (thirteenth century). 

_The Universal Doctor_, Alain de Lille (1114-1203); Thomas Aquinas, (1224-1274). 

_The Venerable Doctor_, William de Champeaux (_-1126). 

_The Well-founded Doctor_, Ægidius Romanus (_-1316). 

_The Wise Doctor_, John Herman Wessel (1409-1489). 

_The Wonderful Doctor_, Roger Bacon (1214-1292). 

DOCTOR'S TALE _(The)_, in Chaucer's _Canterbury Tales_, is the Romanstory of Virginius given by Livy. This story is told in French in the_Roman de la Rose_, ii. 74, and by Gower in his _Confessio Amantis_, vii. It has furnished the subject of a host of tragedies: for example, in _French_, Mairét (1628); Leclerc (1645); Campestron (1683);Chabenon (1769); Laharpe (1786); Leblanc de Guillet (1786); Guiraud(1827); Latour St. Ybars (1845). In _Italian_, Alfieri (1784); in_German_, Lessing (1775); and in _English_, Knowles, (1829). 

DOCTOR'S WIFE _(The, )_ a novel by Miss Braddon, adapted from _MadamBovary_, a French novel. 

DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. The _Greek_ Church recognizes four doctors, viz. , St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory of Nyssa, and St. JohnChrysostom. The _Latin_ Church recognizes St. Augustin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose and St. Gregory _the Great_. 

DODGER _(The Artful_), the sobriquet of Jack Dawkins, an artfulthievish young scamp, in the boy crew of Fagin the Jew villain. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_, viii. (1837). 

DODINGTON, whom Thomson invokes in his _Summer_, is George BubbDodington, lord Melcomb-Regis, a British statesman. Churchill and Poperidiculed him, while Hogarth introduced him in his picture called the"Orders of Periwigs. "

DOD'IPOL, _(Dr. )_, any man of weak intellect, a dotard. Hence theproverb, _Wise as Dr. Dodipoll_, meaning "_not wise at all. _"

DODON or rather DODOENS _(Rembert)_ a Dutch botanist (1517-1585), physician to the emperors Maximilian II. And Rudolph II. His works are_Frumentomm et Leguminum Historia; Florum Historia; Purgantium RadicumHerbarum Historia; Stirpium Historia_; all included under the generaltitle of "The History of Plants. "

 "Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but few, To those unnumbered sorts, of simples here that grew, Which justly to set down ee'n Dodon short doth fall. "

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xiii. (1613)

DO'DONA in (Epiros), famous for the most ancient oracle in Greece. Theresponses were made by an old woman called a _pigeon_, because theGreek word _pelioe_ means either old "women" or "pigeons. " Accordingto fable, Zeus, gave his daughter Thebê two black pigeons endowed withthe gift of human speech: one flew into Libya, and gave the responsesin the temple of Ammon: the other into Epiros, where it gave theresponses in Dodona. 

We are told that the priestess of Dodona derived her answers from thecooing of the sacred doves, the rustling of the sacred trees, thebubbling of the sacred fountain and the tinkling of bells or pieces ofmetal suspended among the branches of the trees. 

 And Dodona's oak swang lonely, Henceforth to the tempest only. 

Mrs. Browning, _Dead Pan_, 17. 

DODS (_Meg_), landlady of the Clachan or Mowbery Arms inn at St. Ronan's Old Town. The inn was once the manse, and Meg Dods reignedthere despotically, but her wines were good and her cuisine excellent. This is one of the best low comic characters in the whole range offiction. 

 She had hair of a brindled color, betwixt black and grey, which was apt to escape in elf-locks from under her mutch when she was thrown into violent agitation; long skinny hands terminated by stout talons, grey eyes, thin lips, a robust person, a broad though fat chest, capital wind, and a voice that could match a choir of fishwomen. --Sir W. Scott. _St. Ronan's Well_, i (time George III. ). 

(So good a housewife was this eccentric landlady, that a cookery-bookhas been published bearing her name; the authoress is Mrs. Johnstone, a Scotchwoman. )

DODSON, a young farmer, called upon by Death on his wedding day. Deathtold him he must quit his Susan and go with him. "With you!" thehapless husband cried; "young as I am and unprepared?" Death then toldhim he would not disturb him yet, but would call again after givinghim three warnings. When he was 80 years of age, Death called again. "So soon returned!" old Dodson cried. "You know you promised me threewarnings. " Death then told him that as he was "lame and deaf andblind, " he had received his three warnings. --Mrs. Thrale, [Piozzi], _The Three Warnings_. 

DODSON AND FOGG (Messrs. ), two unprincipled lawyers, who undertakeon their own speculation to bring an action against Mr. Pickwick for"breach of promise" and file accordingly the famous suit of "Bardell_v_. Pickwick. "--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836). 

DOE _(John)_ and _Richard Roe_, the fictitious plaintiff and defendantin an action of ejectment. Men of straw. 

DOEG, Saul's herdsman, who told him that the priest Abim'elech. Had supplied David with food; whereupon the king sent him to killAbimelech, and Doeg slew priests to the number of four score and five(1 _Samuel_ xxii. 18). In pt. Ii. Of the satire called _Absalom andAchitophel_, Elkaneh Settle is called Doeg, because he "fell upon"Dryden with his pen, but was only a "herdsman or driver of asses. "

 Doeg, tho' without knowing how or why, Made still a blundering kind of melody. Let him rail on ... But if he jumbles to one line of sense, Indict him of a capital offense. 

Tate, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. (1682). 

DOG _(Agrippa's). _ Cornelius Agrippa had a dog which was generallysuspected of being a spirit incarnate. 

_Arthur's Dog_ "Cavall. "

_Dog of Belgrade_, the camp suttler, was named "Clumsey. "

_Lord Byron's Dog_, "Boatswain. " It was buried in the garden ofNewstead Abbey. 

_Dog of Catherine de Medicis_, "Phoebê, " a lap dog. 

_Cuthullin's Dog_ was named "Luath, " a swift-footed hound. 

_Dora's Dog_, "Jip. "--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield. _

_Douglas's Dog_, "Luffra. " _Lady of the Lake. _

_Erigonê's Dog_ was "Moera. " Erigonê is the constellation _Virgo_, andMoera the star called _Canis_. 

_Eurytion's Dog_ (herdsman of Geryon), "Orthros. " It had two heads. 

_Fingal's Dog_ was named "Bran. "

_Geryon's Dogs_. One was "Gargittos" and the other "Orthros. " Thelatter was brother of Cerberos, but it had only two heads. Herculêskilled both of Geryon's dogs. 

_Landseer's Dog_, "Brutus, " introduced by the great animal painter inhis picture called "The Invader of the Larder. "

_Llewellyn's Dog_ was named "Gelert;" it was a greyhound. (SeeGELERT). 

_Lord Lurgan's Dog_ was named, "Master M'Grath, " from an orphan boywho reared it. This dog won three Waterloo cups, and was presented atcourt by the express desire of Queen Victoria, the very year it died. It was a sporting grey-hound (born 1866, died Christmas Day, 1871). 

_Maria's Dog_, "Silvio. "--Sterne, _Sentimental Journey. _

_Dog of Montargis_. This was a dog named "Dragon, " belonging to Aubride Montdidier, a captain in the French army. Aubri was murdered inthe forest of Bondy by his friend, Lieutenant Macaire, in the sameregiment. After its master's death the dog showed such a strangeaversion to Macaire, that suspicion was aroused against him. Some sayhe was pitted against the dog, and confessed the crime. Others say asash was found on him, and the sword knot was recognized by Ursula asher own work and gift to Aubri. This Macaire then confessed the crime, and his accomplice, Lieutenant Landry, trying to escape, was seized bythe dog and bitten to death. This story has been dramatized both inFrench and English. 

_Orion's Dogs_; one was named "Arctoph'onos" and the other"Pto-ophagos. "

_Punch's Dog_, "Toby. "

_Sir W. Scott's Dogs_. His deer-hound was "Maida. " His jet-blackgreyhound was "Hamlet. " He had also two Dandy Dinmont terriers. 

_Dog of the seven Sleepers_, "Katmir. " It spoke with a human voice. 

In _Sleary's circus_, the performing dog is called "Merryleys. "--C. Dickens, _Hard Times. _

(For Actæon's fifty dogs, see _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_, 234). 

_Dog_. The famous _Mount St. Bernard_ dog which saved forty humanbeings, was named "Barry. " The stuffed skin of this noble creature ispreserved in the museum at Berne. 

_Dog (The)_, Diogenes the cynic (B. C. 412-323). When Alexanderencountered him, the young Macedonian king introduced himself withthe words, "I am Alexander, surnamed 'the Great. '" To which thephilosopher replied, "And I am Diogenês, surnamed 'the Dog. '" TheAthenians raised to his memory a pillar of Parian marble, surmountedwith a dog, and bearing the following inscription:--

 "Say, dog, what guard you in that tomb?" A dog. "His name?" Diogenes. "From far?"

 Sinopê, "He who made a tub his home?" The same; now dead, among the stars a star. 

_Dog (The Thracian)_, Zo'ilus the grammarian; so called for hissnarling, captious criticisms on Homer, Plato, and Isocrates. He wascontemporary with Philip of Macedon. 

_Dogs_. The two sisters of Zobei'de (3 _syl_. ) were turned into littleblack dogs for casting Zobeide and "the prince" into the sea (SeeZOBEIDE). 

DOGS OF WAR, Famine, Sword, and Fire:

 Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars; and at his heels, Leashed in like hounds, should Famine, Sword, and Fire Crouch for employment. 

Shakespeare, _King Henry V_. I chorus (1599). 

DOG-HEADED TRIBES (of India), mentioned in the Italian romance of_Gueri'no Meschi'no. _

DOGBERRY AND VERGES, two ignorant conceited constables, who greatlymutilate their words. Dogberry calls "assembly" _dissembly_; "treason"he calls _perjury_; "calumny" he calls _burglary_; "condemnation"_redemption_; "respect, " _suspect_. When Conrade says, "Away! you arean ass;" Dogberry tells the town clerk to write him down "an ass. ""Masters, " he says to the officials, "remember I am an ass. " "Oh, thatI had been writ down an ass!" (act. Iv. Sc. 2). --Shakespeare, _MuchAdo About Nothing_ (1600. )

DOGGET, wardour at the castle of Garde Doloureuse. --Sir W. Scott, _TheBetrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

DOGGET'S COAT AND BADGE, the great prize in the Thames rowing-match, given on the 1st of August every year. So called from Thomas Dogget, an actor of Drury Lane, who signalized the accession of George I. To the throne by giving annually a waterman's coat and badge to thewinner of the race. The Fishmongers' company add a guinea to theprize. 

DOILEY _(Abraham)_, a citizen and retired slop-seller. He was acharity boy, wholly without education, but made £80, 000 in trade, and is determined to have "a larned skollard for his son-in-law. "He speaks of _jomtry_ [geometry], _joklate, jogrify, Al Mater, pinny-forty_, and _antikary doctors_; talks of _Scratchi_ [Gracchi], _Horsi_ [Horatii], a _study of horses_, and so on. Being resolved tojudge between the rival scholarship of an Oxford pedant and a captainin the army, he gets both to speak Greek before him. Gradus, thescholar, quotes two lines of Greek, in which the _panta_ occurs fourtimes. "Pantry!" cries the old slop-seller; "you can't impose upon me. I know _pantry_ is not Greek. " The captain tries English fustian, andwhen Gradus maintained that the words are English, "Out upon you fora jackanapes, " cries the old man; "as if I didn't know my own mothertongue!" and gives his verdict in favor of the captain. 

_Elizabeth Doiley_, daughter of the old slop-seller, in love withCaptain Granger. She and her cousin Charlotte induce the Oxfordscholar to dress like a _beau_ to please the ladies. By so doing hedisgusts the old man, who exclaims, "Oh, that I should ever had beensuch a dolt as to take thee for a man of larnen'!" So the captain winsthe race at a canter. --Mrs. Cowley, _Who's the Dupe_?

DOLL COMMON, a young woman in league with Subtle the alchemist andFace his alley. --B. Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1610). 

Mrs. Pritchard [1711-1768] could pass from "Lady Macbeth" to "DollCommon. "--Leigh Hunt. 

DOLL TEARSHEET, a "bona-roba. " This virago is cast into prison withDame Quickly (hostess of a tavern in Eastcheap), for the death ofa man that they and Pistol had beaten. --Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV_. (1598). 

DOLALLOLLA _(Queen)_, wife of King Arthur, very fond of stiff punch, but scorning "vulgar sips of brandy, gin, and rum. " She is the enemyof Tom Thumb, and opposes his marriage with her daughter Huncamunca;but when Noodle announces that the red cow has devoured the pigmygiant-queller, she kills the messenger for his ill-tidings, and isherself killed by Frizaletta. Queen Dollalolla is jealous of thegiantess Glundalca, at whom his majesty casts "sheep's eyes. "--_TomThumb_, by Fielding the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, author of_Midas_ (1778). 

DOLLA MURREY, a character in Crabbe's _Borough_, who died playingcards. 

 "A vole! a vole!" she cried; "'tis fairly won. " This said, she gently with a single sigh Died. 

Crabbe, _Borough_ (1810). 

DOLLY. The most bewitching of the Bohemian household described inFrances Hodgson Burnett's _Vagabondia_. Piquante, brave, sonsie, andloving, she bears and smiles through the hardships and vicissitudes ofher lot until she loses (as she thinks) the love and trust of "Griff, "to whom she had been betrothed for years. Only his return andpenitence save her from slipping out of a world that has few noblerwomen. 

DOLLY OF THE CHOP-HOUSE (Queen's Head Passage, Paternoster Row andNewgate Street, London. ) Her celebrity arose from the excellency ofher provisions, attendance, accommodation, and service. The name isthat of the old cook of the establishment. 

 The broth reviving, and the bread was fair, The small beer grateful and as pepper strong, The beaf-steaks tender, and the pot-herbs young. 

DOLLY TRULL. Captain Macheath says she was "so taken up with stealinghearts, she left herself no time to steal anything else. "--Gay, _TheBeggar's Opera_, ii. I. (1727). 

DOLLY VARDEN, daughter of Gabriel Varden, locksmith. She was lovedto distraction by Joe Willet, Hugh of the Maypole inn, and SimonTappertit. Dolly dressed in the Watteau style, and was lively, pretty, and bewitching. --C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841). 

DOL'ON, "a man of subtle wit and wicked mind, " father of Guizor (groomof Pollentê the Saracen, lord of "Parlous Bridge"). Sir Ar'tegal, withscant ceremony, knocks the life out of Guizor, for demanding of him"passage-penny" for crossing the bridge. Soon afterwards, Brit'omartand Talus rest in Dolon's castle for the night, and Dolon, mistakingBritomart for Sir Artegal, sets upon her in the middle of the night, but is overmastered. He now runs with his two surviving sons to thebridge, to prevent the passage of Britomart and Talus; but Britomartruns one of them through with her spear, and knocks the other into theriver. --Spenser _Faëry Queen_ v. 6 (1596). 

DOL'ON AND ULYSSES. Dolon undertook to enter the Greek camp and bringword back to Hector an exact account of everything. Accordingly he puton a wolf's skin and prowled about the camp on all fours. Ulysses sawthrough the disguise, and said to Diomed, "Yonder man is from thehost ... We'll let him pass a few paces, and then pounce on himunexpectedly. " They soon caught the fellow, and having "pumped" outof him all about the Trojan plans, and the arrival of Rhesus, Diomedsmote him with his falchion on the mid-neck and slew him. This is thesubject of bk. X. Of the _Iliad_ and therefore this book is called"Dolonia" ("the deeds of Dolon" or "Dolophon'ia", "Dolon's murder"). 

 Full of cunning, like Ulysses' whistle When he allured poor Dolon. 

 Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. 105 (1824). 

DOLOPA'TOS, the Sicilian king, who placed his son Lucien under thecharge of "seven wise masters. " When grown to man's estate, Lucien'sstep-mother made improper advances to him, which he repulsed, and sheaccused him to the king of insulting her. By astrology the princediscovered that if he could tide over seven days his life would besaved; so the wise masters amused the king with seven tales, and theking relented. The prince himself then told a tale which embodiedhis own history; the eyes of the king were opened, and the queen wascondemned to death. --_Sandabar's Parables_ (French version). 

DOMBEY (_Mr. _), a purse-proud, self-contained London merchant, livingon Portland place, Bryanstone Square, with offices in the City. Hisgod was wealth; and his one ambition was to have a son, that the firmmight be known as "Dombey and Son. " When Paul was born, his ambitionwas attained, his whole heart was in the boy, and the loss of themother was but a small matter. The boy's death turned his heart tostone, and he treated his daughter Florence not only with utterindifference, but as an actual interloper. Mr. Dombey married a secondtime, but his wife eloped with his manager, James Carker, and theproud spirit of the merchant was brought low. 

_Paul Dombey_, son of Mr. Dombey; a delicate, sensitive little boy, quite unequal to the great things expected of him. He was sent toDr. Blimber's school, but soon gave way under the strain of schooldiscipline. In his short life he won the love of all who knew him, and his sister Florence was especially attached to him. His death isbeautifully told. During his last days he was haunted by the sea, andwas always wondering what the wild waves were saying. 

_Florence Dombey_, Mr. Dombey's daughter; a pretty, amiable, motherless child, who incurred her father's hatred because she livedand throve while her younger brother Paul dwindled and died. Florencehungered to be loved, but her father had no love to bestow on her. Shemarried Walter Gay, and when Mr. Dombey was broken in spirit by theelopement of his second wife, his grandchildren were the solace of hisold age. --O. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846). 

DOM-DANIEL originally meant a public school for magic, established atTunis; but what is generally understood by the word is that immenseestablishment, near Tunis, under the "roots of the ocean, " establishedby Hal-il-Mau'graby, and completed by his son. There were fourentrances to it, each of which had a staircase of 4000 steps; andmagicians, gnomes, and sorcerers of every sort were expected to dohomage there at least once a year to Zatanaï [Satan]. Dom-Daniel wasutterly destroyed by Prince Habed-il-Rouman, son of the Caliph ofSyria. --_Continuation of the Arabian Nights_ "History of Maugraby. "

Southey has made the destruction of Dom-Daniel the subject of his_Thalaba_--in fact, Thalaba takes the office of Habed-il-Rouman; butthe general incidents of the two tales have no other resemblance toeach other. 

DOMESTIC POULTRY, in Dryden's _Hind and Panther_, mean the RomanCatholic clergy; so called from an establishment of priests in theprivate chapel of Whitehall. The nuns are termed "sister partlet withthe hooded head" (1687). 

DOMINICK, the "Spanish fryar, " a kind of ecclesiastical Falstaff. Amost immoral, licentious Dominican, who for money would prostituteeven the Church and Holy Scriptures. Dominick helped Lorenzo in hisamour with Elvi'ra the wife of Gomez. 

 He is a huge, fat, religious gentleman ... Big enough to be a pope. His gills are as rosy as a turkey-cock's. His big belly walks in state before him, like a harbinger; and his gouty legs come limping after it. Never was such a tun of devotion seen. --Dryden, _The Spanish Fryar_, ii. 3 (1680). 

DOMINIE SAMPSON. His Christian name is Abel. He is the tutor atEllangowan House, very poor, very modest, and crammed with Latinquotations. His contsant exclamation is "Prodigious!"

Dominie Sampson is a poor, modest, humble scholar, who had won hisway through the classics, but fallen to the leeward in the voyage oflife. --Sir. W. Scott; _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

DOM'INIQUE (3 _syl_), the gossiping old footman of the Franvals, whofancies himself quite fit to keep a secret. He is, however, a reallyfaithful retainer of the family. --Th. Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_(1785). 

DOMITIAN A MARKSMAN. The emperor Domitian was so cunning a marksman, that if a boy at a good distance off held up his hand and stretchedhis fingers abroad, he could shoot through the spaces without touchingthe boy's hand or any one of his fingers. (See TELL, for many similarmarksmen. )--Peacham, _Complete Gentleman_ (1627). 

DOMIZIA, a noble lady of Florence, greatly embittered against therepublic for its base ingratitude to her two brothers, Porzio andBerto, whose death she hoped to revenge. 

 I am a daughter of the Traversari, Sister of Porzio and Berto both ... I knew that Florence, that could doubt their faith, Must needs mistrust a stranger's; holding back Reward from them, must hold back his reward. 

Robt. Browning, _Luria_, iii. 

DON ALPHONSO, son of a rich banker. In love with Victoria, thedaughter of Don Scipio; but Victoria marries Don Fernando. Lorenza, who went by the name of Victoria for a time, and is the person DonAlphonso meant to marry, espouses Don Caesar. --O'Keefe, _Castle ofAndalusia_. 

[Illustration] For other dons, see under the surname. 

DONACHA DHU NA DUNAIGH, the Highland robber near Roseneath. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

DONALD, the Scotch steward of Mr. Mordent. Honest, plain-spoken, faithful, and unflinching in his duty. --Holcroft, _The DesertedDaughter_ (altered into _The Steward_). 

_Donald_, an old domestic of MacAulay, the Highland chief. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time Charles I. ). 

DONALD OF THE HAMMER, son of the laird of Invernahyle of the WestHighlands of Scotland. When Green Colin assassinated the laird andhis household, the infant Donald was saved by his foster-nurse, andafterwards brought up by her husband, a blacksmith. He became sostrong that he could work for hours with two fore-hammers, one in eachhand, and was therefore called _Domuil nan Ord_. When he was 21 hemarched with a few adherents against Green Colin, and slew him, bywhich means he recovered his paternal inheritance. 

 Donald of the smithy, the "son of the hammer" Filled the banks of Lochawe with mourning and clamor. 

 Quoted by Sir Walter Scott in _Tales of a Grandfather_, i. 39. 

DONAR, same as THOR, the god of thunder among the ancient Teutons. 

DONATELLO, a young Italian whose marvellous resemblance to the MarbleFaun of Praxiteles is the subject of jesting remark to three Americanfriends. 

 "So full of animal life as he was, so joyous in his deportment, so physically well-developed; he made no impression of incompleteness, of maimed or stinted, nature. " Yet his friends "habitually allowed for him, exacting no strict obedience to conventional rules, and hardly noticing his eccentricities enough to pardon them. "

He loves Miriam, an American student, and resents the persecution ofher by a mysterious man--a nominal "model" who thrusts his presenceupon her at all inconvenient times. One night as he comes betweenDonatello and Miriam as they lean on the parapet crowning the TarpeianRock, the Italian throws him over the precipice and kills him. Fromthat moment, although he is not accused of the deed, the joyous faunbecomes the haunted man. 

"Nothing will ever comfort me!" he says moodily to Miriam, when shewould extenuate his crime. "I have a great weight here!" lifting herhand to his breast. Wild creatures, once his loved companions, shunhim as he, in turn, shuns the face of man. He disappears from thestory, hand-in-hand with Miriam, bound, it would seem, upona penitential pilgrimage, or to begin a new life in anotherhemisphere. --Nathaniel Hawthorne, _The Marble Faun_ (1860). 

DONATION OF PEPIN. When Pepin conquered Ataulf (Adolphus), theexarchate of Ravenna fell into his hands. Pepin gave the pope both theex-archate and the republic of Rome; and this munificent gift is theworld-famous "Donation of Pepin, " on which rested the whole fabric ofthe temporal power of the popes (A. D. 755). Victor Emmanuel, king ofItaly, dispossessed the pope of his temporal sovereignty, and addedthe papal states to the united kingdom of Italy, over which he reigned(1870). 

DONDASCH', an Oriental giant, contemporary with Seth, to whose servicehe was attached. He needed no weapons, because he could destroyanything by his muscular force. 

DON'EGILD (3 _syl_. ), the wicked mother of Alia, king ofNorthumberland. Hating Custance because she was a Christian, Donegildset her adrift with her infant son. When Alia returned from Scotland, and discovered this act of cruelty, he put his mother to death; thengoing to Rome on a pilgrimage, met his wife and child, who had beenbrought there a little time previously. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_("The Man of Law's Tale, " 1388). 

DON'ET, the first grammar put into the hands of scholars. It was thatof Dona'tus the grammarian, who taught in Rome in the fourth century, and was the preceptor of St. Jerome. When "Graunde Amour" was sent tostudy under Lady Gramer, she taught him, as he says:

 First my donet, and then my accedence. 

S. Hawes, _The Pastime of Plesure_, v. (time Henry VII. ). 

DONI'CA, only child of the lord of Ar'kinlow (an elderly man). YoungEb'erhard loved her, and the Finnish maiden was betrothed to him. Walking one evening by the lake, Donica heard the sound of thedeath-spectre, and fell lifeless in the arms of her lover. Presentlythe dead maiden received a supernatural vitality, but her cheeks werewan, her lips livid, her eyes lustreless, and her lap-dog howled whenit saw her. Eberhard still resolved to marry her, and to church theywent; but when he took Donica's hand into his own it was cold andclammy, the demon fled from her, and the body dropped a corpse at thefeet of the bridegroom. --R. Southey, _Donica_ (a Finnish ballad). 

DONNERHU'GEL _(Rudolph)_, one of the Swiss deputies to Charles "theBold, " duke of Burgundy. He is cousin of the sons of Arnold Biedermanthe landamman of Unterwalden _(alias_ Count Arnold of Geierstein). 

_Theodore Donnerhugel_, uncle of Rudolph. He was page to the formerBaron of Arnheim _[Arnhime]. _--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_(time, Edward IV. ). 

DO'NY, Florimel's dwarf. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 5 and iv. 2(1590, 1596). 

DONZEL DEL FE'BO (_El_), _the knight of the sun_, a Spanish romancein _The Mirror of Knighthood_. He was "most excellently fair, " and a"great wanderer;" hence he is alluded to as "that wandering knight sofair. "

DOO'LIN OF MAYENCE (2 _syl. _), the hero and title of an old Frenchromance of chivalry. He was ancestor of Ogier the Dane. His sword wascalled _Merveilleuse_ ("wonderful"). 

DOOMSDAY SEDGWICK, William Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" during theCommonwealth. He pretended that the time of doomsday had been revealedto him in a vision; and, going into the garden of Sir Francis Bussell, he denounced a party of gentlemen playing at bowls, and bade themprepare for the day of doom, which was at hand. 

DOORM, an earl who tried to make Enid his handmaid, and "smote her onthe cheek" because she would not welcome him. Whereupon herhusband, Count Geraint, started up and slew the "russet-beardedearl. "--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Enid. "). 

DOOR-OPENER (_The_), Cratês, the Theban; so called because he used togo round Athens early of a morning and rebuke the people for theirlate rising. 

DORA [SPENLOW], a pretty, warmhearted little doll of a woman, with nopractical views of the duties of life or the value of money. She wasthe "child-wife" of David Copperfield, and loved to sit by him andhold his pens while he wrote. She died, and David then married AgnesWickfield. Dora's great pet was a dog called "Jip, " which died at thesame time as its mistress. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849). 

DORA'DO (_El_), a land of exhaustless wealth; a golden illusion. Orella'na, lieutenant of Pizarro, asserted that he had discovered a"gold country" between the Orino'co and the Am'azon, in South America. Sir Walter Raleigh twice visited Gruia'na as the spot indicated, andpublished highly colored accounts of its enormous wealth. 

DORALI'CE (4 _syl_. ) a lady beloved by Rodomont, but who marriedMandricardo. --Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

DOR'ALIS, the lady-love of Rodomont, king of Sarza or Algiers. She eloped with Mandricardo, king of Tartary. --Bojardo, _OrlandoInnamorato_ (1495), and Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). 

DORANTE (2 _syl_. ), a name introduced into three of Molière'scomedies. In _Les Fâcheux_ he is a courtier devoted to the chase(1661). In _La Critique de l'école des Femmes_ he is a chevalier(1602). In _Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme_ he is a count in love with themarchioness Doremène (1670). 

DARAS'TUS AND FAUNIA, the hero and heroine of a popular romance byRobert Greene, published in 1588, under the title of _Pandosto and theTriumph of Time_. On this "history" Shakespeare founded his _Winter'sTale_. 

DORAX, the assumed name of Don Alonzo of Alcazar, when he desertedSebastian, king of Portugal, turned renegade, and joined the emperorof Barbary. The cause of his desertion was that Sebastian gave toHenri'quez the lady betrothed to Alonzo. Her name was Violante (4_syl. _) The quarrel between Sebastian and Dorax is a masterly copyof the quarrel and reconciliation between Brutus and Cassius inShakespeare's _Julius Cæsar_. 

Sebastian says to Dorax, "Confess, proud spirit, that better he_[Henriquez]_ deserved my love than thou. " To this Dorax replies:

 I must grant, Yes, I must grant, but with a swelling soul, Henriquez had your love with more desert; For you he fought and died; I fought against you. 

Drayton, _Don Sebastian_ (1690). 

DORCAS, servant to Squire Ingoldsby. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_(time, George III. ). 

_Dorcas_, an old domestic at Cumnor Place. --_Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth). 

DORIA D'ISTRIA, a pseudonym of the Princess Koltzoff-Massalsky, aWallachian authoress (1829-). 

Arthur Donnithorn: Young Squire who seduces Hetty Sorrel in GeorgeEliot's novel of _Adam Bede_. 

DORICOURT, the _fiancê_ of Letitia Hardy. A man of the world and therage of the London season, he is, however, both a gentleman and aman of honor. He had made the "grand tour, " and considered Englishbeauties insipid. --Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle's Stratagem_, (1780). 

 Montague Talbot [1778-1831]. He reigns o'er comedy supreme.. None show for light and airy sport, So exquisite a Doricourt. 

Crofton Croaker. 

DO'RIDON, a beautiful swain, nature's "chiefest work, " more beautifulthan Narcissus, Ganymede, or Adonis. --Wm. Browne, _Britannia'sPastorals_ (1613). 

DO'RIGEN, a lady of high family, who married Arvir'agus out of pityfor his love and meekness. Aurelius sought to entice her away, butshe said she would never listen to his suit till on the British coast"there n'is no stone y-seen. " Aurelius by magic caused all the stonesto disappear, and when Dorigen went and said that her husband insistedon her keeping her word, Aurelius, seeing her dejection, replied, he would sooner die than injure so true a wife and noble agentleman. --Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Franklin's Tale, " 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as Boccaccio's tale of _Dianora andGilberto_, x. 6. See Dianora. )

DOR'IMANT, a genteel, witty libertine. The original of this characterwas the Earl of Rochester--G. Etherege, _The Man of Mode_ or _SirFopling Flutter_ (1676). 

The Dorimants and the Lady Touchwoods, in their own sphere, do notoffend my moral sense; in fact, they do not appeal to it at all. --C. Lamb. 

(The "Lady Touchwood" in Congreve's _Double Dealer_, not the "LadyFrancis Touchwood" in Mrs. Cowley's _Belle's Strategem_, which isquite another character. )

DOR'IMÉNE (3 _syl_. ), daughter of Alcantor, beloved by Sganarelle (3_syl_. ) and Lycaste (2 _syl_. ). She loved "le jeu, les visites, lesassemblés, les cadeaux, et les promenades, en un mot toutes les chosesde plasir, " and wished to marry to get free from the trammels of herhome. She says to Sganarelle (a man of 63), whom she promises tomarry, "Nous n'aurons jamais aucun démêlé ensemble; et je ne vouscontraindrai point dans vos actions, comme j'espère que vous ne mecontraindrez point dans les miennes. "--Molière, _Le Mariage Forcé_(1664). 

(She had been introduced previously as the wife of Sganarelle, in theComedy of _Le Cocu Iniaginaire_, 1660). 

_Dorimène_, the marchioness, in the _Bourgeois Gentilhomme_, byMolière (1670). 

DORIN'DA, the charming daughter of Lady Bountiful; in love withAimwell. She was sprightly and light-hearted, but good and virtuousalso. --George Farquhar, _The Beaux' Stratagem_ (1707). 

_Dorinda_. The rustic maiden, slow and sweet in ungrammatical speech, who helps plant corn by day, and makes picturesque the interior of thecabin in the glare of "lightwood" torches by night; turns men's headsand wins children's hearts in Charles Egbert Craddock's tale, _TheProphet of the Great Smoky Mountains_, (1885). 

DORINE' (2 _syl_. ), attendant of Mariane (daughter of Orgon). Sheridicules the folly of the family, but serves it faithfully. Molière, _Le Tartuffe_ (1664). 

DORLA _(St. John_). A New York girl of great beauty and tenderconscience, who is beguiled into marrying a country lawyer becauseshe thinks he is dying for love of her. Having left out of sight thepossibility that a loveless union leaves room for the entrance of areal passion, she is appalled at finding that she has slipped into anattachment to _A Perfect Adonis_, who has principle enough to leaveher when he discovers the state of his own affections. Finding her awidow on his return to America, he presses his suit, and finds a rivalin her only child, a spoiled baby of five or six years. Overcomingthis obstacle, he weds the mother. --Miriam Coles Harris, _A PerfectAdonis_ (1875). 

D'ORME'O, prime minister of Victor, Amade'us (4 _syl_), and also ofhis son and successor Charles Emmanuel, king of Sardinia. He took hiscolor from the king he served; hence under the tortuous, deceitfulVictor, his policy was marked with crude rascality and duplicity;but under the truthful, single-minded Charles Emmanuel, he becamestraightforward and honest. --R. Browning, _King Victor and KingCharles, etc_. 

DORMER _(Captain)_, benevolent, truthful, and courageous, candid andwarmhearted. He was engaged to Louisa Travers; but the lady was toldthat he was false and had married another, so she gave her hand toLord Davenant. 

_Marianne Dormer_, sister of the captain. She married Lord Davenant, who called himself Mr. Brooke; but he forsook her in three months, giving out that he was dead. Marianne, supposing herself to be awidow, married his lordship's son. --Cumberland, _The MysteriousHusband_ (1783). 

_Dormer (Caroline)_, the orphan daughter of a London merchant, who wasonce very wealthy, but became bankrupt and died, leaving his daughter£200 a year. This annuity, however, she loses through the knavery ofher man of business. When reduced to penury, her old lover, HenryMorland (supposed to have perished at sea), makes his appearance andmarries her, by which she becomes the Lady Duberly. --G. Coleman, _TheHeir-at-Law_ (1797). 

DORNTON _(Mr. )_, a great banker, who adores his son Harry. He triesto be stern with him when he sees him going the road to ruin, but ismelted by a kind word. 

Joseph Mnnden [1758-1832] was the original representative of "OldDornton" and a host of other characters. --_Memoir_ (1832. )

_Harry Dornton_, son of the above. A noble-hearted fellow, spoilt byover-indulgence. He becomes a regular rake, loses money at Newmarket, and goes post-speed the road to ruin, led on by Jack Milford. So greatis his extravagance, that his father becomes a bankrupt; but Sulky(his partner in the bank) comes to the rescue. Harry marries SophiaFreelove, and both father and son are saved from ruin. --Holcroft, _TheRoad to Euin_ (1792). 

DOROTHE'A, of Andalusi'a, daughter of Cleonardo (an opulent vassal ofthe Duke Ricardo). She was married to Don Fernando, the duke'syounger son, who deserted her for Lucinda (the daughter of an opulentgentlemen), engaged to Cardenio, her equal in rank and fortune. Whenthe wedding day arrived, Lucinda fell into a swoon, a letter informedthe bridegroom that she was already married to Cardenio, and next dayshe took refuge in a convent. Dorothea also left her home, dressed inboy's clothes, and concealed herself in the Sierra Morena or BrownMountain. Now, it so happened that Dorothea, Cardenio, and DonQuixote's party happened to be staying at the Crescent inn, and DonFernando, who had abducted Lucinda from the convent, halted at thesame place. Here he found his wife Dorothea, and Lucinda her husbandCardenio. All these misfortunes thus came to an end, and the partiesmated with their respective spouses. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. Iv. (1605). 

_Dorothe'a_, sister of Mons. Thomas. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619). 

_Dorothe'a_, the "virgin martyr, " attended by Angelo, an angel in thesemblance of a page, first presented to Dorothea as a beggar-boy, towhom she gave alms. --Philip Massinger, _The Virgin Martyr_ (1622). 

_Dorothe'a_, the heroine of Goethe's poem entitled _Hermann andDorothea_ (1797). 

DOR'OTHEUS (3 _syl_. ), the man who spent all his life in endeavoringto elucidate the meaning of one single word in Homer. 

DOR'OTHY _(Old)_, the housekeeper of Simon Glover and his daughter"the fair maid of Perth. "--Sir. W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

_Dor'othy_, charwoman of Old Trapbois the miser and his daughterMartha. --Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I. ). 

DOROTHY PEARSON. The childless wife of a Puritan settler in NewEngland. Her husband brings her home a boy whom he found crouchingunder the gallows of his Quaker father, and she adopts him at once, despite the opposition of "the congregation. " A fortnight after heentered the family, his own mother invades the pulpit of the Orthodoxmeeting house, and delivers an anathema against her sect. Her boypresses forward to meet her, but, after a conflict of emotions shereturns him to Dorothy. He submits, but pines for his mother throughthe months that pass before her return with the news of religioustoleration. Dorothy's loving offices have smoothed the child's pathwayto the grave, and she hangs above him with tears of maternal grief ashe breathes his last in his mother's arms. --Nathaniel Hawthorne, _TheGentle Boy_ (1851. )

_Dorothy Q_. Oliver Wendell Holmes's "grandmother's mother. " Herportrait taken at the age of "thirteen summers, or less, " is thesubject of his lines, "_Dorothy Q. _ A Family Portrait. "

 "O, Damsel Dorothy! Dorothy Q! Strange is the gift that I owe to you; Such a gift as never a king Save to daughter or son might bring, -- All my tenure of heart and hand All my title to house and land, Mother and sister and child and wife And joy and sorrow, and death and life!"

DORRILLON _(Sir William_), a rich Indian merchant and a widower. Hehad one daughter, placed under the care of Mr. And Miss Norberry. Whenthis daughter (Maria) was grown to womanhood, Sir William returnedto England, and wishing to learn the character of Maria, presentedhimself under the assumed name of Mr. Mandred. He found his daughtera fashionable young lady, fond of pleasure, dress, and play, butaffectionate and good-hearted. He was enabled to extricate her fromsome money difficulties, won her heart, revealed himself as herfather, and reclaimed her. 

_Miss [Maria] Dorrillon_, daughter of Sir William; gay, fashionable, light-hearted, accomplished, and very beautiful. "Brought up withouta mother's care or father's caution, " she had some excuse for herwaywardness and frivolity. Sir George Evelyn was her admirer, whom fora time she teased to the very top of her bent; then she married, lovedand reformed. --Mrs. Inchbald, _Wives as they Were and Maids as theyAre_ (1797). 

D'OSBORN _(Count)_, governor of the Giant's Mount Fortress. Thecountess Marie consented to marry him, because he promised to obtainthe acquittal of Ernest de Fridberg, ("the State prisoner"); but henever kept his promise. 

It was by this man's treachery that Ernest was a prisoner, for he keptback the evidence of General Bavois, declaring him innocent. He nextemployed persons to strangle him, but his attempt was thwarted. His villainy being brought to light, he was ordered by the king toexecution. --E. Stirling, _The State Prisoner_ (1847). 

DO'SON, a promise-maker and promise-breaker. Antig'onos, grandson ofDemetrios _(the besieger)_ was so called. 

DOT. (See PERRYBINGLE. )

DOTHEBOYS HALL, a Yorkshire school, where boys were taken-in anddone-for by Mr. Squeers, an arrogant, conceited, puffing, overbearingand ignorant schoolmaster, who fleeced, beat, and starved the boys, but taught them nothing. --C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). 

The original of Dotheboys Hall is still in existence at Bowes, somefive miles from Barnard Castle. The King's Head inn at Barnard Castleis spoken of in _Nicholas Nickleby_, by Newman Noggs. --_Notes andQueries_, April 2, 1875. 

DOTO, NYSÊ, and NERI'NÊ, the three nereids who guarded the fleet ofVasco da Gama. When the treacherous pilot had run the ship in whichVasco was sailing on a sunken rock, these sea nymphs lifted up theprow and turned it round, --Camoens, _Lusiad_, ii. (1569). 

DOUBAN, the physician, cured a Greek king of leprosy by some drugconcealed in a racket handle. The king gave Douban such great rewardsthat the envy of his nobles was excited, and his vizier suggested thata man like Douban was very dangerous to be near the throne. The fearsof the weak king being aroused, he ordered Douban to be put to death. When the physician saw there was no remedy, he gave the king a book, saying, "On the sixth leaf the king will find something affecting hislife. " The king finding the leaves stick, moistened his finger withhis mouth, and by so doing poisoned himself. "Tyrant!" exclaimedDouban, "those who abuse their power merit death. "--_Arabian Nights_("The Greek King and the Physician"). 

_Douban_, physician of the emperor Alexius. --Sir W. Scott, _CountRobert of Paris_ (time Rufus). 

DOUBLE DEALER, _(The)_ "The double dealer" is Maskwell, who pretendslove to lady Touchwood and friendship to Mellefont (2. _syl_. ), inorder to betray them both. The other characters of the comedy alsodeal doubly: Thus Lady Froth pretends to love her husband, but coquetswith Mr. Brisk; and Lady Pliant pretends to be chaste as Diana, buthas a liaison with Careless. On the other hand Brisk pretends toentertain friendship for Lord Froth but makes love to his wife; andNed Careless pretends to respect and honor Lord Pliant, but bamboozleshim in a similar way. --W. Congreve (1700). 

DOUBLEFEE _(Old Jacob_), a money-lender who accommodates the Duke ofBuckingham with loans. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II). 

DOUBTING CASTLE, the castle of giant Despair, into which Christian andHopeful were thrust, but from which they escaped by means of the keycalled "Promise. "--Bunyan, _Pilgrim's Progress_, i. (1678). 

DOUGAL, turnkey at Glasgow, Tolbooth. He is an adherent of RobRoy. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I. ). 

DOUGLAS, divided into _The Black Douglases_ and _The Red Douglases_. 

I. THE BLACK DOUGLASES (or senior branch). Each of these is called"The Black Douglas. "

_The Hardy_, William de Douglas, defender of Berwick (died 1302). 

_The Good Sir James_, eldest son of "The Hardy. " Friend of Bruce. Killed by the Moors in Spain (1330). 

_England's Scourge and Scotland's Bulwark_, William Douglas, knightof Liddesdale. Taken at Neville's Cross, and killed by William, firstearl of Douglas, in 1353. 

_The Flower of Chivalry_, William de Douglas, natural son of "The GoodSir James" (died 1384). 

James second earl of Douglas overthrew Hotspur. Died at Otterburn, 1388. This is the Douglas of the old ballad of _Chevy Chase. _

_Archibald the Grim_, Archibald Douglas, natural son of "The Good SirJames. "

_The Black Douglas_, William, lord of Nithsdale (murdered by the earlof Clifford, 1390). 

_Tineman_ (the loser), Archibald, fourth earl, who lost the battles ofHomildon, Shrewsbury, and Verneuil, in the last of which he was killed(1424). 

William Douglas, eighth earl, stabbed by James II. , and thendespatched with a battle-axe by Sir Patrick Gray, at Stirling, February 13, 1452. Sir Walter Scott alludes to this in _The Lady ofthe Lake_. 

James Douglas, ninth and last earl (died 1488). With him the seniorbranch closes. 

II. THE RED DOUGLASES, a collateral branch. 

_Bell-the-Cat_, the great earl of Angus. He is introduced by Scott in_Marmion_. His two sons fell in the battle of Flodden Field. He diedin a monastery, 1514. 

Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of Angus, and grandson of"Bell-the-Cat. " James Bothwell, one of the family, forms the mostinteresting part of Scott's _Lady of the Lake_. He was the grandfatherof Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. He died 1560. 

James Douglas, earl of Morton, younger-brother of the seventh earl ofAngus. He took part in the murder of Rizzio, and was executed by theinstrument called "the maiden" (1530-1581). 

The "Black Douglas, " introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Castle Dangerous_, is "The Gud schyr James. " This was also the Douglas which was such aterror to the English that the women used to frighten their unrulychildren by saying they would "make the Black Douglas take them. "He first appears in _Castle Dangerous_ as "Knight of the tomb. " Thefollowing nursery rhyme refers to him:--

 Hush ye, hush, ye, little pet ye; Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye; The Black Douglas shall not get thee. 

Sir W. Scott, _Tales of a Grandfather_, i. 6. 

_Douglas_, a tragedy by J. Home (1757). Young Norval, having savedthe life of Lord Randolph, is given a commission in the army. LadyRandolph hears of the exploit, and discovers that the youth is her ownson by her first husband, Lord Douglas. Glenalvon, who hates the newfavorite, persuades Lord Randolph that his wife is too intimate withthe young upstart, and the two surprise them in familiar intercoursein a wood. The youth, being attacked, slays Glenalvon, but is in turnslain by Lord Randolph, who then learns that the young man was LadyRandolph's son. Lady Randolph, in distraction, rushes up a precipiceand throws herself down headlong, and Lord Randolph goes to the warthen raging between Scotland and Denmark. 

_Douglas (Archibald earl of_), father-in-law of Prince Robert, eldestson of Robert III. Of Scotland. 

_Margery of Douglas_, the earl's daughter, and wife of Prince Robertduke of Rothsay. The duke was betrothed to Elizabeth, daughter of theearl of March, but the engagement was broken off by intrigue. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

_Douglas (George)_, nephew of the regent Murray of Scotland, andgrandson of the lady of Lochleven. George Douglas was devoted to MaryQueen of Scots. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

DOUGLAS AND THE BLOODY HEART. The heart of Bruce was entrusted toDouglas to carry to Jerusalem. Landing in Spain, he stopped to aidthe Castilians against the Moors, and in the heat of battle cast the"heart, " enshrined in a golden coffer, into the very thickest of thefoe, saying, "The heart or death!" On he dashed, fearless of danger, to regain the coffer, but perished in the attempt. The familythenceforth adopted the "bloody heart" as their armorial device. 

DOUGLAS LARDER (_The_). When the "Good Sir James" Douglas, in 1306, took his castle by _coup de main_ from the English, he caused allthe barrels containing flour, meal, wheat, and malt to be knocked inpieces and their contents to be thrown on the floor; he then staved inall the hogsheads of wine and ale upon this mass. To this he flungthe dead bodies slain and some dead horses. The English called thisdisgusting mass "The Douglas Larder. " He then set fire to the castleand took refuge in the hills, for he said "he loved far better to hearthe lark sing than the mouse cheep. "

[Illustration] _Wallace's Larder_ is a similar phrase. It is thedungeon of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, where Wallace had the dead bodiesof the garrison thrown, surprised by him in the reign of Edward I. 

Douloureuse Garde (_La_), a castle in Berwick-upon-Tweed, won by SirLauncelot du Lac, in one of the most terrific adventures related inromance. In memory of this event, the name of the castle was changedinto _La Joyeuse Garde_ or _La Garde Joyeuse_. 

Dousterswivel (_Herman_), a German schemer, who obtains money underthe promise of finding hidden wealth by a divining rod. --Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III. ). 

The incident of looking for treasure in the church is copied from onewhich Lily mentions, who went with David Kamsay to search for hiddentreasure in Westminster Abbey. --See _Old and New London_, i. 129. 

DOVE (_Dr. _), the hero of Southey's novel called _The Doctor_ (1834). 

_Dove_ (_Sir Benjamin_), of Cropley Castle, Cornwall. A little, peaking, puling creature, desperately hen-pecked by a second wife;but madam overshot the mark, and the knight was roused to assert andmaintain the mastery. 

That very clever actor Cherry (1769-1812), appeared in "Sir BenjaminDove, " and showed himself a master of his profession. --Boaden. 

_Lady Dove_, twice married, first to Mr. Searcher, king's messenger, and next to Sir Benjamin Dove. She had a _tendresse_ for Mr. Paterson. Lady Dove was a terrible termagant, and when scolding failed used tolament for "poor dear dead Searcher, who--, etc. , etc. " She pulled herbow somewhat too tight, and Sir Benjamin asserted his independence. 

_Sophia Dove_, daughter of Sir Benjamin. She loved Robert Belfield, but was engaged to marry the elder brother Andrew. When, however, thewedding day arrived, Andrew was found to be a married man, and theyounger brother became the bridegroom. --R. Cumberland, _The Brothers_(1769). 

DOWLAS (_Daniel_), a chandler of Gosport, who trades in "coals, cloth, herrings, linen, candles, eggs, sugar, treacle, tea, and brickdust. "This vulgar and illiterate petty shopkeeper is raised to the peerageunder the title of "The Right Hon. Daniel Dowlas, Baron Duberly. "But scarcely has he entered on his honors, when the "heir-at-law, "supposed to have been lost at sea, makes his appearance in the personof Henry Morland. The "heir" settles on Daniel Dowlas an annuity. 

_Deborah Dowlas_, wife of Daniel, and for a short time Lady Duberly. She assumes quite the airs and _ton_ of gentility, and tells herhusband "as he is a pear, he ought to behave as sich. "

_Dick Dowlas_, the son, apprenticed to an attorney at Castleton. Awild young scamp, who can "shoot wild ducks, fling a bar, play atcricket, make punch, catch gudgeons, and dance. " His mother says "heis the sweetest-tempered youth when he has everything his own way. "Dick Dowlas falls in love with Cicely Homespun, and marries her. --G. Colman, _Heir-at-law_ (1797). 

Miss Pope asked me about the dress. I answered. "It should be blackbombazeen ... " I proved to her that not only "Deborah Dowlas, " but allthe rest of the _dramatis personæ_ ought to be in mourning ... Thethree "Dowlases" as relatives of the deceased Lord Duberly; "HenryMorland" as the heir-at-law; "Dr. Pangloss" as a clergyman, "CarolineDormer" for the loss of her father, and "Kenrick" as a servant of theDormer family. --James Smith. 

_Dowlas (Old Dame_), housekeeper to the Duke of Buckingham. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DOWLING-_(Captain)_, a great drunkard, who dies in his cups. --Crabbe, _Borough_, xvi. (1810). 

DOWNER (_Billy_), an occasional porter and shoeblack, a diffuser ofknowledge, a philosopher, a citizen of the world, and an "unfinishedgentleman. "--C. Selby, _The Unfinished Gentleman_. 

DOWNING, PROFESSOR, in the University of Cambridge. So called from SirGeorge Downing, bart. , who founded the law professorship in 1800. 

DOWSABEL, daughter of Cassemen (3 _syl_. ), a knight of Arden; a balladby M. Drayton (1593). 

 Old Chaucer doth of Topaz tell, Mad Rabelais of Pantagruel, A later third of Dowsabel. 

M. Drayton, _Nymphida_. 

DRAC, a sort of fairy in human form, whose abode is the caverns ofrivers. Sometimes these dracs will float like golden cups along astream to entice bathers, but when the bather attempts to catch atthem, the drac draws him under water. --_South of France Mythology_. 

DRA'CHENFELS ("_Dragon rocks_"), so called from the dragon killedthere by Siegfried, the hero of the _Niebelungen Lied_. 

DRAGON (_A_), the device on the royal banner of the old British kings. The leader was called the _pendragon_. Geoffrey of Monmouth says:"When Aurelius was king, there appeared a star at Winchester, ofwonderful magnitude and brightness, darting forth a ray at the end ofwhich was a flame in the form of a dragon. " Uther ordered two goldendragons to be made, one of which he presented to Winchester, and theother he carried with him as a royal standard. Tennyson says thatArthur's helmet had for crest a golden dragon. 

 ... They saw The dragon of the great pendragonship. That crowned the state pavilion of the king. 

 Tennyson, _Guinevere_. 

_Dragon (The)_, one of the masques at Kennaquhair Abbey. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Dragon (The Red_) the personification of "the devil, " as the enemy ofman. --Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, ix. (1633). 

DRAGON OF WANTLEY _(i. E_. Warncliff, in Yorkshire), a skit on the oldmetrical romances, especially on the old rhyming legend of Sir Bevis. The ballad describes the dragon, its outrages, the flight of theinhabitants, the knight choosing his armor, the damsel, the fight andthe victory. The hero is called "More, of More Hall" (_q. V_. )--Percy, _Reliques_, III. Iii. 13. 

(H. Carey, has a burlesque called _The Dragon of Wantley_, and callsthe hero "Moore, of Moore Hall, " 1697-1743). 

DRAGON'S HILL (Berkshire). The legend isays it is here that St. Georgekilled the dragon; but the place assigned for this achievement in theballad given in Percy's _Reliques_ is "Sylene, in Libya. " Anotherlegend gives Berytus _(Beyrut)_ as the place of this encounter. 

(In regard to Dragon Hill, according to Saxon annals, it was here thatCedric (founder of the West Saxons) slew Naud the pendragon, with5, 000 men. )

DRAGON'S TEETH. The tale of Jason and Æêtês is a repetition of that ofCadmus. 

In the tale of CADMUS, we are told the fountain of Arei'a (3 _syl_. )was guarded by a fierce dragon. Cadmus killed the dragon, and sowedits teeth in the earth. From these teeth sprang up armed men called"Sparti, " among whom he flung stones, and the armed men fell foul ofeach other, till all were slain excepting five. 

In the tale of JASON, we are told that having slain the dragon, whichkept watch over the golden fleece, he sowed its teeth in the ground, and armed men sprang up. Jason cast a stone into the midst of them, whereupon the men attacked each other, and were all slain. 

DRAGONS. 

AHBIMAN, the dragon slain by Mithra. --_Persian Mythology_. 

DAHAK, the three-headed dragon slain by Thraetana-Yaçna. --_Persian_. 

FAFNIB, the dragon slain by Sigurd. 

GRENDEL, the dragon slain by Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon hero. 

LA GAGOUILLE, the dragon which ravaged the Seine, slain by St. Romainof Rouen. 

PYTHON, the dragon slain by Apollo. --_Greek Mythology_. 

TAKASQUE (2 _syl_. ), the dragon slain at Aix-la-Chapelle by St. Martha. 

ZOHAK, the dragon slain by Feridun (_Shahndmeh_). 

[Illustration] Numerous dragons have no special name. Many are denotedRed, White, Black, Great, etc.. 

DRAKE (Joseph Rodman), author of _The Culprit Fay_ and _The AmericanFlag_, died at the early age of twenty-five. His elegy was writtenby Fitz-Green Halleck and is known as far as the English tongue isspoken. 

 "Green be the turf above thee, Friend of my better days! None knew thee but to love thee, None named thee but to praise. " (1820). 

DRAMA. The earliest European drama since the fall of the Westernempire appeared in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is called_La Celestina_, and is divided into twenty-one acts. The first act, which runs through fifty pages, was composed by Rodridgo Cota; theother twenty are ascribed to Ferdinando de Rojas. The whole waspublished in 1510. 

The earliest English drama is entitled _Ralph Roister Doister_, acomedy by Nicholas Udal (before 1551, because mentioned by T. Wilson, in his _Rule of Reason_, which appeared in 1551). 

The second English drama was _Gammer Gurton's Needle_, by Mr. S. Master of Arts. Warton, in his _History of English Poetry_ (iv. 32), gives 1551 as the date of this comedy; and Wright, in his _HistoriaHistrionica_, says it appeared in the reign of Edward VI. , who died1553. It is generally ascribed to Bishop Still, but he was only eightyears old in 1551. 

_Drama (Father of the French)_, Etienne, Jodell (1532-1573). 

_Father of the Greek Drama_, Thespis (B. C. Sixth century). 

_Father of the Spanish Drama_, Lopêz de Vega (1562-1635). 

DRAP, one of Queen Mab's maids of honor. --Drayton, _Nymphidia_. 

DRA´PIER'S LETTERS, a series of letters written by Dean Swift, andsigned "M. D. Drapier, " advising the Irish not to take the copper moneycoined by William Wood, to whom George I. Had given a patent. Theseletters (1724) stamped out this infamous job and caused the patentto be cancelled. The patent was obtained by the Duchess of Kendall(mistress of the king), who was to share the profits. 

 Can we the Drapier then forget? Is not our nation in his debt? 'Twas he that writ the "Drapier's Letters. " Dean Swift, _Verses on his own death_. 

DRAWCAN´SIR, a bragging, blustering bully, who took part in a battle, and killed every one on both sides, "sparing neither friend norfoe. "--George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, _The Rehearsal_ (1671). 

 Juan, who was a little superficial, And not in literature a great Drawcansir. Byron, _Don Juan_, xi. 51 (1824). 

At length my enemy appeared, and I went forward some yards like aDrawcansir, but found myself seized with a panic as Paris was when hepresented himself to fight with Menelaus. --Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. (1735). 

DREAM AUTHORSHIP. Coleridge says that he wrote his _Kubla Khan_ fromhis recollection of a dream. 

[Illustration] Condillac (says Cabanis) concluded in his dreams thereasonings left incomplete at bed-time. 

_Dreams_. The Indians believe all dreams to be revelations, sometimesmade by the familiar genius, and sometimes by the "inner or divinesoul. " An Indian, having dreamt that his finger was cut off, had itreally cut off the next day. --Charlevoix, _Journal of a Voyage toNorth America_. 

DREAM´ER (_The Immortal_), John Bunyan, whose _Pilgrim's Progress_ issaid by him to be a dream (1628-1688). 

[Illustration] The pretense of a dream was one of the most commondevices of mediaeval romance, as, for example, the _Romance of theRose_ and _Piers Plowman_, both in the fourteenth century. 

DREARY (_Wat_), _alias_ BROWN WILL, one of Macheath's gang of thieves. He is described by Peachum as "an irregular dog, with an underhandway of disposing of his goods" (act i. 1). --Gay, _The Beggar's Opera_(1727). 

DREW (_Timothy_). A half-witted cobbler who, learning that a tailorhad advertised for "frogs, " catches a bagful and carries them to him, demanding one dollar a hundred. The testy tailor imagining himselfthe victim of a hoax, throws his shears at his head, and Timothy, in revenge empties the bag of bull-frogs upon the clean floor ofBuckram's shop. Next day Timothy's sign was disfigured to read--_ShoesMended and Frogs Caught. By Timothy Drew. _--_The Frog Catcher_, HenryJ. Finn, American Comic Annual 1831. 

DRINK used by actors, orators, etc. 

BRAHAM, bottled porter. 

CATLEY (_Miss_), linseed tea and madeira. 

COOKE (_G. F. _), everything drinkable. 

EMERY, brandy-and-water (cold). 

GLADSTONE (_W. E. _), an egg beaten up in sherry. 

HENDERSON, gum arabic and sherry. 

INCLEDON, madeira. 

JORDAN (_Mrs. _), calves'-foot jelly dissolved in warm sherry. 

KEAN (_Edmund_), beef-tea for breakfast, cold brandy. 

LEWIS, mulled wine (with oysters). 

OXBERRY, tea. 

SMITH (_William_), coffee. 

WOOD (_Mrs. _), draught porter. 

[Illustration] J Kemble took opium. 

_Drink_. "_I drink the air_, " says Ariel, meaning "I will fly withgreat speed. "

In _Henry IV_. We have "devour the way, " meaning the same thing. 

DRI'VER, clerk to Mr. Pleydell, advocate. 

Edinburgh. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

DRIVER OF EUROPE. The duc de Choiseul, minister of Louis XV. , was socalled by the empress of Russia, because he had spies all over Europe, and ruled by them all the political cabals. 

DRO'GIO, probably Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. A Venetian voyagernamed Antonio Zeno (fourteenth century) so called a country which hediscovered. It was said to lie south-west of Estotiland (_Labrador_), but neither Estotiland nor Drogio are recognized by moderngeographers, and both are supposed to be wholly, or in a greatmeasure, hypothetical. 

DRO'MIO _(The Brothers_), two brothers, twins, so much alike that eventheir nearest friends and masters knew not one from the other. Theywere the servants of two masters, also twins and the exact facsimilesof each other. The masters were Antiph'olus of Ephesus and Antipholusof Syracuse. --Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_ (1593). 

(_The Comedy of Errors_ is borrowed from the _Menoechmi_ of Plautus). 

DRONSDAUGHTER (_Tronda_), the old serving-woman of theYellowleys. --Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III. ). 

DROP SERENE (_Gutta Serena_). It was once thought that this sort ofblindness was an incurable extinction of vision by a transparentwatery humor distilling on the optic nerve. It caused total blindness, but made no visible change in the eye. It is now known that this sortof blindness arises from obstruction in the capillary nerve-vessels, and in some cases at least is curable. Milton, speaking of his ownblindness, expresses a doubt whether it arose from the _Gutta Serena_or the _suffusion of a cataract_. 

 So thick a 'drop serene' hath quenched their orbs, Or dim 'suffusion' veiled. 

 Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iii. 25 (1665). 

DROOD (_Edwin_), hero of Charles Dickens' unfinished novel of thatname. 

DRUDGEIT (_Peter_), clerk to Lord Bladderskate. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

DRUGGER (_Abel_), a seller of tobacco; artless and gullible inthe extreme. He was building a new house, and came to Subtle "thealchemist" to know on which side to set the shop door, how to disposethe shelves so as to ensure most luck, on what days he might trust hiscustomers, and when it would be unlucky for him so to do. --Ben Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1610). 

Thomas Weston was "Abel Drugger" himself [1727-1776], but DavidGarrick was fond of the part also [1716-1779]. --C. Dibdin, _History ofthe Stage_. 

DRUGGET, a rich London haberdasher, who has married one of hisdaughters to Sir Charles Racket. Drugget is "very fond of his garden, "but his taste goes no further than a suburban tea-garden with leadenimages, cockney fountains, trees cut into the shapes of animals, andother similar abominations. He is very headstrong, very passionate, and very fond of flattery. 

_Mrs. Druggett_, wife of the above. She knows her husband's foibles, and, like a wise woman, never rubs the hair the wrong way. --A. Murphy, _Three Weeks after Marriage_. 

DRUID (_The_), the _nom de plume_ of Henry

Dixon, sportsman and sporting-writer; One of his books, called_Steeple-chasing_, appeared in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. His lastwork was called _The Saddle and Sirloin. _

[Illustration] Collins calls James Thomson (author of _The Seasons_) adruid, meaning a pastoral British poet or "Nature's High Priest. "

 In yonder grave a Druid lies. Collins (1746). 

_Druid (Dr. )_, a man of North Wales, 65 years of age, the travellingtutor of Lord Abberville, who was only 23. The doctor is a pedant andantiquary, choleric in temper, and immensely bigoted, wholly withoutany knowledge of the human heart, or indeed any practical knowledge atall. 

"Money and trade, I scorn 'em both; ... I have traced the Oxus andthe Po, traversed the Riphæan Mountains, and pierced into the inmostdeserts of Kilmuc Tartary ... I have followed the ravages of KuliChan with rapturous delight. There is a land of wonders; finelydepopulated; gloriously laid waste; fields without a hoof to tread'em; fruits without a hand to gather 'em: with such a catologueof pats, peetles, serpents, scorpions, caterpillars, toads, andputterflies! Oh, 'tis a recreating contemplation indeed to aphilosophic mind!"--Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_ (1780). 

DRUID MONEY, a promise to pay on the Greek Kalends. Patricius says:"Druidæ pecuniam mutuo accipiebant in posteriore vita reddituri. "

 Like money by the Druids borrowed, In th' other world to be restored. Butler, _Hudibras_, iii. 1 (1678). 

[Illustration] Purchase tells us of certain priests of Pekin, "whobarter with the people upon bills of exchange, to be paid in heaven ahundredfold. "--_Pilgrims_, iii. 2. 

DRUM _(Jack), Jack Drum's entertainment_ is giving a guest the coldshoulder. 

Shakespeare calls it "John Drum's entertainment" (_All Well, etc_. , act iii. Sc. 6), and Holinshead speaks of "Tom Drum hisentertaynement, which is to hale a man in by the heade, and thrust himout by both the shoulders. "

DRUMMLE (_Bentley_) AND STARTOP, two young men who read with Mr. Pocket. Drummle is a surly, ill-conditioned fellow, who marriesEstella. --C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). 

DRUNKEN PARLIAMENT, a Scotch parliament assembled at Edinburgh, January I, 1661. 

 It was a mad, warring time, full of extravagance; and no wonder it was so, when the men of affairs were almost perpetually drunk. --Burnet, _His Own Time_ (1723-34). 

DRUON "the Stern, " one of the four knights who attacked Britomart andSir Scudamore (3 _syl_. ). 

 The warlike dame _(Britomart)_ was on her part assaid By Clarabel and Blandamour at one; While Paridel and Druon fiercely laid On Scudamore, both his professèd fone [_foes_]. 

 Spenser, _Faery Queen_, iv. 9 (1596). 

DRUSES (_Return of the_). The Druses, a semi-Mohammedan sect of Syria, being attacked by Osman, take refuge in one of the Spor'adês, andplace themselves under the protection of the Knights of Rhodes. Theseknights slay their sheiks and oppress the fugitives. In the sheikmassacre, Dja'bal is saved by Maä'ni, and entertains the idea ofrevenging his people and leading them back to Syria. To this end hegives out that he is Hakeem, the incarnate god, returned to earth, and soon becomes the leader of the exiled Druses. A plot is formed tomurder the prefect of the isle, and to betray the Island to Venice, if Venice will supply a convoy for their return. An'eal (2 _syl_. ), ayoung woman stabs the prefect, and dies in bitter disappointment whenshe discovers that Djabal is a mere impostor. Djabal stabs himselfwhen his imposition is made public, but Loys, (2 _syl_. ) a Brentoncount, leads the exiles back to Lebanon. Robert Browning. --_The Returnof the Druses_. 

[Illustration] Historically, the Druses, to the number of 160, 000or 200, 000, settled in Syria, between Djebail and Saïde, but theiroriginal seat was Egypt. They quitted Egypt from persecution, led byDara'zi or Durzi, from whom the name Druse (1 _syl_. ) is derived. Thefounder of the sect was the hakêm B'amr-ellah (eleventh century), believed to be incarnate deity, and the last prophet who communicatedbetween God and man. From this founder the head of the sect was calledthe _hakêm_, his residence being Deir-el-Kamar. During the thirteenthor fourteenth century the Druses were banished from Syria, and livedin exile in some of the Sporadês but were led back to Syria early inthe fifteenth century by Count Loys de Duex, a new convert. Since 1588they have been tributaries of the sultan. 

 What say you does this wizard style himself-- Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite? What is this jargon? He the insane prophet, Dead near three hundred years!

Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_. 

DRYAS or DRYAD, a wood-nymph, whose life was bound up with that of hertree (Greek, [Greek: dryas, dryados]. )

"The quickening power of the soul, " like Martha, "is busy aboutmany things, " or like "a Dryas living in a tree. "--Sir John Davies, _Immortality of the soul_, xii. 

DRY-AS-DUST (_The Rev. Doctor_), an hypothetical person whom SirW. Scott makes use of to introduce some of his novels by means ofprefatory letters. The word is a synonym for a dull, prosy, ploddinghistorian, with great show of learning, but very little attractivegrace. 

DRYDEN OF GERMANY _(The)_, Martin Opitz, sometimes called "The Fatherof German Poetry" (1597-1639). 

DRYEESDALE _(Jasper)_, the old steward at Lochleven Castle. --Sir W. Scott, _The Abott_ (time, Elizabeth). 

DRY'OPE (3 _syl_. ), daughter of King Dryops, beloved by Apollo. Apollo, having changed himself into a tortoise, was taken by Dryopêinto her lap, and became the father of Amphis'sos. Ovid says thatDryopê was changed into a lotus _(Met_. , x. 331). 

DUAR'TE (3 _syl_), the vainglorious son of Guiomar. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647). 

DUBOSC, the great thief, who robs the night-mail from Lyons, andmurders the courier. He bears such a strong likeness to JosephLesurques (act i. 1) that their identity is mistaken. --Ed. Stirling, _The Courier of Lyons_ (1852). 

DUBOURG-_(Mons. )_, a merchant at Bordeaux, and agent there ofOsbaldistone of London. 

_Clement Dubourg_, son of the Bordeaux merchant, one of the clerks ofOsbaldistone, merchant. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I. ). 

DUBRIC _(St. )_ or St. Dubricius, archbishop of the City of Legions_(Caerleon-upon-Usk_; Newport is the only part left. ) He set thecrown on the head of Arthur, when only 15 years of age. Geoffrey says(_British history_, ix. 12); This prelate, who was primate of Britain, was so eminent for his piety, that he could cure any sick person byhis prayers. St. Dubric abdicated and lived a hermit, leaving Davidhis successor. Tennyson introduced him in his _Coming of Arthur, Enid_, etc. 

 Dubric, whose report old Carleon yet doth carry. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

 To whom arrived, by Dubric the high saint. Chief of the Church in Britain, and before The stateliest of her altar-shrines, the king That morn was married. Tennyson, _The Coming of Arthur_. 

DUCHO´MAR was in love with Morna, daughter of Comac, king of Ireland. Out of jealousy, he slew Câthba, his more successful rival, went toannounce his death to Morna, and then asked her to marry him. Shereplied she had no love for him, and asked for his sword. "He gave thesword to her tears, " and she stabbed him to the heart. Duchômar beggedthe maiden to pluck the sword from his breast that he might die; andwhen she approached him for the purpose, "he seized the sword fromher, and slew her. "

"Duchômar, most gloomy of men; dark are thy brows and terrible; redare thy rolling eyes ... I love thee not, " said Morna; "hard is thyheart of rock, and dark is thy terrible brow. "--Ossian, _Fingal_, i. 

DUCHRAN (_The laird of_), a friend of Baron Bradwardine. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

DU CROISY and his friend La Grange are desirous to marry two youngladies whose heads are turned by novels. The silly girls fancythe manners of these gentlemen "too unaffected and easy to bearistocratic"; so the gentlemen send to them their valets, as "theviscount de Jodelet, " and "the marquis of Mascarille. " The girls aredelighted whith their titled visitors; but when the game had gone farenough, the masters enter and unmask the trick. By this means thegirls are taught a useful lesson, without being subjected to any fatalconsequence. --Molière, _Les Prècieuses Ridicules_ (1659). 

DUDLEY, a young artist; a disguise assumed by Harry Bertram. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

_Dudley_ (_Captain_), a poor English officer, of strict honor, goodfamily, and many accomplishments. He has served his country for thirtyyears, but can scarcely provide bread for his family. 

_Charles Dudley_, son of Captain Dudley. High-minded, virtuous, generous, poor, and proud. He falls in love with his cousin CharlotteRusport, but forbears proposing to her, because he is poor and she isrich. His grandfather's will is in time brought to light, by which hebecomes the heir of a noble fortune, and he then marries his cousin. 

_Louisa Dudley_, daughter of Captain Dudley. Young, fair, tall, fresh, and lovely. She is courted by Belcour the rich West Indian, to whomultimately she is married. --Cumberland, _The West Indian_ (1771). 

DUDLEY DIAMOND (_The_). In 1868 a black shepherd named Swartzboybrought to his master, Nie Kirk, this diamond, and received for it£400, with which he drank himself to death. Nie Kirk sold it for£12, 000; and the earl of Dudley gave Messrs. Hunt and Roskell £30, 000for it. It weighed in the rough 88 1/2 carats, but cut into a heartshape it weighs 44 1/2 carats. It is triangular in shape, and of greatbrilliancy. 

[Illustration] This magnificent diamond, that called the "Stewart"_(q. V_. ), and the "Twin, " have all been discovered in Africa since1868. 

DUDU, one of the three beauties of the harem, into which Juan, by thesultan's order, had been admitted in female attire. Next day, thesultana, out of jealousy, ordered that both Dudù and Juan should bestitched in a sack and cast into the sea; but by the connivance ofBaba the chief eunuch, they affected their escape. --Byron, _DonJuan_, vi. 42, etc. 

 A kind of sleeping Venus seemed Dudu ... But she was pensive more than melancholy ... The strangest thing was, beauteous, she was holy. Unconscious, albeit turned of quick seventeen. Canto vi. 42-44 (1824). 

DUENNA _(The)_, a comic opera by R. B. Sheridan (1773). Margaret, theduenna, is placed in charge of Louisa, the daughter of Don Jerome. Louisa is in love with Don Antonio, a poor nobleman of Seville; buther father resolves to give her in marriage to Isaac Mendoza, arich Portuguese Jew. As Louisa will not consent to her father'sarrangement, he locks her up in her chamber, and turns the duenna outof doors, but in his impetuous rage he in reality turns his daughterout, and locks up the duenna. Isaac arrives, is introduced to thelady, elopes with her, and is duly married. Louisa flees to theconvent of St. Catharine, and writes to her father for his consent toher marriage to the man of her choice; and Don Jerome supposing shemeans the Jew, gives it freely, and she marries Antonio. When theymeet at breakfast at the old man's house, he finds that Isaac hasmarried the duenna, Louisa has married Antonio, and his son hasmarried Clara; but the old man is reconciled and says, "I am anobstinate old fellow, when I'm in the wrong, but you shall all find mesteady in the right. "

DUESSA _(false faith_), is the personification of the papacy. Shemeets the Red Cross Knight in the society of Sansfoy _(infidelity)_, and when the knight slays Sansfoy, she turns to flight. Beingovertaken, she says her name is Fidessa _(true faith)_, deceivesthe knight, and conducts him to the palace of Lucif'era, where heencounters Sansjoy (canto 2). Duessa dresses the wounds of the RedCross Knight, but places Sansjoy under the care of Escula'pius in theinfernal regions (canto 4). The Red Cross Knight leaves the palaceof Lucifera, and Duessa induces him to drink of the "EnervatingFountain;" Orgoglio then attacks him, and would have slain him ifDuessa had not promised to be his bride. Having cast the Red CrossKnight into a dungeon, Orgoglio dresses his bride in most gorgeousarray, puts on her head "a triple crown" _(the tiara of the pope_), and sets her on a monster beast with "seven heads" _(the seven hillsof Rome_). Una _(truth)_ sends Arthur (England) to rescue the captiveknight, and Arthur slays Orgoglio, wounds the beast, releases theknight, and strips Duessa of her finery _(the Reformation_);whereupon she flies into the wilderness to conceal her shame (canto7). --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590). 

_Duessa_, in bk. V. , allegorizes Mary queen of Scots. She is arraignedby Zeal before Queen Mercilla _(Elizabeth)_, and charged with hightreason. Zeal says he shall pass by for the present "her counselsfalse conspired" with Blandamour _(earl of Northumberland)_, andParidel _(earl of Westmoreland_), leaders of the insurrection of 1569, as that wicked plot came to naught, and the false Duessa was now"an untitled queen. " When Zeal had finished, an old sage named theKingdom's Care _(Lord Burghley)_ spoke, and opinions were divided. Authority, Law of Nations, and Religion thought Duessa guilty, butPity, Danger, Nobility of Birth, and Grief pleaded in her behalf. Zealthen charges the prisoner with murder, sedition, adultery, and lewdimpiety; whereupon the sentence of the court is given against her. Queen Mercilla, being called on to pass sentence, is so overwhelmedwith grief that she rises and leaves the court. --Spenser, _FaëryQueen_, v. 9 (1596). 

DUFF _(Jamie)_, the idiot boy attending Mrs. Bertram's funeral. --SirW. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

DUKE _(My lord_), a duke's servant, who assumes the airs and title ofhis master, and is addressed as "Your grace, " or "My lord duke. " Hewas first a country cowboy, then a wig-maker's apprentice, and thena duke's servant. He could neither write nor read, but was a greatcoxcomb, and set up for a tip-top fine gentleman. --Rev. J. Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1763). 

_Duke (The Iron_), the duke of Wellington, also called "The GreatDuke" (1769-1852). 

DUKE AND DUCHESS, in pt. II. Of _Don Quixote_, who play so manysportive tricks on "the Knight of the Woeful Countenance, " were DonCarlos de Borja, count of Ficallo, and Donna Maria of Aragon, duchessof Villaher'mora, his wife, in whose right the count held extensiveestates on the banks of the Ebro, among others a country seat calledBuena'via, the place referred to by Cervantês (1615). 

DUKE OF MIL'AN, a tragedy by Massinger (1622). A play evidentlyin imitation of Shakespeare's _Othello_. "Sforza" is Othollo;"Francesco, " Iago: "Marcelia, " Desdemona: and "Eugenia, " Emilia. Sforza "the More" [_sic_] doted on Marcelia his young bride, who amplyreturned his love. Francesco, Sforza's favorite, being left lordprotector of Milan during a temporary absence of the duke, triedto corrupt Marcelia; but failing in this, accused her to Sforza ofwantonness. The duke, believing his favorite, slew his beautiful youngbride. The cause of Francesco's villainy was that the duke had seducedhis sister Eugenia. 

[Illustration] Shakespeare's play was produced 1611, about elevenyears before Massinger's tragedy. In act v. 1 we have "Men's injurieswe write in brass, " which brings to mind Shakespeare's line, "Men'sevil manners live in brass, their virtues we write in water. "

(Cumberland reproduced this drama, with some alterations, in 1780). 

DUKE COMBE, William Combe, author of _Dr. Syntax_, and translator of_The Devil upon Two Sticks_, from _Le Diable Boiteux_ of Lesage. Hewas called _duke_ from the splendor of his dress, the profusion of histable, and the magnificence of his deportment. The last fifteen yearsof his life were spent in the King's Bench (1743-1823). 

DULCAMA'RA _(Dr. )_, an itinerant physician, noted for his pomposity;very boastful, and a thorough charlatan. --Donizetti, _L'Elisired'Amore_ (1832). 

DULCARNON. (See DHU'L KARNEIN. )

DULCIFLUOUS DOCTOR, Antony Andreas, a Spanish minorite of the DunsScotus school (_-1320). 

DULCIN'EA DEL TOBO'SO, the lady of Don Quixote's devotion. She was afresh-colored country wench, of an adjacent village, with whom the donwas once in love. Her real name was Aldonza Lorenzo. Her father wasLorenzo Corchuelo, and her mother Aldonza Nogalês. Sancho Panzadescribes her in pt. I. Ii. 11. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. I. I(1605). 

 "Her flowing hair, " says the knight, "is of gold, her forehead the Elysian fields, her eyebrows two celestial arches, her eyes a pair of glorious suns, her cheeks two beds of roses, her lips two coral portals that guard her teeth of Oriental pearl, her neck is alabaster, her hands are polished ivory, and her bosom whiter than the new-fallen snow. "

 Ask you for whom my tears do flow so? 'Tis for Dulcinea del Toboso. _Don Quixote_, I iii. 11 (1605). 

DULL, a constable. --Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's Lost_ (1594). 

DU'MACHUS. The impenitent thief is so called in Longfellow's _GoldenLegend_, and the penitent thief is called Titus. 

In the apocryphal _Gospel of Nicodemis_, the impenitent thief iscalled Gestas, and the penitent one Dysmas. 

In the story of _Joseph of Arimathea_, the impenitent thief is calledGesmas, and the penitent one Dismas. 

 Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. _A Monkish Charm to Scare away Thieves_. 

 Dismas in paradise would dwell, But Gesmas chose his lot in hell. 

DUMAIN, a French lord in attendance on Ferdinand, king of Navarre. Heagreed to spend three years with the king in study, during which timeno woman was to approach the court. Of course, the compact was brokenas soon as made and Dumain fell in love with Katharine. When however, he proposed marriage, Katharine deferred her answer for twelve monthsand a day, hoping by that time "his face would be more bearded, " for, she said, "I'll mark no words that smoothfaced wooers say. "

 The young Dumain, a well-accomplished youth, Of all that virtue love for virtue loved; Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill; For he hath wit to make an ill shape good, And shape to win grace, tho' he had no wit. 

Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's Lost_, act ii. Sc. I (1594). 

DU'MARIN, the husband of Cym'oent, and father of Marinel. --Spenser, _Fairy Queen_, in. 4. 

DUMAS _(Alexandre_ D. ), in 1845, published sixty volumes. 

The most skillful copyist, writing 12 hours a day, can with difficultydo 3, 900 letters in an hour, which gives him 46, 800 per diem, or 60pages of a romance. Thus he could copy 5 volumes octavo per month and60 in a year, supposing that he did not lose one second of time, but worked without ceasing 12 hours every day thoughout the entireyear. --De Mirecourt, _Dumas Père_ (1867). 

DUMB OX _(The). _ St. Thomas Aqui'nas was so called by hisfellow-students at Cologne, from his taciturnity and dreaminess. Sometimes called "The Great Dumb Ox of Sicily. " He was larged-bodied, fat, with a brown complexion, and a large head partly bald. 

 Of a truth, it almost makes me laugh To see men leaving the golden grain, To gather in piles the pitiful chaff That old Peter Lombard thrashed with his brain, To have it caught up and tossed again On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne. 

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

(Thomas Aquinas was subsequently called "The Angelic Doctor, " and the"Angel of the Schools, " 1224-1274. )

DUMBIEDIKES (_The old laird of_), an exacting landlord, taciturn andobstinate. 

The laird of Dumbiedikes had hitherto been moderate in his exactions... But when a stout, active young fellow appeared ... He began tothink so broad a pair of shoulders might bear an additional burden. He regulated, indeed, his management of his dependants as cartersdo their horses, never failing to clap an additional brace ofhundred-weights on a new and willing horse. --Chap. 8 (1818). 

_The young laird of Dumbiedikes_ (3 _syl_. ), a bashful young laird, inlove with Jeanie Deans, but Jeanie marries the Presbyterian minister, Reuben Butler. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, GeorgeII. ). 

DUM'MERAR (_The Rev. Dr. _), a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

DUMMY or SUPERNUMERARY. "Celimène, " in the _Précieuses Ridicules_, does not utter a single word, although she enters with othercharacters on the stage. 

DUMTOUS'TIE (_Mr. Daniel_), a young barrister, and nephew of LordBladderskate. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

DUN (_Squire_), the hangman who came between Richard Brandon and JackKetch. 

 And presently a halter got, Made of the best strong hempen teer, And ere a cat could lick his ear, Had tied him up with as much art As Dun himself could do for's heart. 

Cotton, _Virgil Travestied_, iv. (1677). 

DUN COW (_The_), slain by Sir Guy of Warwick on Dunsmore Heath, wasthe cow kept by a giant in Mitchel Fold [_middle-fold_], Shropshire. Its milk was inexhaustible. One day an old woman, who had filled herpail, wanted to fill her sieve also with its milk, but this so enragedthe cow that it broke away, and wandered to Dunsmore, where it waskilled. 

[Illustration] A huge tusk, probably an elephant's, is still shown atWarwick Castle as one of the horns of this wonderful cow. 

DUNBAR AND MARCH _(George, earl of_), who deserted to Henry IV. OfEngland, because the betrothal of his daughter Elizabeth to the king'seldest son was broken off by court intrigue. 

_Elizabeth Dunbar_, daughter of the earl of Dunbar and March, betrothed to Prince Robert, duke of Rothsay, eldest son of Robert III. Of Scotland. The earl of Douglas contrived to set aside this betrothalin favor of his own daughter Elizabeth, who married the prince, andbecame duchess of Rothsay. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

DUNCAN "the Meek, " king of Scotland, was son of Crynin, and grandsonof Malcolm II. , whom he succeeded on the throne, Macbeth was the sonof the younger sister of Duncan's mother, and hence Duncan and Macbethwere first cousins. Sueno, king of Norway, having invaded Scotland, the command of the army was entrusted to Macbeth and Banquo, and sogreat was their success that only ten men of the invading army wereleft alive. After the battle, King Duncan paid a visit to Macbethin his castle of Inverness, and was there murdered by his host. Thesuccessor to the throne was Duncan's son Malcolm, but Macbeth usurpedthe crown. --Shakespeare, _Macbeth_ (1606). 

_Duncan (Captain)_, of Knockdunder, agent at Roseneath to the Duke ofBuckingham. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). _Duncan (Duroch)_, a follower of Donald Beau Lean. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

DUNCE, wittily or willfully derived from Duns, surnamed "Scotus. "

In the Gaelic, _donas [means]_ "bad luck" or in contempt, "a poorignorant creature. " The Lowland Scotch has _donsie_, "unfortunate, stupid. "--_Notes and Queries_, 225, September 21, 1878. 

DUN'CIAD ("_the dunce epic_"), a satire by Alexander Pope--written torevenge himself upon his literary enemies. The plot is this: Eusdenthe poet-laureate being dead, the goddess of Dulness elects ColleyCibber as his successor. The installation is celebrated by games, themost important being the "reading of two voluminous works, one inverse and the other in prose, without nodding. " King Cibber is thentaken to the temple of Dulness, and lulled to sleep on the lap of thegoddess. In his dream he sees the triumphs of the empire. Finally thegoddess having established the kingdom on a firm basis, Night andChaos are restored, and the poem ends (1728-42). 

DUNDAS, _(Starvation)_, Henry Dundas, first Lord Melville. So calledbecause he introduced into the language the word _starvation_, in aspeech on American affairs (1775). 

DUNDER _(Sir David_), of Dunder Hall, near Dover. An hospitable, conceited, whimsical old gentleman, who forever interrupts a speakerwith "Yes, yes, I know it, " or "Be quiet, I know it. " He rarelyfinishes a sentence, but runs on in this style: "Dover is an odd sortof a--eh?" "It is a dingy kind of a--humph!" "The ladies will be happyto--eh?" He is the father of two daughters, Harriet and Kitty, whom heaccidentally detects in the act of eloping with two guests. To preventa scandal, he sanctions the marriages, and discovers that the twolovers, both in family and fortune, are suitable sons-in-law. 

_Lady Dunder_, fat, fair, and forty if not more. A country lady, morefond of making jams and pastry than doing the fine lady. She preferscooking to croquet, and making the kettle sing to singing herself. (See HARRIET and KITTY. )--G. Colman, _Ways and Means_ (1788). 

William Dowton [1764-1851] played "Sir Anthony Absolute, " "Sir PeterTeazle, " "Sir David Dunder, " and "Sir John Falstaff, " and looked thevery characters he represented. --W. Donaldson, _Recollections_. 

[Illustration] "Sir Anthony Absolute, " in _The Rivals_ (Sheridan);"Sir Peter Teazle, " in _The School for Scandal_ (Sheridan). 

DUNDREAR'Y _(Lord)_, a good natured, indolent, blundering, empty-headed swell; the chief character in Tom Taylor's dramatic pieceentitled _Our American Cousin_. He is greatly characterized by hisadmiration of "Brother Sam, " for his incapacity to follow out thesequence of any train of thought, and for supposing all are insane whodiffer from him. 

(Mr. Sothern of the Haymarket created this character by his power ofconception and the genius of his acting. )

DUNIOS _(The count de_), in Sir W. Scott's novel of _Quentin Durward_(time, Edward IV. ). 

DUNOIS THE BRAVE, hero of the famous French song, set to music byQueen Hortense, mother of Napoleon III. , and called _Partant pourSyrie_. His prayer to the Virgin, when he left for Syria, was:

 Que j'aime la plus belle, Et sois le plus vaillant!

He behaved with great valor, and the count whom he followed gave himhis daughter to wife. The guests, on the bridal day, all cried aloud:

 Amour à la plus belle! Honneur an plus vaillant! Words by M. De Laborde (1809). 

DUN'OVER, a poor gentleman introduced by Sir W. Scott in theintroduction of _The Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

DUNROMMATH, lord of Uthal, one of the Orkneys. He carried offOith'ona, daughter of Nuath (who was engaged to be married to Gaul, son of Morni), and was slain by Gaul in fight. 

Gaul advanced in his arms. Dunrommath shrunk behind his people. Butthe spear of Gaul pierced the gloomy chief; his sword lopped off hishead as it bended in death. --Ossian, _Oithoha_. 

DUNS SCOTUS, called "The Subtle Doctor, " said to have been born atDunse, in Berwickshire, or Dunstance, in Northumberland (1265-1308). 

John Scotus, called _Erigena_ ("Erin-born"), is quite another person(_-886). Erigena is sometimes called "Scotus the Wise, " and lived fourcenturies before "The Subtle Doctor. "

DUN-SHUNNER _(Augustus)_, a _nom de plnme_ of Professor WilliamEdmonstoune Aytoun, in _Blackwood's Magazine_ (1813-1865). 

DUNS'TAN _(St. )_, patron saint of goldsmiths and jewellers. He was asmith, and worked up all sorts of metals in his cell near GlastonburyChurch. It was in this cell that, according to legend, Satan had agossip with the saint, and Dunstan caught his sable majesty by thenose with a pair of red-hot forceps. 

DUNTHAL'MO, lord of Teutha _(the Tweed). _ He went "in his prideagainst Rathmor, " chief of Clutha (_the Clyde_), but being overcome, "his rage arose, " and he went "by night with his warriors" and slewRathmor in his banquet hall. Touched with pity for his two young sons(Calthon and Colmar), he took them to his own house and brought themup. "They bent the bow in his presence, and went forth to his wars. "But observing that their countenances fell, Dunthalmo began to besuspicious of the young men, and shut them up in two separate caves onthe banks of the Tweed, where neither "the sun penetrated by day northe moon by night. " Colmal (the daughter of Dunthalmo), disguised as ayoung warrior, loosed Calthon from his bonds, and fled with him to thecourt of Fingal, to crave aid for the liberation of Colmar. Fingalsent his son Ossian with 300 men to effect this object, but Dunthalmo, hearing of their approach, gathered together his strength and slewColmar. He also seized Calthon, mourning for his brother, and boundhim to an oak. At daybreak Ossian moved to the fight, slew Dunthalmo, and having released Calthon, "gave him to the white-bosomedColmal. "--Ossian, _Calthon and Colmal_. 

DUPELEY (_Sir Charles_), a man who prided himself on his discernmentof character, and defied any woman to entangle him in matrimony;but he mistook Lady Bab Lardoon, a votary of fashion, for anunsophisticated country maiden, and proposed marriage to her. 

 "I should like to see the woman, " he says, "that could entangle me ... Shew me a woman ... And at the first glance I will discover the whole extent of her artifice. "--Burgoyne, _The Maid of the Oaks_, i. I. 

DUPRÈ [_Du. Pray_'], a servant of Mr. Darlemont, who assists his masterin abandoning Julio, count of Harancour (his ward) in the streets ofParis, for the sake of becoming possessor of his ward's property. Duprè repents and confesses the crime. --Th. Holcroft, _The Deaf andDumb_ (1785). 

DURAN'DAL, the sword of Orlando, the workmanship of fairies. Soadmirable was its temper that it would "cleave the Pyrenees at ablow. "--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516)

DURANDAR'TE (_4 syl_. ), a knight who fell at Roncesvallês (_4 syl_. ). Durandartê loved Belerma whom he served for seven years, and was thenslain; but in dying he requested his cousin Montesi'nos to take hisheart to Belerma. 

 Sweet in manners, fair in favor, Mild in temper, fierce in fight. Lewis. 

DUR'DEN _(Dame)_, a notable country gentlewoman, who kept fivemen-servants "to use the spade and flail, " and five women-servants "tocarry the milken-pail. " The five men loved the five maids. Their nameswere:

 Moll and Bet, and Doll and Kate, and Dorothy Draggletail; John and Dick, and Joe and Jack, and Humphrey with his flail. _A Well-known Glee_. 

(In _Bleak House_, by C. Dickens, Esther Summerson is playfully called"Dame Durden. ")

DURETETE _(Captain)_, a rather heavy gentleman who takes lessons ingallantry from his friend, young Mirabel. Very bashful with ladies, and for ever sparring with Bisarre, who teazes him unmercifully_[Dure-tait, Be-zar']. _--G. Farquhar, _The Inconstant_ (1702). 

DURINDA'NA, Orlando's sword, given him by his cousin Malagi'gi. Thissword and the horn Olifant were buried at the feet of the hero. 

[Illustration] Charlemagne's sword "Joyeuse" was also buried with him, and "Tizo'na" was buried with the Cid. 

DUROTI'GES (4. _syl_. ). Below the Hedui (those of Somersetshire) camethe Durotigês, sometimes called Mor'ini. Their capital was Du'rinum(_Dorchester_), and their territory extended to Vindel'ia (_PortlandIsle_). --Richard of Cireneestre, _Ancient State of Britain_, vi. 15. 

The Durotigês on the Dorsetian sand. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613). 

DURWARD (_Quentin_), hero and title of a novel by Sir W. Scott. Quentin Durward is the nephew of Ludovic Lesly (surnamed _LeBalafré_). He enrolls himself in the Scottish guard, a company of archers inthe pay of Louis XI. , at Plessis les Tours, and saves the king in aboar-hunt. When Lèigeis is assaulted by insurgents, Quentin Durwardand the Countess Isabelle de Croye escape on horseback. The countesspublicly refuses to marry the duc d'Orlèans, and ultimately marriesthe young Scotchman. 

DUSRONNAL, one of the two steeds of Cuthullin, general of the Irishtribes. The other was "Sulin-Sifadda" (_q. V. _). 

 Before the left side of the car is seen the snorting horse. The thin-maned, high-headed, strong-hoofed, fleet, bounding son of the hill. His name Dusronnal, among the stormy sons of the sword ... The [_two_] steeds like wreaths of mist fly over the vales. The wildness of deer is in their course, the strength of eagles descending on the prey. --Ossian, _Fingal_ i. 

DUTCH SCHOOL of painting, noted for its exactness of detail andtruthfullness to life:--For _Portraits_: Rembrandt, Bol, Flinck, Hals, and Vanderhelst. 

For _Conversation pieces_: Gerhard Douw, Terburg, Metzu, Mieris, andNetscher. 

For _low life_: Ostade Brower and Jan Steen. 

For _landscapes_: Ruysdael, Hobbema, Cuyp, Vanderneer (_moonlightscenes_), Berchem and A. Both. 

For _battle scenes_: Wouvermans and Huchtenburg. 

For _marine pieces_: Vandevelde and Bakhuizen. 

For _still life and flowers_: Kalf, A. Van Utrecht, Van Huysum, and DeHeem. 

DUTCH HOUSEWIFERY. In his papers upon _Old New York_ (1846), JohnFanning Watson pays a just tribute to Knickerbocker housekeepers. 

 "The cleanliness of Dutch housewifery was always extreme. Everything had to submit to scrubbing and scouring; dirt in no form could be endured by them, and dear as water was in the city, where it was generally sold, still it was in perpetual requisition. It was their honest pride to see a well-furnished dresser, showing copper and pewter in shining splendor as if for ornament rather than for use. In all this they differed widely from the Germans, a people with whom they have been erroneously and often confounded. Roost fowls and ducks are not more different. As water draws one it repels the other. "

DUTTON (_Mrs. Dolly_), dairy-maid to the Duke of Argyll. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time George II. ). 

DWARF. The following are celebrated dwarfs of real life:--

ANDROMEDA, 2 feet 4 inches. One of Julia's free maids. 

ARISTRATOS, the poet. "So small, " says Athenaeos, "that no one couldsee him. "

BEBE (2 _syl_), 2 feet 9 inches. The dwarf of Stanislas, king ofPoland (died 1764). BORUWLASKI (_Count Joseph_), 2 feet 4 inches. Diedaged 98 (1739-1837). He had a brother and a sister both dwarfs. 

BUCHINGER (_Matthew_), who had no arms or legs, but _fins_ from theshoulders. He could draw, write, thread needles, and play the hautboy. Fac-similes of his writing are preserved among the Harleian MSS. (born1674-_). 

CHUNG, recently exhibited with Chang the giant. 

COLO'BRI (_Prince_), of Sleswig, 25 inches; weight, 25 lbs. (1851). 

CONOPAS, 2 feet 4 inches. One of the dwarfs of Julia, niece ofAugustus. 

COPPERNIN, the dwarf of the princess of Wales, mother of George III. The last court-dwarf in England. 

CRACHAMI (_Caroline_), a Sicilian, born at Palermo, 20 inches. Herskeleton is preserved in Hunter's Museum (1814-1824). 

DECKER or DUCKER (_John_), 2 feet 6 inches. An Englishman (1610). 

FARREL (_Owen_), 3 feet 9 inches. Born at Cavan. He was of enormousstrength (died 1742). 

FERRY (_Nicholas_), usually called Bébé, contemporary with Boruwlaski. He was a native of France. Height at death, 2 feet 9 inches (died1737). 

GIBSON (_Richard_) and his wife Anne Shepherd. Neither of them 4 feet. Gibson was a noted portrait painter, and a page of the back-stairsin the court of Charles I. The king honored the wedding with hispresence; and they had nine children (1615-1690). 

 Design or chance makes others wive, But Nature did this match contrive. 

 Waller (1642). 

HUDSON (_Sir Jeffrey_), 18 inches. He was born at Oakham, inRutlandshire (1619--1678). 

LUCIUS, 2 feet; weight 17 lbs. The dwarf of the Emperor Augustus. PHILE'TAS, a poet, so small that "he wore leaden shoes to preventbeing blown away by the wind" (died B. C. 280). 

PHILIPS (_Calvin_) weighed less than 2 lbs. His thighs were notthicker than a man's thumb. He was born at Bridgewater, Massachusetts, in 1791. 

RITCHIE (_David_), 3 feet 6 inches. Native of Tweeddale. 

SOUVRAY (_Therese_). 

STOBEUIN (_C. H. _) of Nuremberg was less than 3 feet at the age of 20. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters were all under the mediumheight. 

THUMB (_General Tom_). His real name was Charles S. Stratton; 25inches; weight, 25 lbs. At the age of 25. Born at Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1832. 

THUMB (_Tom_), 2 feet 4 inches. A Dutch dwarf. 

XIT, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 

[Illustration] Nicephorus Calistus tells us of an Egyptian dwarf "notbigger than a partridge. "

_Dwarf_ of Lady Clerimond was named Pac'olet. She had a winged horse, which carried off Valentine, Orson, and Clerimond from the dungeonof of Ferragus to the palace of King Pepin; and subsequently carriedValentine to the palace of Alexander, his father, emperor ofConstantinople. _Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century). 

_Dwarf_ (_The Black_), a fairy of malignant propensities, andconsidered the author of all the mischief of the neighborhood. InSir W. Scott's novel so called, this imp is introduced under various_aliases_, as Sir Edward Mauley, Elshander the recluse, cannie Elshie, and the Wise Wight of Micklestane Moor. 

DWARF ALBERICH, the guardian of the Niebelungen hoard. He is twicevanquished by Siegfried, who gets possession of his cloak ofinvisibility, and makes himself master of the hoard. --_The NiebelungenLied_ (1210). 

DWARF PETER, an allegorical romance by Ludwick Tieck. The dwarf is acastle spectre, who advises and aids the family, but all his adviceturns out evil, and all his aid is productive of trouble. The dwarf ismeant for "the law in our members, which wars against the law of ourminds, and brings us into captivity to the law of sin. "

DWINING (_Henbane_), a pottingar or apothecary. --Sir W. Scott, _FairMaid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

DYING SAYINGS (real or traditional):

ADDISON. See how a Christian dies! _or_ See in what peace a Christiancan die!

ANAXAGORAS. Give the boys a holiday. 

[||]AERIA. My Paetus, it is not painful. 

[ç] AUGUSTUS. Vos plaudite. (After asking how he had acted his part inlife. )--Cicero. 

BEAUFORT (_Cardinal Henry_). I pray you all, pray for me. 

BERRY (_Mde. De_). Is not this dying with courage and true greatness?

BRONTE (the brother of the authoresses). While there is life there iswill. (He died standing. )

BYRON. I must sleep now. 

[§] CÆSAR (_Julius_). Et tu, Brute! (To Brutus, when he stabbed him. )

[*] CHARLEMAGNE. Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!

CHARLES I. (of England). Remember! (To William Juxon, archbishop ofCanterbury). 

CHARLES II. (of England). Don't let poor Nellie starve! (Nell Gwynne). 

CHARLES V. Ah! Jesus!

CHARLES IX. (of France). Nurse, nurse, what murder! what blood! Oh! Ihave done wrong. God pardon me! CHARLOTTE (_The Princess_). You makeme drink. Pray, leave me quiet. I find it affects my head. 

CHESTERFIELD. Give Day Rolles a chair. 

COLUMBUS. Lord, into Thy hands I commend my spirit!

CROME (_John_), O Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do love thee!

CROMWELL. My desire is to make what haste I may to be gone. 

[**]DEMONAX (the philosopher). You may go home, the show isover. --Lucian. 

ELDEN (_Lord_). It matters not where I am going, whether the weatherbe cold or hot. 

FONTENELLE. I suffer nothing, but feel a sort of difficulty in livinglonger. 

FRANKLIN. A dying man can do nothing easy. 

GAINSBOROUGH. We are all going to heaven, and Vandyke is of thecompany. 

GEORGE IV. Whatty, what is this? It is death, my boy. They havedeceived me. (Said to his page, Sir Wathen Waller). 

GIBBON. Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu!

[¶] GOETHE. More light!

GREGORY VII. I have loved justice and hated iniquity, therefore I diein exile. 

[*] GREY (_Lady Jane_). Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!

GROTIUS. Be serious. 

HADYN. God preserve the emperor!

HALLER. The artery ceases to beat. 

HAZLITT. I have led a happy life. 

HOBBES. Now am I about to take my last voyage--a great leap in thedark. 

[||] HUNTER (_Dr. William_). If I had strength to hold a pen, I wouldwrite down how easy and pleasant a thing it is to die. 

IRVING. If I die, I die unto the Lord. Amen. 

JAMES V. (of Scotland). It came with a lass, and will go with a lass(_i. E. _ the Scotch crown). 

JEFFERSON (of America). I resign my spirit to God, my daughter to mycountry. 

JOHNSON (_Dr. _). God bless you, my dear! (To Miss Morris). 

KNOX. Now it is come. 

LOUIS I. Huz! huz! Bouquet says: "He turned his face to the wall; andtwice cried, 'Huz! huz!' (_out, out_), and then died. "

LOUIS IX. I will enter now into the house of the Lord. 

[||] Louis XIV. Why weep ye! Did you think I should live for ever?(Then after a pause) I thought dying had been harder. 

[**] Louis XVII. A king should die standing. 

MAHOMET. O, Allah, be it so! Henceforth among the glorious host ofparadise. 

MARGARET (of Scotland, wife of Louis XI. Of France). Fi de la vie!qu'on ne m'en parle plus. 

MARIE ANTOINETTE. Farewell, my children, for ever. I go to yourfather. 

[§] MASANIELLO. Ungratetul traitors! (Said to the assassins. )

MATHEWS (_Charles_). I am ready. 

MIRABEAU. Let me die to the sounds of delicious music. 

MOODY (the actor):

 Reason thus with life, If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing That none but fools would keep. 

 Shakespeare. 

MOORE (_Sir John_). I hope my country will do me justice. 

NAPOLEON I. Mon Dieu! La nation Francaise! Tête d'armée!

NAPOLEON III. Were you at Sedan? (To Dr. Conneau. )

NELSON. I thank God I have done my duty. 

NERO. Qualis artifex pereo!

PALMER (the actor). There is another and a better country. (This hesaid on the stage, it being a line in the part he was acting. From_The Stranger_. )

PITT (_William_). O, my country, how I love thee!

PIZARRO. Jesu!

POPE. Friendship itself is but a part of virtue. 

[**] RABELAIS. Let down the curtain, the farce is over. 

SAND (_George_). Laisez la verdure. (Meaning, "Leave the tomb green, do not cover it over with bricks or stone. " George Sand was Mde. Dudevant. )

SCHILLER. Many things are growing plain and clear to my understanding. 

SCOTT (_Sir Walter_). God bless you all! (To his family. ) SIDNEY(_Algernon_). I know that my Redeemer liveth. I die for the good oldcause. 

SOCRATES. Crito, we owe a cock to Æsculapius. 

STAEL (_Mde. De_). I have loved God, my father, and liberty. 

[¶] TALMA. The worst is, I cannot see. 

[*] TASSO. Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!

THURLOW (_Lord_). I'll be shot if I don't believe I'm dying. 

[**] VESPASIAN. A king should die standing. 

WEBSTER. I still live!

WILLIAM III. (of England). Can this last long? (To his physician). 

WILLIAM OF NASSAU. O God, have mercy upon me, and upon this poornation! (This was said as he was shot by Balthasar Gerard, 1584). 

WOLFE (_General_). What! do they run already? Then I die happy. 

WYATT (_Thomas_) That which I then said I unsay. That which I now sayis true. (This to the priest who reminded him that he had accused thePrincess Elizabeth of treason to the council, and that he now allegedher to be innocent. )

[Illustration] Those names preceded by similar pilcrows indicate thatthe "dying words" ascribed to them are identical or nearly so. Thusthe [*] before Charlemagne, Columbus, Lady Jane Grey, and Tasso, showthat their words were alike. So with the before Augustus, Demonax, andRabelais; the [**] before Louis XVIII. And Vespasian; the [§] beforeCæsar and Masaniello; the [||] before Arria, Hunter, and Louis XIV. ;and the [¶] before Goethe and Talma. 

DYS'COLUS, Moroseness personified in _The Purple Island_, by PhineasFletcher (1633). "He nothing liked or praised. " Fully described incanto viii. (Greek, _duskolos_, "fretful. ")

DYSMAS, DISMAS, OR DEMAS, the penitent thief crucified with our Lord. The impenitent thief is called Gesmas or Gestas. 

 Alta petit Dismas, infelix innma Gesmas. 

 _Part of a Charm_. 

 To paradise thief Dismas went, But Gesmas died impenitent. 

EADBURGH, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of England, and Eadgifu, his wife. When three years old, her father placed on the child somerings and bracelets, and showed her a chalice and a book of theGospels, asking which she would have. The child chose the chalice andbook, and Edward was pleased that "the child would be a daughter ofGod. " She became a nun, and lived and died in Winchester. 

EAGLE (_The_), ensign of the Roman legion. Before the Cimbrian war, the wolf, the horse, and the boar were also borne as ensigns, butMarius abolished these, and retained the eagle only, hence calledemphatically "The Roman Bird. "

_Eagle (The Theban)_, Pindar, a native of Thebes (B. C. 518-442). 

EAGLE OF BRITTANY, Bertrand Duguesclin, constable of France(1320-1380). 

EAGLE OF DIVINES, Thomas Aqui'nas (1224-1274). 

EAGLE OF MEAUX [_Mo_], Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, bishop of Meaux(1627-1704). 

EAGLE OF THE DOCTORS OF FRANCE, Pierre d'Ailly, a great astrologer, who maintained that the stars foretold the great flood (1350-1425). 

EARNSCLIFFE (_Patrick_), the young laird of Earnscliffe. --Sir W. Scott, _Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

EASTWARD HO! a comedy by Chapman, Marston, and Ben Jonson. For thisdrama the three authors were imprisoned "for disrespect to theirsovereign lord, King James I. " (1605). (See WESTWARD Ho!). 

EASTY (_Mary_), a woman of Salem (Mass), convicted of witchcraft, sends before her death a petition to the court, asserting herinnocence. Of her accusers she says: "I know, and the Lord, He knows(as will shortly appear), that they belie me, and so I question notbut they do others. The Lord alone, who is the searcher of all heartsknows, as I shall answer it at the tribunal seat, that I know not theleast thing of witchcraft. Therefore I cannot, I durst not, beliemy own soul. "--Robert Caleb, _More Wonders of the Invisible World_(1700). 

EASY (_Midshipman_), hero of Marryatt's sea-story of same name. 

_Easy (Sir Charles)_, a man who hates trouble; "so lazy, even in hispleasures, that he would rather lose the woman of his pursuit, thango through any trouble in securing or keeping her. " He says he isresolved in future to "follow no pleasure that rises above the degreeof amusement. " "When once a woman comes to reproach me with vows, andusage, and such stuff, I would as soon hear her talk of bills, bonds, and ejectments; her passion becomes as troublesome as a law-suit, andI would as soon converse with my solicitor. " (act iii. ). 

_Lady Easy_, wife of Sir Charles, who dearly loves him, and knowsall his "naughty ways, " but never shows the slightest indication ofill-temper or jealousy. At last she wholly reclaims him. --ColleyCibber, _The Careless Husband_ (1704). 

EATON THEOPHILUS (_Governor_). In his eulogy upon Governor Eaton, Dr. Cotton Mather lays stress upon the distinction drawn by that eminentChristian man between stoicism and resignation. 

"There is a difference between a sullen silence or a stupidsenselessness under the hand of GOD, and a childlike submissionthereunto. "

"In his daily life", we are told, "he was affable, courteous, andgenerally pleasant, but grave perpetually, and so courteous andcircumspect in his discourses, and so modest in his expressions, thatit became a proverb for incontestable truth, "--"Governor Eaton saidit. "--Cotton Mather, _Magnolia Christi Americana_ (1702). 

EBERSON (_Ear_), the young son of William de la Marck, "The Wild Boarof Ardennes. "--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV. ). 

EBLIS, monarch of the spirits of evil. Once an angel of light, but, refusing to worship Adam, he lost his high estate. Before his fall hewas called Aza'zel. The _Korân_ says: "When We [_God_] said unto theangels, 'Worship Adam, ' they all worshipped except Eblis, who refused... And became of the number of unbelievers" (ch. Ii. ). 

EBON SPEAR (_Knight of the_), Britomart, daughter of King Ryence ofWales. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590). 

EBRAUC, son of Mempric (son of Guendolen and Madden) mythical kingof England. He built Kaer-brauc [_York_], about the time that Davidreigned in Judea. --Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 7 (1142). 

 By Ebrauk's powerful hand York lifts her towers aloft. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). 

ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY (_The Father of_), Eusebius of Cæsarea(264-340). 

[Illustration] His _Historia Fcclesiastica_, in ten books, beginswith the birth of Christ and concludes with the defeat of Licinius byConstantine, A. D. 324. 

ECHEPH'RON, an old soldier, who rebuked the advisers of KingPicrochole (3 _syl_. ), by relating to them the fable of _The Man andhis Ha'p'orth of Milk_. The fable is as follows:--

A shoemaker brought a ha'poth of milk: with this he was going to makebutter; the butter was to buy a cow; the cow was to have a calf; thecalf was to be changed for a colt; and the man was to become a nabob;only he cracked his jug, spilt his milk, and went supperless tobed. --Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, i. 33 (1533. )

This fable is told in the _Arabian Nights_ ("The Barber's FifthBrother, Alnas-char. ") Lafontaine has put it into verse, _Perrette etle Pot au Lait_. Dodsley has the same, _The Milk-maid and her Pail ofMilk_. 

ECHO, in classic poetry, is a female, and in English also; but inOssian echo is called "the son of the rock. "--_Songs of Selma. _

ECK'HART _(The Trusty_), a good servant, who perishes to save hismaster's children from the mountain fiends. --Louis Tieck. 

(Carlyle has translated this tale into English. )

ECLECTA, the "Elect" personified in _The Purple Island_, by PhineasFletcher. She is the daughter of Intellect and Voleta _(free-will)_, and ultimately becomes the bride of Jesus Christ, "the bridegroom"(canto xii. , 1633). 

But let the Kentish lad [_Phineas Fletcher_] ... That sung and crownedEclecta's hymen with ten thousand flowers Of choicest praise ... Bethe sweet pipe. 

Giles Fletcher, _Christ's Triumph, etc_, (1610). 

ÉCOLE DES FEMMES, a comedy of Molière, the plot of which is borrowedfrom the novelletti of _Ser Giovanni_ (1378. )

ECTOR (_Sir_), lord of many parts of England and Wales, andfoster-father of Prince Arthur. His son Sir Key or Kay, was seneschalor steward of Arthur when he became king. --Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 3 (1470. )

[Illustration] Sir Ector and Sir Ector de Maris were two distinctpersons. 

ECTOR DE MARIS (_Sir_), brother "of Sir Launcelot" of Benwick, _i. E. _Brittany. 

Then Sir Ector threw his shield, his sword, and his helm from him, and... He fell down in a swoon; and when he awaked, it were hard for anytongue to tell the doleful complaints [_lamentations_] that he madefor his brother. "Ah, Sir Launcelot" said he "head of all Christianknights. " ... Etc. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 176 (1470. )

EDEN (_A Journey to the land of_), Col. William Evelyn Byrd ofWestover Virginia gives this name to a tract of Southern Virginiasurveyed under his direction and visited by him in one of his numerousexpeditions for the good of the young colony. 

(Colonel Byrd laid out upon his own ground the cities of Richmond andPetersburgh, Va. )--William Evelyn Byrd, _Westover MSS. _ (1728-39). 

_Eden_, in America. A dismal swamp, the climate of which generallyproved fatal to the poor dupes who were induced to settle therethrough the swindling transactions of General Scadder and GeneralChoke. So dismal and dangerous was the place, that even Mark Tapleywas satisfied to have found at last a place where he could "come outjolly with credit. "--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844). 

EDENHALL (_The Luck of_) an old painted goblet, left by the fairieson St. Cuthbert's Well in the garden of Edenhall. The superstition isthat if ever this goblet is lost or broken, there will be no moreluck in the family. The goblet is in possession of Sir ChristopherMusgrave, bart. Edenhall, Cumberland. 

[Illustration] Longfellow has a poem on _The Luck of Edenhall_, translated from Uhland. 

EDGAR (959-775), "king of all the English, " was not crowned till hehad reigned thirteen years (A. D. 973). Then the ceremony was performedat Bath. After this he sailed to Chester, and eight of his vassalkings came with their fleets to pay him homage, and swear fealty tohim by land and sea. The eight are Kenneth (_king of Scots_), Malcolm(_of Cumberland_), Maccus (_of the Isles_), and five Welsh princes, whose names were Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, and Juchil. The eightkings rowed Edgar in a boat (while he acted as steersman) from Chesterto St. John's, where they offered prayer and then returned. 

 At Chester, while he, [_Edgar_] lived at more than kingly charge. Eight tributary kings they rowed him in his barge. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613). 

_Edgar_, son of Gloucester, and his lawful heir. He was disinheritedby Edmund, natural son of the earl. --Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605). 

[Illustration] This was one of the characters of Robert Wilks(1670-1732), and also of Charles Kemble (1774-1854). 

_Edgar_, master of Ravenswood, son of Allan of Ravenswood (a decayedScotch nobleman). Lucy Ashton, being attacked by a wild bull, is savedby Edgar, who shoots it; and the two falling in love with each other, plight their mutual troth, and exchange love-tokens at the "Mermaid'sFountain. " While Edgar is absent in France on State affairs, SirWilliam Ashton, being deprived of his office as lord keeper, isinduced to promise his daughter Lucy in marriage to Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw, and they are married; but next morning, Bucklaw isfound wounded and the bride hidden in the chimney-corner insane. Lucydies in convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and goes abroad. Edgar islost in the quick-sands at Kelpies Flow, in accordance with an ancientprophecy. Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III. ). 

[Illustration] In the opera, Edgar is made to stab himself. 

_Edgar_, an attendant on Prince Robert of Scotland. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time Henry IV. ). 

EDGARDO, master of Ravenswood, in love with Lucia di Lammermoor [_LucyAshton_]. While absent in France on State affairs, the lady is led tobelieve him faithless, and consents to marry the laird of Bucklaw; butshe stabs him on the bridal night, goes mad, and dies. Edgardo alsostabs himself. Donizetti, _Lucia di Lammermoor_ (1835). 

[Illustration] In the novel called _The Bride of Lammermoor_, bySir W. Scott, Edgar is lost in the quicksands at Kelpies Flow, inaccordance with an ancient prophecy. 

EDGEWOOD (_L'Abbe_), who attended Louis XVI. To the scaffold, wascalled "Mons. De Firmount, " a corruption of Fairymount, in Longford(Ireland), where the Edgeworths had extensive domains. 

EDGING (_Mistress_), a prying, mischief making waiting-woman, in _TheCareless Husband_, by Colly Cibber (1704. ) EDITH (_Leete_). Name ofthe two girls beloved and won by Julian West in his first and secondlives. --Edward Bellamy, _Looking Backward_ (1888). 

_Edith_, daughter of Baldwin, the tutor of Rollo and Otto, dukes ofNormandy. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639). 

_Edith_, the "maid of Lorn" (_Argyllshire_), was on the point of beingmarried to Lord Ronald, when Robert, Edward, and Isabel Bruce soughtshelter at the castle. Edith's brother recognized Robert Bruce, andbeing in the English interest a quarrel ensued. The abbot refusedto marry the bridal pair amidst such discord. Edith fled and in thecharacter of a page had many adventures, but at the restoration ofpeace, after the battle of Bannockburn, was duly married to LordRonald. --Sir W. Scott, _Lord of the Isles_ (1815). 

_Edith (the lady)_, mother of Athelstane "the Unready" (thane ofConningsburgh). --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Edith_ [GRANGER], daughter of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton, married at theage of 18 to Colonel Granger of "Ours, " who died within two years, when Edith and her mother lived as adventuresses. Edith became Mr. Dombey's second wife, but the marriage was altogether an unhappy one, and she eloped with Mr. Carker to Dijon, where she left him, havingtaken this foolish step merely to annoy her husband for the slights towhich he had subjected her. On leaving Carker she went to live withher cousin Feenix, in the south of England. --C. Dickens, _Dombey andSon_ (1846). 

EDITH PLANTAGENET (_The lady_), called "The Fair Maid of Anjou, " akinswoman of Richard I. , and attendant of Queen Berenga'ria. Shemarried David, earl of Huntingdon (prince royal of Scotland), and isintroduced by Sir W. Scott in _The Talisman_ (1825). 

EDMUND, natural son of the earl of Gloucester. Both Goneril and Regan(daughters of King Lear) were in love with him. Regan, on the death ofher husband, designed to marry Edmund, but Goneril, out of jealousy, poisoned her sister Regan. --Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605). 

_Edmund Andros_. In a letter to English friends (1698) NathanielByfield writes particulars of the revolt in the New England Coloniesagainst the royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros. 

 "We have, also, advice that on Friday last Sir Edmund Andros did attempt to make an escape in woman's apparel, and passed two guards and was stopped at the third, being discovered by his shoes, not having changed them. " Nathaniel Byfield. --_An Account of the Late Revolution in New England_ (1689). 

_Edmund Dante_ (See MONTE CRISTO). 

EDO'NIAN BANE (_The_), priestesses and other ministers of Bacchus, so called from Edo'nus, a mountain of Thrace, where the rites of thewine-god were celebrated. 

 Accept the rites your bounty well may claim, Nor heed the scoffing of th' Edonian band. 

 Akinside, _Hymn to the Naiads_ (1767). 

EDRIC, a domestic at Hereward's barracks. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robertof Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

EDWARD, brother of Hereward the Varangian guard. He was slain inbattle. --Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). _Edward(Sir). _ He commits a murder, and keeps a narrative of the transactionin an iron chest. Wilford, a young man who acts as his secretary, wasone day caught prying into this chest, and Sir Edward's first impulsewas to kill him; but on second thought he swore the young man tosecrecy, and told him the story of the murder. Wilford, unable to liveunder the suspicious eye of Sir Edward, ran away; but was hunted downby Edward, and accused of robbery. The whole transaction now becamepublic, and Wilford was acquitted. --G. Colman, _The Iron Chest_(1796). 

[Illustration] This drama is based on Goodwin's novel of _CalebWilliams_. "Williams" is called _Wilford_ in the drama, and "Falkland"is called _Sir Edward_. 

 Sowerby, whose mind was always in a ferment, was wont to commit the most ridiculous mistakes. Thus when "Sir Edward" says to "Wilford, " "You may have noticed in my library a chest, " he transposes the words thus: "You may have noticed in my chest a library, " and the house was convulsed with laughter. -- Russell, _Representative Actors_ (appendix). 

EDWARD II. , a tragedy by C. Marlowe (1592), imitated by Shakespeare inhis _Richard II_. (1597). Probably most readers would prefer Marlowe'snoble tragedy to Shakespeare's. 

EDWARD IV. Of England, introduced by Sir W. Scott in his novelentitled _Anne_ of _Geierstein_ (1829). 

EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE, a tragedy by W. Shirley (1640). The subjectof this drama is the victory of Poitiers. 

 Yes, Philip lost the battle [_Cressy_] with the odds Of three to one. In this [_Poitiers_]... The have our numbers more than twelve times told, If we can trust report. 

 Act iii. 2. 

ED'WIDGE, wife of William Tell. --Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (1829). 

EDWIN "the minstrel, " a youth living in romantic seclusion, with agreat thirst for knowledge. He lived in Gothic days in the northcountrie, and fed his flocks on Scotia's mountains. 

 And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy, Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye, Danties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, Save one short pipe of rudest ministrelsy; Silent when glad, affectionate, yet shy ... And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. The neighbors stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad;

 Some deemed him wonderous wise, and some believed him mad. Beattie, _The Minstrel_, 1. (1773). 

EDWIN AND ANGELI'NA. Angelina was the daughter of a wealthy lord, "beside the Tyne. " Her hand was sought in marriage by many suitors, amongst whom was Edwin, "who had neither wealth nor power, but he hadboth wisdom and worth. " Angelina loved him, but "trifled with him, "and Edwin, in despair, left her and retired from the world. One day, Angelina, in boy's clothes, asked hospitality at a hermit's cell; shewas kindly entertained, told her tale, and the hermit proved tobe Edwin. From that hour they never parted more. --Goldsmith, _TheHermit. _

A correspondent accuses me of having taken this ballad from _The Friarof Orders Gray_ ... But if there is any resemblance between the two, Mr. Percy's ballad is taken from mine. I read my ballad to Mr. Percy, and he told me afterwards that he had taken my plan to form thefragments of Shakespeare into a ballad of his own. --Signed, O. Goldsmith, 1767. 

EDWIN AND EMMA. Emma was a rustic beauty of Stanemore, who loved Edwin"the pride of swains;" but Edwin's sister, out of envy, induced hisfather, "a sordid man, " to forbid any intercourse between Edwin andthe cottage. Edwin pined away, and being on the point of death, requested he might be allowed to see Emma. She came and said to him, "My Edwin, live for me;" but on her way home she heard the death belltoll. She just contrived to reach her cottage door, cried to hermother, "He's gone!" and fell down dead at her feet. --Mallet, _Edwinand Emma_ (a ballad). 

ED'YRN, son of Nudd. He ousted the earl of Yn'iol from his earldom, and tried to to win E'nid, the earl's daughter, but failing in this, became the evil genius of the gentle earl. Ultimately, being sentto the court of King Arthur, he became quite a changed man--froma malicious "sparrow-hawk" he was converted into a courteousgentleman. --Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Enid"). 

EFESO (_St_. ), a saint honored in Pisa. He was a Roman officer[_Ephesus_] in the service of Diocletian, whose reign was marked bya great persecution of the Christians. This Efeso or Ephesus wasappointed to see the decree of the emperor against the obnoxious sectcarried out in the island of Sardinia; but being warned in a dream notto persecute the servants of the Lord, both he and his friend Potitoembraced Christianity, and received a standard from Michael thearchangel himself. On one occasion, being taken captive, St. Efeso wascast into a furnace of fire, but received no injury; whereas those whocast him in were consumed by the flames. Ultimately, both Efeso andPotito suffered martyrdom, and were buried in the island of Sardinia. When, however, that island was conquered by Pisa in the eleventhcentury, the relics of the two martyrs were carried off and interredin the duomo of Pisa, and the banner of St. Efeso was thenceforthadopted as the national ensign of Pisa. 

EGALITÉ (_Philippe_), the duc d'Orléans, father of Louis Philippe, king of France. He himself assumed this "title" when he joined therevolutionary party, whose motto was "Liberty, Fraternity, andEgalité" (born 1747, guillotined 1793). 

EGE'US (3 _syl_. ), father of Her'mia. He summoned her before The'seus(2 _syl_. ), duke of Athens, because she refused to marry Demetrius, towhom he had promised her in marriage; and he requested that she mighteither be compelled to marry him or else be dealt with "according tolaw, " _i. E. _ "either to die the death, " or else to "endure the liveryof a nun, and live a barren sister all her life. " Hermia refused tosubmit to an "unwished yoke, " and fled from Athens with Lysander. Demetrius, seeing that Hermia disliked him but that Hel'ena doted onhim, consented to abandon the one and wed the other. When Egëus wasinformed thereof, he withdrew his summons, and gave his consent to theunion of his daughter with Lysander. --Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night'sDream_ (1592). 

[Illustration] S. Knowles, in _The Wife_, makes the plot turn on asimilar "law of marriage" (1833). 

E'GIL, brother of Weland; a great archer. One day, King Nidungcommanded him to shoot at an apple placed on the head of his own son. Egil selected two arrows, and being asked why he wanted two, replied, "One to shoot thee with, O tyrant, if I fail. "

(This is one of the many stories similar to that of _William Tell, q. V. _) EGILO'NA, the wife of Roderick, last of the Gothic kings ofSpain. She was very beautiful, but cold-hearted, vain, and fond ofpomp. After the fall of Roderick, Egilona married Abdal-Aziz, theMoorish governor of Spain; and when Abdal-Aziz was killed by theMoorish rebels, Egilona fell also. 

 The popular rage Fell on them both; and they to whom her name Had been a mark for mockery and reproach, Shuddered with human horror at her fate. 

 Southey, _Roderick, etc_. , xxii. (1814). 

EG'IA, a female Moor, a servant to Amaranta (wife of Bar'tolus, thecovetous lawyer). --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622). 

EG'LAMOUR (_Sir_) or SIR EGLAMORE of Artoys, a knight of Arthurianromance. Sir Eglamour and Sir Pleindamour have no French original, although the names themselves are French. 

_Eg'lamour_, the person who aids Silvia, daughter of the duke ofMilan, in her escape. --Shakespeare, _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_(1594). 

EGLANTINE (3 _syl_. ). Daughter of King Pepin, and bride of her cousinValentine (brother of Orson). She soon died. --_Valentine and Orson_(fifteenth century). 

_Eglantine (Madame)_, the prioress; good-natured, wholly ignorantof the world, vain of her delicacy of manner at table, and fond oflap-dogs. Her dainty oath was "By Saint Eloy!" She "entuned theservice swetely in her nose, " and spoke French "after the scole ofStratford-atte-Bowe. "--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). 

EGMONT. Dutch patriot executed by order of Philip II. OfSpain. --Goethe's _Egmont_ (1788). 

EGYPT, in Dryden's satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, means France. 

 Egypt and Tyrus [_Holland_] intercept your trade. Part i. (1681). 

EGYPTIAN PRINCESS. Nitetis, the real daughter of Hophra, king ofEgypt, and the assumed daughter of Amases, his successor. She wassent to Persia, as the bride of Cambyses, the king, but beforetheir marriage, was falsely accused of infidelity, and committedsuicide. --George Ebers, _An Egyptian Princess_. 

EGYPTIAN THIEF (_The_), Thyamis, a native of Memphis. Knowing he mustdie, he tried to kill Chariclea, the woman he loved. 

 Why should I not, had I the heart to do it, Like to th' Egyptian thief at point of death, Kill what I love? Shakespeare, _Twelth Night_, act v. Sc. 1 (1614). 

EIGHTH WONDER (_The_). When Gil Blas reached Pennaflor, a parasiteentered his room in the inn, hugged him with great energy, and calledhim the "eighth wonder. " When Gil Blas replied that he did not knowhis name had spread so far, the parasite exclaimed, "How! we keep aregister of all the celebrated names within twenty leagues, and haveno doubt Spain will one day be as proud of you as Greece was of theseven sages. " After this, Gil Blas could do no less than ask the manto sup with him. Omelet after omelet was despatched, trout was calledfor, bottle followed bottle, and when the parasite was gorged tosatiety, he rose and said, "Signor Gil Blas, don't believe yourself tobe the eighth wonder of the world because a hungry man would feastby flattering your vanity. " So saying, he stalked away with alaugh. --Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. 2 (1715). 

(This incident is copied from Aleman's romance of _Guzman d'Alfarache, q. V. _)

EIKON BASIL'IKÊ (4 _syl_. ), the portraiture of a king _(i. E. _ CharlesI. ), once attributed to King Charles himself; but now admitted to bethe production of Dr. John Gauden, who (after the restoration) wasfirst created Bishop of Exeter, and then of Worcester (1605-1662). 

In the _Eikon Basilikê_ a strain of majestic melancholy is kept up, but the personated sovereign is rather too theatrical for realnature, the language is too rhetorical and amplified, the periods tooartificially elaborated. --Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, iii. 662. 

(Milton wrote his _Eikonoclasêts_ in answer to Dr. Gauden's _EikonBaslikê_. )

EINER'IAR, the hall of Odin, and asylum of warriors slain in battle. It had 540 gates, each sufficiently wide to admit eight men abreast topass through. --_Scandinavian Mythology. _

EINION (_Father_), Chaplain to Gwenwyn Prince of Powys-land. --Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II. ). 

EIROS. Imaginary personage, who in the other world holds converse with"Charmion" upon the tragedy that has wrecked the world. The cause ofthe ruin was "the extraction of the nitrogen from the atmosphere. "

 "The whole incumbent mass of ether in which we existed burst at once into a species of intense flame for whose surpassing brilliancy and all fervid heat even the angels in the high Heaven of pure knowledge have no name. Thus ended all. "--Edgar Allen Poe, _Conversation of Eiros and Charmion_ (1849). 

ELVIR, a Danish maid, who assumes boy's clothing, and waits on Harold"the Dauntless, " as his page! Subsequently her sex is discovered, andHarold marries her. --Sir. W. Scott, _Harold the Dauntless_ (1817). 

ELAIN, sister of King Arthur by the same mother. She married SirNentres of Carlot, and was by King Arthur the mother of Mordred. (SeeELEIN)--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. (1470). 

[Illustration] In some of the romances there is great confusionbetween Elain (the sister) and Morgause (the half-sister) of Arthur. Both are called the mother of Mordred, and both are also called thewife of Lot. This, however, is a mistake. Elain was the wife of SirNentres, and Morgause of Lot; and if Gawain, Agrawain, Gareth andGaheris were [half] brothers of Mordred, as we are told over and overagain, then Morgause and not Elain was his mother. Tennyson makesBellicent the wife of Lot, but this is not in accordance with any ofthe legends collected by Sir T. Malory. 

ELAINE (_Dame_), daughter of King Pelles (2 _syl_. ) "the foragncountry, " and the unwedded mother of Sir Galahad by Sir Launcelot duLac. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 1 (1470). 

_Elaine_, daughter of King Brandeg'oris, by whom Sir Bors de Ganis hada child. 

[Illustration] It is by no means clear from the history whether Elainewas the daughter of King Brandegoris, or the daughter of Sir Bors andgranddaughter of King Brandegoris. 

_Elaine_' (2 _syl_. ), the strong contrast of Guinevere. Guinevere'slove for Launcelot was gross and sensual, Elaine's was platonic andpure as that of a child; but both were masterful in their strength. Elaine is called "the lily maid of Astolat" (_Guildford_), and knowingthat Launcelot was pledged to celibacy, she pined and died. Accordingto her dying request, her dead body was placed on a bed in a barge, and was thus conveyed by a dumb servitor to the palace of King Arthur. A letter was handed to the king, telling the tale of Elaine's love, and the king ordered the body to be buried, and her story to beblazoned on her tomb. --Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Elaine"). 

EL'AMITES (3 _syl_. ), Persians. So called from Elam, son of Shem. 

EL'BERICH, the most famous dwarf of German romance. --_The Heldenbuch_. 

EL'BOW, a well-meaning but loutish constable. --Shakespeare, _Measurefor Measure_ (1603). 

EL'EANOR, queen-consort of Henry II. , alluded to by the Presbyterianminister in _Woodstock_, x. (1826). 

 "Believe me, young man, thy servant was more likely to see visions than to dream idle dreams in that apartment; for I have always heard that, next to Rosamond's Bower, in which ... She played the wanton, and was afterwards poisoned by Queen Eleanor, Victor Lee's chamber was the place ... Peculiarly the haunt of evil spirits. "--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth). 

ELEANOR CROSSES, twelve or fourteen crosses erected by Edward I. Inthe various towns where the body of his queen rested, when it wasconveyed from Herdelie, near Lincoln, to Westminster. The three thatstill remain are Geddington, Northampton, and Waltham. ELEAZAR theMoor, insolent, bloodthirsty, lustful, and vindictive, like "Aaron, "in [Shakespeare's?] _Titus An-dron'icus. _ The lascivious queen ofSpain is in love with this monster. --C. Marlowe, _Lust's dominion_ or_The Lascivious Queen_ (1588). 

_Elea'zar_, a famous mathematician, who cast out devils by tying tothe nose of the possessed a mystical ring, which the demon no soonersmelled than he abandoned the victim. He performed before the EmperorVespasian; and to prove that something came out of the possessed, hecommanded the demon in making off to upset a pitcher of water, whichit did. 

 I imagine if Eleazar's ring had been put under their noses, we should have seen devils issue with their breath, so loud were these disputants. -- Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 12 (1724). 

ELECTOR (_The Great_), Frederick William of Brandenburg (1620-1688). 

ELEIN, wife of King Ban of Benwick (_Brittany_), and mother of SirLauncelot and Sir Lionell. (See ELAIN. )--Sir T. Malory, _History ofPrince Arthur_, i. 60 (1470)

ELEVEN THOUSAND VIRGINS (_The_), the virgins who followed St. Ur'sulain her flight towards Rome. They were all massacred at Cologne by aparty of Huns, and even to the present hour "their bones" are shownlining the whole interior of the Church of Ste. Ursula. 

A calendar in the Freisingen codex notices them as "SS. M. XLVIRGINUM, " this is, eleven virgin martyrs; but "M" (martyrs) beingtaken for 1000, we get 11, 000. It is furthermore remarkable that thenumber of names known of these virgins is eleven; (1) Ursula, (2)Sencia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Martha, (6) Saula, (7)Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia or Sabatia, (10) Saturia orSaturnia, and (11) Palladia. 

ELFENREIGEN [_el. F'n-ri. Gn_] (4 _syl_. ) or Alpleich, that weird musicwith which Bunting, the pied piper of Hamelin, led forth the ratsinto the river Weser, and the children into a cave in the mountainKoppenberg. The song of the sirens is so called. 

EL'FETA, wife of Cambuscan', king of Tartary. 

EL'FLIDA or AETHELFLAEDA, daughter of King Alfred, and wife ofAethelred, chief of that part of Mercia not claimed by the Danes. Shewas a woman of enormous energy and masculine mind. At the death of herhusband, she ruled over Mercia, and proceeded to fortify city aftercity, as Bridgenorth, Tamworth, Warwick, Hertford, Witham, and so on. Then attacking the Danes, she drove them from place to place, and keptthem from molesting her. 

 When Elflida up-grew ... The puissant Danish powers victoriously pursued, And resolutely here thro' their thick squadrons hewed Her way into the north. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613). 

ELFRIDE (_Swancourt_). Blue-eyed girl, betrothed first to StephenSmith; afterwards she loves passionately Henry Knight. He leavesher in pique, and she weds Lord Luxellian, dying soon after themarriage. --Thomas Hardy, _A Pair of Blue Eyes_ (1873). 

ELF'THRYTH or AELF'THRYTH, daughter of Ordgar, noted for her greatbeauty. King Edgar sent Aethelwald, his friend, to ascertain if shewere really as beautiful as report made her out to be. When Æthelwaldsaw her he fell in love with her, and then, returning to the king, said she was not handsome enough for the king, but was rich enough tomake a very eligible wife for himself. The king assented to the match, and became godfather to the first child, who was called Edgar. Oneday the king told his friend he intended to pay him a visit, andAethelwald revealed to his wife the story of his deceit, imploringher at the same time to conceal her beauty. But Elfthryth, extremelyindignant, did all she could to set forth her beauty. The king fell inlove with her, slew Aethelwald, and married the widow. 

A similar story is told by Herodotus; Prêxaspês being the lady's name, and Kambysês the king's. 

EL'GITHA, a female attendant at Rotherwood on the Lady Rowe'na. --SirW. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

E'LIA, pseudonym of Charles Lamb, author of the _Essays of Elia_(1823). --_London Magazine_. 

ELI'AB, in the satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, by Dry den andTate, is Henry Bennet, earl of Arlington. As Eliab befriended David (1_Chron_. Xii. 9), so the earl befriended Charles II. 

 Hard the task to do Eliab right; Long with the royal wanderer he roved, And firm in all the turns of fortune proved. 

 _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. (1682). 

E'LIAN GOD (_The_), Bacchus. An error for 'Eleuan, _i. E. _ "the godEleleus" (3 _syl_). Bacchus was called _El'eleus_ from the Bacchiccry, _eleleu_!

 As when with crowned cups unto the Elian god Those priests high orgies held. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, vi. (1612). EL'IDURE (3 _syl_. ), surnamed "the Pious, " brother of Gorbonian, andone of the five sons of Morvi'dus (_q. V. _). He resigned the crown tohis brother Arthgallo, who had been deposed. Ten years afterwards, Arthgallo died, and Elidure was again advanced to the throne, but wasdeposed and imprisoned by his two younger brothers. At the death ofthese two brothers, Elidure was taken from prison, and mounted theBritish throne for the third time. --Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 17, 18 (1470). 

 Then Elidure again, crowned with applausive praise, As he a brother raised, by brothers was deposed And put into the Tower ... But, the usurpers dead, Thrice was the British crown set on his reverend head. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612). 

[Illustration] Wordsworth has a poem on this subject. 

ELIJAH FED BY RAVENS. While Elijah was at the brook Cherith, inconcealment, ravens brought him food every morning and evening. --1_Kings_ xvii. 6. 

A strange parallel is recorded of Wyat, in the reign of Richard III. The king cast him into prison, and when he was nearly starved todeath, a cat appeared at the window-grating, and dropped into his handa pigeon, which the warder cooked for him. This was repeated daily. 

E'LIM, the guardian angel of Lebbeus (3 _syl_. ) the apostle. Lebbeus, the softest and most tender of the twelve, at the death of Jesus"sank under the burden of his grief. "--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748). 

ELINOR GREY, self-poised daughter of a statesman in Frank LeeBenedict's novel, _My Daughter Elinor_ (1869). EL'ION, consort ofBeruth, and father of Che. --Sanchoniathon. 

ELIOT (_John_). Of the Apostle to the North American Indians, Dr. Cotton Mather writes:

 "He that will write of Eliot must write of charity, or say nothing. His charity was a star of the first magnitude in the bright constellation of his virtues, and the rays of it were wonderfully various and extensive. "--Cotton Mather, _Magna Christi Americana_ (1702). 

_Eliot (George)_, Marian Evans (or "Mrs. Marian Lewes"), author of_Adam Bede_ (1858), _Mill on the Floss_ (1860), _Silas Marner_ (1861), etc. 

ELISA, often written ELIZA in English, Dido, queen of Carthage. 

 ... Nec me meminisse pigebit Elisae, Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos reget artus. 

 Virgil, _Aeneid_, iv. 335, 336. 

 So to Eliza dawned that cruel day Which tore Æneas from her sight away, That saw him parting, never to return, Herself in funeral flames decreed to burn. 

 Falconer, _The Shipwreck_, iii. 4 (1756). 

ELIS'ABAT, a famous surgeon, who attended Queen Madasi'ma in all hersolitary wanderings, and was her sole companion. --_Amadis de Gaul_(fifteenth century). 

ÉLISABETH OU LES EXILÉS DE SIBERIE, a tale by Madame Cottin(1773-1807). The family being exiled for some political offence, Elizabeth walked all the way from Siberia to Russia, to crave pardonof the Czar. She obtained her prayer, and the family returned. 

ELISABETHA (_Miss_). "She is not young. The tall, spare form stifflyerect, the little wisp of hair behind ceremoniously braided andadorned with a high comb, the long, thin hands and the fine network ofwrinkles over her pellucid, colorless cheeks, tell this. " But she isa gentlewoman, with generations of gentlewomen back of her, and livesfor Doro, her orphan ward, whom she has taught music. She loved hisfather, and for his sake--and his own--loves the boy. She works forhim, hoards for him, and is ambitious for him only. When he grows upand marries a lowborn girl, --"a Minorcan"--and fills the old home withrude children, who break the piano-wires, the old aunt slaves forthem. After he dies, a middle-aged man, she does not leave them. 

"I saw her last year--an old woman, but working still. "--ConstanceFennimore Woolson, _Southern Sketches_ (1880). 

ELISE (2 _syl_. ), the motherless child of Harpagon the miser. She wasaffianced to Valère, by whom she had been "rescued from the waves. "Valère turns out to be the son of Don Thomas d'Alburci, a wealthynobleman of Naples. --Molière, _L'Avare_ (1667). 

ELIS'SA, step-sister of Medi'na and Perissa. They could never agreeupon any subject. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 2 (1590). 

"Medina" (_the golden mean_), "Elissa" and "Perissa" (_the twoextremes_). 

ELIZABETH (_Le Marchant_. ) Nice girl whose life is, darkened by afrustrated elopement, by which she is apparently compromised. Allcomes well in the end. --Rhoda Broughton, _Alas!_ (1890). 

_Elizabeth (The Queen)_, haughty, imperious, but devoted to herpeople. She loved the earl of Essex, and, when she heard that he wasmarried to the countess of Rutland, exclaimed that she never "knewsorrow before. " The queen gave Essex a ring after his rebellion, saying, "Here, from my finger take this ring, a pledge of mercy; andwhensoe'er you send it back, I swear that I will grant whatever boonyou ask. " After his condemnation, Essex sent the ring to the queen bythe countess of Nottingham, craving that her most gracious majestywould spare the life of Lord Southampton; but the countess, fromjealousy, did not give it to the queen. The queen sent a reprieve forEssex, but Burleigh took care that it came too late, and the earl wasbeheaded as a traitor. --Henry Jones, _The Earl of Essex_ (1745). 

_Elizabeth (Queen)_, introduced by Sir W. Scott in his novel called_Kenilworth_. 

ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY (_St. _), patron saint of queens, being herself aqueen. Her day is July 9 (1207-1231). 

ELLEN (_Montgomery_). The orphaned heroine of Susan Warner's story, _The Wide, Wide World_ (1851. )

_Ellen (Wade)_. Girl of eighteen who travels and camps with the familyof Ishmael Bush, although many grades above them in education andrefinement. Betrothed to Paul Hover, the bee-hunter. --James FennimoreCooper, _The Prairie_, (1827). 

ELLESMERE (_Mistress_), the head domestic of Lady Peveril. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

ELLIOTT, (_Hobbie, i. E. _ Halbert), farmer at the Heugh-foot. Hisbride-elect is Grace Armstrong. 

_Mrs. Elliott_, Hobbie's grandmother. _John_ and _Harry_, Hobbie'sbrothers. 

_Lilias, Jean_, and _Arnot_, Hobbie's sisters. --Sir W. Scott, _TheBlack Dwarf_ (time, Anne). 

ELMO (_St. _). _The fire of St. Elmo_ (_Feu de Saint Elme_), acomazant. If only one appears on a ship-mast, foul weather is at hand;but if two or more, they indicate that stormy weather is about tocease. By the Italians these comazants are called the "fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas. " In Latin the single fire is called "Helen, "but the two "Castor and Pollux. " Horace says (_Odes_, I. Xiii. 27):

 Quorum simul alba nautis stella refulsit, Defluit saxis agitatus humor, Concident venti, fugiuntque nubes, etc. 

But Longfellow makes the _stella_ indicative of foul weather:

 Last night I saw St. Elmo's stars, With their glimmering lanterns all at play ... And I knew we should have foul weather to-day. 

 Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_. 

(St. Elmo is the patron saint of sailors. )

ELO´A, the first of seraphs. He name with God is "The Chosen One, " butthe angels call him Eloa. Eloa and Gabriel were angel friends. 

 Eloa, fairest spirit of heaven. His thoughts are past understanding to the mind of man. He looks more lovely than the day-spring, more beaming than the stars of heaven when they first flew into being at the voice of the Creator. --Klopstock, _The Messiah_, i. (1748). 

ELOI (_St. _), that is, St. Louis. The kings of France were calledLoys up to the time of Louis XIII. Probably the "delicate oath" ofChaucer's prioress, who was a French scholar "after the scole ofStratford-atte-Bowe, " was St. Loy, _i. E. _ St. Louis, and not St. Eloithe patron saint of smiths and artists. St. 

Eloi was bishop of Noyon in the reign of Dagobert, and a notedcraftsman in gold and silver. (Query, "Seint Eloy" for Seinte Loy?)

 Ther was also a nonne, a prioresse, That of hire smiling was full simp' and coy, Hire greatest othe was but by Seint Eloy!

 Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (1388). 

EL´OPS. There was a fish so-called, but Milton uses the word(_Paradise Lost_, x. 525) for the dumb serpent or serpent which givesno warning of its approach by hissing or otherwise. (Greek, _ellops_, "mute or dumb. ")

ELOQUENCE (_The Four Monarchs of_): (1) Demonsthenês, the Greek orator(B. C. 385-322); (2) Cicero, the Roman orator (B. C. 106-43); (3) Burke, the English orator (1730-1797); (4) Webster, the American orator(1782-1852). 

ELOQUENT (_That old Man_), Isoc´ratês, the Greek orator. When he heardthat the battle of Chaerone´a was lost, and that Greece was no longerfree, he died of grief. 

 That dishonest victory At Chaeronea, fatal to liberty, Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 

 Milton, _Sonnet_ ix. 

In the United States the term was freely applied to John Quincy Adams, in the latter years of his life. 

ELOQUENT DOCTOR (_The_), Peter Aurelolus, archbishop of Aix(fourteenth century). 

ELPI´NUS, Hope personified. He was "clad in sky-like blue" and themotto of his shield was "I hold by being held. " He went attended byPollic´ita (_promise_). Fully described in canto ix. (Greek, _elpis_, "hope. ")--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_ (1633). 

ELSA. German maiden, accused of having killed her little brother. At her trial a knight appears, drawn by a swan, champions her andvanquishes her accuser. Elsa weds him (Lohengrin) promising never toask of his country or family. She breaks the vow; the swan appears andbears him away from her. --_Lohengrin_ Opera, by Richard Wagner. 

ELSHENDER THE RECLUSE, called "the Canny Elshie" or the "Wise Wight ofMucklestane Moor. " This is "the black dwarf, " or Sir Edward Mauley, the hero of the novel. --Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time Anne). 

ELSIE, the daughter of Gottlieb, a cottage farmer of Bavaria. PrinceHenry of Hoheneck, being struck with leprosy, was told he would neverbe cured till a maiden chaste and spotless offered to give her lifein sacrifice for him. Elsie volunteered to die for the prince, and heaccompanied her to Salerno; but either the exercise, the excitement, or some charm, no matter what, had quite cured the prince, and when heentered the cathedral with Elsie, it was to make her Lady Alicia, his bride. --Hartmann von der Aue, _Poor Henry_ (twelfth century);Longfellow, _Golden Legend_. 

[Illustration] Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetos diedinstead of her husband, but was brought back by Herculês from theshades below, and restored to her husband. 

_Elsie (Venner)_, a girl marked before her birth as one apart from herkind. Her mother, treading upon a rattle-snake near her door, leavesthe imprint of the loathsome thing upon the child. She is a "splendidscowling beauty" with glittering black eyes. When angry, they arenarrowed and gleam like diamonds, and "charm" after an unhumanfashion. She bit her cousin when a child, and the wound had to becauterized. She is wild almost to savagery and she falls in love withher tutor savagely for awhile, afterward loves him hopelessly. Shedies of a strange decline, and the ugly mark about her throat thatobliges her always to wear a necklace has faded out. --Oliver WendellHolmes, _Elsie Venner_ (1861). 

ELSMERE (_Robert_), hero of religious novel of same name, by Mrs. Humphrey Ward. 

ELSPETH (_Auld_), the old servant of Dandie Dinmont, the store-farmerof Charlie's Hope. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time George II. ). 

_Elspeth (Old)_ of the Craigburnfoot, the mother of SaundersMuckelbacket (the old fisherman at Musselcrag), and formerly servantto the countess of Glenallan. --Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (timeGeorge III. ). 

ELVI´NO, a wealthy farmer in love with Ami´na the somnambulist. Amina being found in the bedroom of Conte Rodolfo the day before herwedding, induces Elvino to break off the match and promise marriageto Lisa; but as the truth of the matter breaks upon him, and he isconvinced of Amina's innocence, he turns over Lisa to Alessio, herparamour, and marries Amina, his first and only love. --Bellini'sopera, _La Sonnambula_ (1831). 

ELVI´RA, sister of Don Duart, and niece of the governor of Lisbon. She marries Coldio, the coxcomb son of Don Antonio. --C. Cibber, _LoveMakes a Man_. 

_Elvi´ra_, the young wife of Gomez, a rich old banker. She carries ona liaison with Colonel Lorenzo, by the aid of her father-confessorDominick, but is always checkmated, and it turns out that Lorenzo isher brother. --Dryden, _The Spanish Fryar_ (1680). 

_Elvi´ra_, a noble lady who gives up everything to become the mistressof Pizarro. She tries to soften his rude and cruel nature, and tolead him into more generous ways. Her love being changed to hate, sheengages Rollo to slay Pizarro in his tent; but the noble Peruvianspares his enemy, and makes him a friend. Ultimately, Pizarro is slainin fight with Alonzo, and Elvira retires to a convent. --Sheridan, _Pizarro_ (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 

_Elvi´ra (Donna)_, a lady deceived by Don Giovanni, who basely deludedher into an amour with his valet Leporello. --Mozart's opera, _DonGiovanni_ (1787). 

_Elvi´ra_ "the puritan, " daughter of Lord Walton, betrothed to Arturo(_Lord Arthur Talbot_), a calvalier. On the day of espousals the youngman aids Enrichetta (_Henrietta, widow of Charles I. _) to escape, andElvira, thinking he had eloped with a rival, temporarily loses herreason. Cromwell's soldiers arrest Arturo for treason, but he issubsequently pardoned, and marries Elvira. --Bellini's opera, _IPuritani_ (1834). 

_Elvi´ra_, a lady in love with Erna´ni the robber-captain and head ofa league against Don Carlos (afterwards Charles V. Of Spain). Ernaniwas just on the point of marrying Elvira, when he was summoned todeath by Gomez de Silva, and stabbed himself. --Verdi, _Ernani_ (anopera, 1841). 

_Elvi´ra_, betrothed to Alfonso (son of the Duke d'Arcos). No sooneris the marriage completed than she learns that Alfonso has seducedFenella, a dumb girl, sister of Masaniello the fisherman. Masaniello, to revenge his wrongs, heads an insurrection, and Alfonso with Elvirarun for safety to the fisherman's hut, where they find Fenella, whopromises to protect them. Masaniello, being made chief magistrate ofPor´tici, is killed by the mob; Fenella throws herself into the craterof Vesuvius; and Alfonso is left to live in peace with Elvira. --Auber, _Masaniello_ (1831). 

ELVIRE (_2 syl. _), the wife of Don Juan, whom he abandons. She entersa convent, and tries to reclaim her profligate husband, but withoutsuccess. --Molière, _Don Juan_ (1665). 

ELY (_Bishop of_), introduced by Sir W. Scott in the _Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

EMATH´IAN CONQUEROR (_The Great_), Alexander the Great. Emathia isMacedonia and Thessaly. Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, reignedin Macedonia. Pliny tells us that Alexander, when he besieged Thebes, spared the house in which Pindar the poet was born, out of reverenceto his great abilities. 

EMBLA, the woman Eve of Scandinavian mythology. Eve or Embla was madeof elm, but Ask or Adam was made of ash. 

EM´ELIE or EMELYE, sister-in-law of Duke Theseus (_2 syl. _), belovedby both Pal´amon and Ar´cite (_2 syl. _), but the former had her towife. 

 Emelie that fairer was to scene Than is the lilie on hire stalkê grene, And fresscher than the May with flourês newe. 

 Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ ("The Knight's Tale, " 1388). 

EMERAL´DER, an Irishman, one of the Emerald Isle. 

EMER´ITA (_St_. ), who, when her brother abdicated the British crown, accompanied him to Switzerland, and shared with him there a martyr'sdeath. 

 Emerita the next, King Lucius' sister dear, Who in Helvetia with her martyr brother died. 

 Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622). 

EMILE (_2 syl. _), the chief character of a philosophical romance oneducation by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762). Emile is the author's idealof a young man perfectly educated, every bias but that of naturehaving been carefully withheld. 

N. B. --Emile is the French form of Emilius. 

His body is inured to fatigue, as Rousseau advises in his_Emilius_. --_Continuation of The Arabian Nights_, iv. 69. 

EMIL´IA, wife of Iago, the ancient of Othello in the Venetian army. She is induced by Iago to purloin a certain handkerchief given byOthello to Desdemona. Iago then prevails on Othello to ask his wife toshow him the handkerchief, but she cannot find it, and Iago tellsthe Moor she has given it to Cassio as a love-token. At the death ofDesdemona, Emilia (who till then never suspected the real state ofthe case) reveals the truth of the matter, and Iago rushes on her andkills her. --Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611). 

The virtue of Emilia is such as we often find, worn loosely, but notcast off; easy to commit small crimes, but quickened and alarmed atatrocious villainies. --Dr. Johnson. 

_Emil´ia_, the lady who attended on Queen Hermi´onê inprison. --Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_ (1604). 

_Emilia_, the lady-love of Peregrine Pickle, in Smollett's novelcalled _The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle_ (1751). 

_Emilia_ Galotti. Beautiful daughter of Odoardo, an Italian noble. Sheis affianced to Count Appiani, and beloved by the Prince Guastalla, who causes her lover's death on their wedding-day. To save her fromthe prince, Odoardo stabs Emilia. --G. E. Lessing, _Emilia Galotti_. 

EMILY, the _fiancée_ of Colonel Tamper. Duty called away the colonelto Havana, and on his return he pretended to have lost one eye and oneleg in the war, in order to see if Emily would love him still. Emilywas greatly shocked, and Mr. Prattle the medical practitioner was sentfor. Amongst other gossip, Mr. Prattle told his patient he had seenthe colonel who looked remarkably well, and most certainly was maimedneither in his legs nor in his eyes. Emily now saw through the trick, and resolved to turn the tables on the colonel. For this end sheinduced Mdlle. Florival to appear _en militaire_, under the assumedname of Captain Johnson, and to make desperate love to her. When thecolonel had been thoroughly roasted and was about to quit the houseforever, his friend Major Belford entered and recognized Mdlle. Ashis _fiancée_; the trick was discovered, and all ended happily. --G. Colman, sen. , _The Deuce is in Him_ (1762). 

EMIR OR AMEER, a title given to lieutenants of provinces and otherofficers of the sultan, and occasionally assumed by the sultanhimself. The sultan is not unfrequently call "The Great Ameer, " andthe Ottoman empire is sometimes spoken of as "the country of the GreatAmeer. " What Matthew Paris and other monks call "ammirals" is the sameword. Milton speaks of the "mast of some tall ammiral" (_ParadiseLost_, i. 294). 

The difference between _xariff_ or _sariff_ and _amir_ is this: theformer is given to the _blood_ successors of Mahomet, and the latterto those who maintain his religious faith. --Selden, _Titles of Honor_, vi. 73-4 (1672). 

EM'LY _(Little)_, daughter of Tom, the brother-in-law of Dan'elPeggotty, a Yarmouth fisherman, by whom the orphan child was broughtup. While engaged to Ham Peggotty (Dan'el's nephew) little Em'ly runsaway with Steerforth, a handsome but unprincipled gentleman. Beingsubsequently reclaimed, she emigrates to Australia with Dan'elPeggotty and old Mrs. Gummidge. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_(1849). 

EMMA "the Saxon" or Emma Plantagenet, the beautiful, gentle, andloving wife of David, king of North Wales (twelfth century). --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

EMMONS (_David_), slow, gentle fellow who never "comes to the point"in his courtship, but visits the "girl" for forty years, and gasps outin dying, "I allers--meant to--have--asked--you to marry me. "--Mary E. Wilkins, _Two Old Lovers_ (1887). 

EMPED´OCLES, one of Pythagoras's scholars, who threw himself secretlyinto the crater at Etna, that people might suppose the gods hadcarried him to heaven; but alas! one of his iron pattens was cast outwith the lava, and recognized. 

 He to be deemed A god, leaped fondly into Etna flames, Empedoclês. 

 Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iii. 469, etc. (1665). 

EMPEROR OF BELIEVERS (_The_), Omar I. , father-in-law of Mahomet(581-644). 

EMPEROR OF THE MOUNTAINS, (_The_) Peter the Calabrian, a famousrobber-chief (1812). 

EMPEROR FOR MY PEOPLE. Hadrian used to say, "I am emperor not formyself but for my people" (76, 117-138). 

EMPSON (_Master_), flageolot player to Charles II. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (1823). 

Enan´the (_3 syl. _), daughter of Seleucus, and mistress of PrinceDeme´trius (son of King Antig´onus) She appears under the name ofCelia. --Beaumont and Eletcher, _The Humorous Lieutenant_ (1647). 

ENCEL´ADOS (Latin, _Enceladus_), the most powerful of all the giantswho conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with a thunder-bolt, andcovered with the heap of earth now called Mount Etna. The smoke of thevolcano is the breath of the buried giant; and when he shifts his sideit is an earthquake. 

 Fama est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam Impositam, ruptis flammam expirare caminis; Et, fessum quoties mutet latus, intremere omnem Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo. 

 Virgil, _Aeneid_, iii. 578-582. 

 Where the burning cinders, blown From the lips of the overthrown Enceladus, fill the air. 

 Longfellow, _Enceladus_. 

EN'CRATES (_3 syl_. ), Temperance personified, the husband of Agnei'a(_wifely chastity_). When his wife's sister Parthen'ia _(maidenlychastity_) was wounded in the battle of Mansoul, by False Delight, heand his wife ran to her assistance, and soon routed the foes who werehounding her. Continence (her lover) went also, and poured a balminto her wounds, which healed them. Greek, _egkratês_, "continent, temperate. "

 So have I often seen a purple flower, Fainting thro' heat, hang down her drooping head; But, soon refreshêd with a welcome shower, Begins again her lively beauties spread, And with new pride her silken leaves display. 

Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, xi. (1633). 

ENDELL (_Martha_), a poor fallen girl, to whom Emily goes whenSteerforth deserts her. She emigrates with Dan'el Pegot'ty, andmarries a young farmer in Australia. --C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_(1849). 

ENDIGA, in _Charles XII_. , by J. R. Planche (1826). 

ENDLESS, the rascally lawyer in _No Song No Supper_, by P. Hoare(1754-1834). 

ENDYM'ION, a noted astronomer who, from Mount Latmus, in Caria, discovered the course of the moon. Hence it is fabled that the moonsleeps with Endymion. Strictly speaking, Endymion is the setting sun. 

 So, Latmus by the wise Endymion is renowned; That hill on whose high top he was the first that found Pale Phoebe's wandering course; so skillful in her sphere, As some stick not to say that he enjoyed her there. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, vi. (1612). 

_To sleep like Endymion_, to sleep long and soundly. Endymionrequested of Jove permission to sleep as long as felt inclined. Hencethe proverb, _Endymionis somnum dormire_. Jean Ogier de Gombaud wrotein French a romance or prose poem called _Endymion_ (1624), and one ofthe best paintings of A. L. Girodet is "Endymion. " Cowley, referring toGombaud's romance, says:

 While there is a people or a sun, Endymion's story with the moon shall run. 

John Keats, in 1818, published his _Endymion_ (a poetic romance), and the criticism of the _Quarterly Review_ was falsely said to havecaused his death. 

_Endym´ion. _ So Wm. Browne calls Sir Walter Raleigh, who was for atime in disgrace with Queen Elizabeth, whom he calls "Cyn´thia. "

 The first note that I heard I soon was wonne To think the sighes of fair Endymion, The subject of whose mournful heavy lay, Was his declining with faire Cynthia. 

 _Brittannia's Pastorals_, iv. (1613). 

ENFANTS DE DIEU, the Camisards. 

The royal troops outnumbered the _Enfants de Dieu_, and a notinglorious flight took place. --Ed. Gilliat, _Asylum Christi_, iii. 

ENFIELD (_Mrs. _), the keeper of a house of intrigue, or "gentleman'smagazine" of frail beauties. --Holcroft, _The Deserted Daughter_(1785). 

ENGADDI (_Theodorick, hermit of_), an enthusiast. He was Aberickof Mortemar, an exiled noble. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Engaddi_, one of the towns of Judah, forty miles from Jerusalem, famous for its palm trees. 

 Anchorites beneath Engaddi's palms, Pacing the Dead Sea beach. 

 Longfellow, _Sand of the Desert_

ENGEL´BRECHT, one of the Varangian guards. --Sir W. Scott, _CountRobert of Paris_ (time, Rufus). 

EN´GELRED, 'squire of Sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (follower of PrinceJohn of Anjou, the brother of Richard I. ). --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_(time, Richard I. ). 

EN´GUERRAUD, brother of the Marquis of Montserrat, a crusader. --Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard L). 

E´NID, the personification of spotless purity. She was the daughter ofYn´iol, and wife of Geraint. The tale of Geraint and Enid allegorizesthe contagion of distrust and jealousy, commencing with Guinevere'sinfidelity, and spreading downward among the Arthurian knights. Inorder to save Enid from this taint, Sir Geraint removed from the courtto Devon; but overhearing part of a sentence uttered by Enid, hefancied that she was unfaithful, and treated her for a time withgreat harshness. In an illness, Enid nursed Geraint with such wifelydevotion that he felt convinced of his error. A perfectreconciliation took place, and they "crowned a happy life with a fairdeath". --Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ ("Geraint and Enid. "). 

ENNIUS (_The English_), Lay´amon, who wrote a translation in Saxon of_The Brut_ of Wace (thirteenth century). 

_Ennius (The French_), Jehan de Meung, who wrote a continuation ofLayamon's romance (1260-1320). 

[Illustration] Guillaume de Lorris, author of the _Romance of theRose_, is also called "The French Ennius, " and with better title(1235-1265). 

_Ennius_ (_The Spanish_), Juan de Mena of Cordova (1412-1456). 

ENRIQUE´ (_2 syl. _), brother-in-law of Chrysalde (_2 syl. _). Hemarried secretly Chrysalde's sister Angelique, by whom he had adaughter, Agnes, who was left in charge of a peasant while Enrique wasabsent in America. Having made his fortune in the New World, Enriquereturned and found Agnes in love with Horace, the son of hisfriend Oronte (_2 syl. _). Their union, after the usual quota ofmisunderstanding and cross purposes, was accomplished to the delightof all parties. --Molière, _L'Ecole des Femmes_ (1662). 

ENTEL´ECHY, the kingdom of Queen Quintessence. Pantag´ruel´ andhis companions went to this kingdom in search of the "holybottle. "--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, v. 19 (1545). 

[Illustration] This kingdom of "speculative science" gave the hint toSwift for his island of Lapu´ta. 

EPHE´SIAN, a toper, a dissolute sot, a jovial companion. When Page (2_Henry_ IV. Act ii. Sc. 2) tells Prince Henry that a company ofmen were about to sup with Falstaff, in Eastcheap, and callsthem "Ephesians, " he probably meant soldiers called _féthas_("foot-soldiers"), and hence topers. Malone suggests that the word isa pun on _pheese_ ("to chastise or pay one tit for tat"), and means"quarrelsome fellows. "

EPHE´SIAN POET (_The_), Hippo´nax, born at Ephesus (sixth centuryB. C. ). 

EPIC POETRY (_The Father of_), Homer (about 950 B. C. ). 

EP´ICENE (_3 syl. _), or _The Silent Woman_, one of the three greatcomedies of Ben Jonson (1609). 

The other two are _Volpone_ (_2 syl. _, 1605), and _The Alchemist_(1610). 

EPICURUS. The _aimée de coeur_ of this philosopher was Leontium. (SeeLOVERS). 

EPICURUS OF CHINA, Tao-tse, who commenced the search for "the elixirof perpetual youth and health" (B. C. 540). 

[Illustration] Thomas Moore has a prose romance entitled _TheEpicure'an_. Lucretius the Roman poet, in his _De Rerum Natura_, is anexponent of the Epicurean doctrines. 

EPIDAURUS (_That God in_), Aescula'pius, son of Apollo, who wasworshipped in Epidaurus, a city of Peloponne'sus. Being sent for toRome during a plague, he assumed the form of a serpent. --Livy, _Nat. Hist. _, xi. ; Ovid, _Metaph. _, xv. 

 Never since of serpent kind Lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed Hermionê and Cadmus, or the god In Epidaurus. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ix. 507 (1665). 

(Cadmus and his wife Harmonia [_Hermoine_] left Thebes and migratedinto Illyria, where they were changed into serpents because theyhappened to kill one belonging to Mars. )

EPHIAL'TES (_4 syl. _), one of the giants who made war upon the gods. He was deprived of his left eye by Apollo, and of his right eye byHerculês. 

EPIG'ONI, seven youthful warriors, sons of the seven chiefs who laidsiege to Thebes. All the seven chiefs (except Adrastos) perished inthe siege; but the seven sons, ten years later, took the city andrazed it to the ground. The chiefs and sons were: (1) Adrastos, whose son was Aegi'aleus (_4 syl. _); (2) Polynikês, whose son wasThersan'der; (3) Amphiar'aos (_5 syl. _), whose son was Alkmaeon(_the chief_); (4) Ty'deus (_2 syl. _), whose son was Diomê'des; (5)Kap'aneus (_3 syl. _), whose son was Sthen'elos; (6) Parthenopae'os, whose son was Promachos; (7) Mekis'theus (_3 syl. _), whose son wasEury'alos. 

Æschylos has a tragedy on _The Seven Chiefs against Thebes_. Thereare also two epics, one _The Thebaïd_ of Statius, and _The Epigoni_sometimes attributed to Homer and sometimes to one of the Cyclic poetsof Greece. 

EPIGON'IAD (_The_), called "the Scotch _Iliad_, " by William Wilkie(1721-1772). This is the tale of the Epig'oni or seven sons of theseven chieftains who laid siege to Thebes. The tale is this: WhenOe'dipos abdicated, his two sons agreed to reign alternate years; butat the expiration of the first year, the elder son (Eteoclês) refusedto give up the throne. Whereupon the younger brother (Polynikês)interested six Grecian chiefs to espouse his cause, and the alliedarmies laid siege to Thebes, without success. Subsequently, the sevensons of the old chiefs went against the city to avenge the death oftheir fathers, who had fallen in the former siege. They succeeded intaking the city, and in placing Thersander on the throne. The namesof the seven sons are Thersander, AEgi'aleus, Alkmaeon, Diomedês, Sthen'elos, Pro'machos, and Euryalos. 

EPIMEN'IDES (_5 syl. _) of Crete, sometimes reckoned one of the"seven wise men of Greece" in the place of Periander. He slept forfifty-seven years in a cave, and, on waking, found everything sochanged that he could recognize nothing. Epimenidês lived 289 years, and was adored by the Cretans as one of their "Curetês" or priests ofJove. He was contemporary with Solon. 

(Goethe has a poem called _Des Epimenides Erwachen. _--See Heinrich's_Epimenides. )_

_Epimenides's Drug_. A nymph who loved Epimenides gave him a draughtin a bull's horn, one single drop of which would not only cure anyailment, but would serve for a hearty meal. 

_Le Nouveau Epimenède_ is a man who lives in a dream in a kind of"Castle of Spain, " where he deems himself a king, and does not wish tobe disillusioned. The song is by Jacinthe Leclère, one of the membersof the "Societé de Momus, " of Paris. 

EPINOGRIS _(Sir)_, son of the king of Northumberland. He loved anearl's daughter, but slew the earl in a knightly combat. Next day, aknight challenged him to fight, and the lady was to be the prize ofthe victor. Sir Epinogris, being overthrown, lost the lady; but whenSir Palomidês heard the tale, he promised to recover her. Accordingly, he challenged the victorious knight, who turned out to be his brother. The point of dispute was then amicably arranged by giving up the ladyto Sir Epinogris. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 169(1470). 

EPPIE, one of the servants of the Rev. Josiah Cargill. In the samenovel is Eppie Anderson, one of the servants at the Mowbray Arms, Old St. Ronan's, held by Meg Dods. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Bonarts Well_(time, George III. ). 

EPPS, cook of Saunders Fairford, a lawyer. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). EQUITY (_Father of_), HeneageFinch, earl of Nottingham (1621-1682). In _Absalom and Achitophel_ (byDryden and Tate) he is called "Amri. "

 Sincere was Amri, and not only knew, But Israel's sanctions into practice drew; Our laws, that did a boundless ocean seem, Were coasted all, and fathomed all by him ... To whom the double blessing doth belong, With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 

 _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. (1682). 

EQUIVOKES. 

1. HENRY IV. Was told that "he should not die but in Jerusalem, " whichhe supposed meant the Holy Land; but he died in the Jerusalem Chamber, London, which is the chapter-house of Westminster Abbey. 

2. POPE SYLVESTER was also told that he should die at Jerusalem, andhe died while saying mass in a church so called at Rome. 

3. CAMBYSES, son of Cyrus, was told that he should die in Ecbat'ana, which he supposed meant the capital of Media. Being woundedaccidentally in Syria, he asked the name of the place; and being toldit was Ecbatana, "Here, then, I am destined to end my life. "

4. A Messenian seer, being sent to consult the Delphic oraclerespecting the issue of the Messenian war, then raging, received forreply:

 When the goat stoops to drink of the Neda, O, seer, From Messenia flee, for its ruin is near!

In order to avert this calamity, all goats were diligently chased fromthe banks of the Neda. One day, Theoclos observed a _fig tree_ growingon the river-side, and its branches dipped into the stream. Theinterpretation of the oracle flashed across his mind, for heremembered that _goat_ and _fig tree_, in the Messenian dialect werethe same word. 

[Illustration] The pun would be clearer to an English reader if "astork" were substituted for _the goat_: "When a stork stoops to drinkof the Neda;" and the "stalk" of the fig tree dipping into the stream. 

5. When the allied Greeks demanded of the Delphic oracle what would bethe issue of the battle of Salamis, they received for answer:

 Seed-time and harvest, weeping sires shall tell How thousands fought at Salamis and fell;

but whether the oracle referred to the Greeks or Persians who were tofall by "thousands, " was not stated. 

6. When CROESUS demanded what would be the issue of the battle againstthe Persians, headed by Cyrus, the answer was, he "should behold amighty empire overthrown;" but whether that empire was his own, orthat of Cyrus, only the actual issue of the fight could determine. 

7. Similarly, when PHILIP of Macedon sent to Delphi to inquire if hisPersian expedition would prove successful, he received for reply, "Theready victim crowned for sacrifice stands before the altar. " Philiptook it for granted that the "ready victim" was the king of Persia, but it was himself. 

8. TARQUIN sent to Delphi to learn the fate of his struggle with theRomans for the recovery of his throne, and was told, "Tarquin willnever fall till a dog speaks with the voice of a man. " The "dog" wasJunius Brutus, who was called a dog by way of contempt. 

9. When the oracle was asked who would succeed Tarquin, it replied, "He who shall first kiss his mother. " Whereupon Junius Brutus fell tothe earth, and exclaimed, "Thus, then, I kiss thee, O mother earth!"

10. Jourdain, the wizard, told the duke of Somerset, if he wished tolive, to "avoid where castles mounted stand. " The duke died in anale-house called the Castle, in St. Alban's. --Shakespeare, _2 HenryVI. _ act v. Sc. 2. 

11. A wizard told King Edward IV. That "after him should reign one thefirst letter of whose name should be G. " The king thought the personmeant was his brother George, but the duke of Gloucester was theperson pointed at. --Holinshed, _Chronicles_; Shakespeare, _RichardIII. _ act i. Sc. I. 

ERAC'LIUS (_The emperor_) condemned a knight to death on thesupposition of murder; but the man supposed to be murdered making hisappearance, the condemned man was taken back, under the expectationthat he would be instantly acquitted. But no, Eraclius ordered allthree to be put to death: the knight, because the emperor had orderedit; the man who brought him back, because he had not carried out theemperor's order; and the man supposed to be murdered, because he wasvirtually the cause of death to the other two. 

This tale is told in the _Gesta Romanorum_, and Chaucer has put itinto the mouth of his Sumpnor. It is also told by Seneca, in his _DeIra_; but he ascribes it to Cornelius Piso, and not to Eraclius. 

ÉRASTE (_2 syl. _), hero of _Les Fåcheux_ by Molière. He is in lovewith Orphiso (_2 syl. _), whose tutor is Damis (1661). 

ER'CELDOUN (_Thomas of_), also called "Thomas the Rhymer, " introducedby Sir W. Scott in his novel called _Castle Dangerous_ (time, HenryI. ). 

It is said that Thomas of Erceldoun is not dead, but that he issleeping beneath the Eildon Hills, in Scotland. One day, he met witha lady of elfin race beneath the Eildon tree, and she led him toan under-ground region, where he remained for seven years. He thenrevisited the earth, but bound himself to return when summoned. Oneday, when he was making merry with his friends, he was told thata hart and hind were parading the street; and he knew it was hissummons, so he immediately went to the Eildon tree, and has neversince been heard of. --Sir W. Scott, _Minstrelsy of the ScottishBorder_. 

[Illustration: symbol] This tale is substantially the same in theGerman one of _Tannhäuser_ (_q. V. _). 

ERECK, a knight of the Round Table. He marries the beautiful Enite (_2syl_. ), daughter of a poor knight, and falls into a state of idlenessand effeminacy, till Enite rouses him to action. He then goes forthon an expedition of adventures, and after combating with brigands, giants, and dwarfs, returns to the court of King Arthur, wherehe remains till the death of his father. He then enters on hisinheritance, and lives peaceably the rest of his life. --Hartmann vonder Aue, _Ereck_ (thirteenth century). 

EREEN'IA (3 _syl. _), a glendoveer' or good spirit, the beloved son ofCas'yapa (_3 syl_. ), father of the immortals. Ereenia took pity onKail'yal (_2 syl_. ), daughter of Ladur'lad, and carried her to hisBower of Bliss in paradise (canto vii. ). Here Kailyal could not stay, because she was still a living daughter of earth. On her return toearth, she was chosen for the bride of Jagannaut, and Ar'valan came todishonor her; but she set fire to the pagoda, and Ereenia came to herrescue. Ereenia was set upon by the witch Lor'rimite (_3 syl_. ), andcarried to the submerged city of Baly, whence he was delivered byLadurlad. The glendoveer now craved Seeva for vengeance, but thegod sent him to Yamen (_i. E. _ Pluto), and Yamen said the measure ofiniquity was now full, so Arvalan and his father Kehama were both madeinmates of the city of everlasting woe; while Ereenia carried Kailyal, who had quaffed the waters of immortality, to his Bower of Bliss, todwell with him in everlasting joy. --Southey, _Curse of Kehoma_ (1809). 

ERET'RIAN BULL _(The). _ Menede'mos of Eretria, in Eubae'a, was called"Bull" from the bull-like breadth and gravity of his face. He foundedthe Eretrian school (fourth century B. C. ). 

ERIC, "Windy-cap, " king of Sweden. He could make the wind blow fromany quarter by simply turning his cap. Hence arose the expression, "acapful of wind. "

ERIC GRAY. A young man whose religious principles will not let himmarry the girl he loves because she has not "joined the church. " Hisold love tells the story after his funeral. 

 "And all my heart went forward, past the shadows and the cross, Even to that home where perfect love hath never thorn nor loss; Where neither do they marry, nor in marriage are given, But are like unto the angels in GOD'S house, which is Heaven. "

Margaret E. Sangster, _Eric's Funeral_ (1882). 

ERICHTHO _[Erik'. Tho]_, the famous Thessaliaii witch consulted byPompey. --Lucan, _Pharsalia_, vi. 

ERICKSON _(Sweyn)_, a fisherman at Jarlshof. --Sir W. Scott, _ThePirate_ (time, William III. ). 

ERIC'THO, the witch in John Marston's tragedy called _The Wonder ofWomen_ or _Sophonisba_ (160)5. 

ERIG'ENA (_John Scotus_), called "Scotus the Wise. " He must not beconfounded with Duns Scotus, "the Subtle Doctor, " who lived some fourcenturies later. Erigena died in 875, and Duns Scotus in 1308. 

ERIG'ONE (4 _syl_. ), the constellation _Virgo_. She was the daughterof Icarios, an Athenian, who was murdered by some drunken peasants. Erigonê discovered the dead body by the aid of her father's dog Moera, who became the star called _Canis_. 

 ... "that virgin, frail Erigonê, Who by compassion got preëminence. "

Lord Brooke, _Of Nobility_. 

ERILL'YAB (3 _syl_. ), the widowed and deposed Queen of the Hoamen (2_syl_. ), an Indian tribe settled on a south branch of the Missouri. Her husband was King Tepol'loni, and her son Amal'ahta. Madoc when hereached America, espoused her cause, and succeeded in restoring her toher throne and empire. --Southey, _Madoc_ (1805). 

ERIPHY'LE (4 _syl_. ), the wife of Amphiara'os. Being bribed by agolden necklace, she betrayed to Polyni-cês where her husband hadconcealed himself that he might not go to the seige of Thebes, wherehe knew that he should be killed. Congreve calls the word Eriph'yle. 

 When Eriphylê broke her plighted faith, And for a bribe procured her husband's death. 

Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii. 

ERISICH'THON (should be _Erysichthon_), a Thessaliad, whose appetitewas insatiable. Having spent all his estate in the purchase of food, nothing was left but his daughter Metra, and her he sold to buy foodfor his voracious appetite; but Metra had the power of transformingherself into any shape she chose, so as often as as her fathersold her, she changed her form and returned to him. After a time, Erisichthon was reduced to feed upon himself. --Ovid, _Metaph_, viii. 2(740 to end). 

Drayton says when the Wyre saw her goodly oak trees sold for firewood, she bethought her of Erisichthon's end, who, "when nor sea, nor land, sufficient were, " ate his own flesh. --_Polyolbion_, vii. 

 So Erisicthon, once fired (as men say), With hungry rage, fed never, ever feeding; Ten thousand dishes severed every day, Yet in ten thousand thousand dishes needing. In vain his daughter hundred shapes assumed; A whole camp's meat he in his gorge inhumed; And all consumed, his hunger yet was unconsumed. 

Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_ (1633). 

ERLAND, father of Norna "of the Fitful Head. "--Sir W. Scott, _ThePirate_ (time, William III. ). 

ERL-KING, a spirit of mischief, which haunts the Black Forest ofThuringia. 

Goethe has a ballad called the _Erl-könig_, and Herder has translatedthe Danish ballad of _Sir Olaf and the Erl-King's Daughter_. 

In Goethe's ballad, a father, riding home through the night and stormwith a child in his arms is pursued by the Erl-king, who entices thechild with promises of fairy-gifts, and finally kills it. 

ERMANGARDE OF BALDRINGHAM (_The Lady_), aunt of the Lady EvelineBerenger "the betrothed. "--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, HenryII. ). 

ER'MELINE (_Dame_), the wife of Reynard, in the beast-epic called_Reynard the Fox_ (1498). 

ERMIN'IA, the heroine of _Jerusalem Delivered_. She fell in love withTancred, and when the Christian army beseiged Jerusalem, arrayedherself in Clorinda's armor to go to him. After certain adventures, she found him wounded, and nursed him tenderly; but the poet hasnot told us what was the ultimate lot of this fair Syrian. --Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). 

ERNA'NI, the robber-captain, duke of Segor'bia and Cardo'na, lord ofAragon, and count of Ernani. He is in love with Elvi'ra, the betrothedof Don Ruy Gomez de Silva, an old Spanish grandee, whom she detests. Charles V. Falls in love with her, and Ruy Gomez joins Ernani in aleague against their common rival. During this league Ernani gives RuyGomez a horn, saying, "Sound but this horn, and at that moment Ernaniwill cease to live. " Just as he is about to espouse Elvira, the hornis sounded, and Ernani stabs himself. --Verdi, _Ernani_ (an opera, 1841). 

ERNEST (_Duke_), son-in-law of Kaiser Konrad II. He murders his feudallord, and goes on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to expiate his crime. The poem so called is a mixture of Homeric legends, Oriental myths, and pilgrims' tales. We have pygmies and cyclopses, genii andenchanters, fairies and dwarfs, monks and devotees. After a world ofhair-breadth escapes, the duke reaches the Holy Sepulchre, payshis vows, returns to Germany, and is pardoned. --Henry Von Veldig(minnesinger), _Duke Ernest_ (twelfth century). 

ERNEST DE FRIDBERG, "the prisoner of the State. " He was imprisoned inthe dungeon of the Giant's Mount fortress for fifteen years on a falsecharge of treason. Ul'rica (his natural daughter by the countessMarie), dressed in the clothes of Herman, the deaf and dumbjailor-boy, gets access to the dungeon and contrives his escape; buthe is retaken, and led back to the dungeon. Being subsequently set atliberty, he marries the countess Marie (the mother of Ulrica). --E. Stirling, _The Prisoner of State_ (1847. )

EROS, the manumitted slave of Antony the triumvir. Antony made Erosswear that he would kill him if commanded by him so to do. When inEgypt, Antony after the battle of Actium, fearing lest he should fallinto the hands of Octavius Cæsar, ordered Eros to keep his promise. Eros drew his sword, but thrust it into his own side, and fell dead atthe feet of Antony. "O noble Eros, " cried Antony, "I thank thee forteaching me how to die!"--Plutarch. 

[Illustration] Eros is introduced in Shakespeare's _Antony andCleopatra_, and in Dryden's _All for Love or the World Well Lost_. 

(Eros is the Greek name of Cupid, and hence amorous poetry is calledErotic. )

EROS'TRATOS (in Latin EROSTRATUS), the incendiary who set fire to thetemple of Diana of Ephesus, that his name might be perpetuated. Anedict was published, prohibiting any mention of the name, but theedict was wholly ineffective. 

[Illustration] Charles V. , wishing to be shown over the Pantheon [_AllSaints_] of Rome, was taken to the top by a Roman knight. At parting, the knight told the emperor that he felt an almost irresistible desireto push his majesty down from the top of the building, "in order toimmortalize his name. " Unlike Erostratos, the name of this knight hasnot transpired. ERO'TA, a very beautiful but most imperious princess, passionately beloved by Philander, Prince of Cyprus. --Beaumont andFletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647). 

ERRA-PATER, an almanac, an almanac-maker, an astrologer. Samuel Butlercalls Lilly, the almanac-maker, an Erra-Pater, which we are told wasthe name of a famous Jewish astrologer. 

 His only Bible was an Erra-Pater. 

 Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vii. (1633). 

 "What's here? Erra-Pater or a bearded sibyl" [_the person was Foresight_]. 

Congreve, _Love for Love_, iv. (1695). 

ERRAGON, king of Lora (in Scandinavia). Aldo, a Caledonian chief, offered him his services, and obtained several important victories;but Lorma, the king's wife, falling in love with him, the guilty pairescaped to Morven. Erragon invaded the country, and slew Aldo insingle combat, but was himself slain in battle by Gaul, son of Morni. As for Lorma, she died of grief. --Ossian, _The Battle of Lora_. 

ERRANT DAMSEL (_The_), Una. --Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 1 (1590). 

ERRIMA, Greek maiden chidden by her mother for dreaming of Sappho, andLesbian dances and Delphian lyre, and commanded to

 "rend thy scrolls and keep thee to thy spinning. "

She answers that talk of matron dignities and household tasks weariesher:

 "I would renounce them all for Sappho's bay: Forego them all for room to chant out free The silent rhythms I hum within my heart, And so for ever leave my weary spinning!"

Margaret J. Preston, _Old Song and New_. (1870). 

ERROL (_Cedric_). Bright American boy, living with his widowed mother, whose grandfather, Lord Fauntleroy, sends for and adopts him. Theboy's sweetness of manners and nobility of nature conquer the oldman's prejudices, and win him to sympathy and co-operation in hisschemes for making the world better. --Frances Hodgson Burnett, _LittleLord Fauntleroy_ (1889). 

ERROL (_Gilbert, earl of_), lord high constable of Scotland. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

ERROR, a monster who lived in a den in "Wandering Wood, " and with, whom the Red Cross Knight had his first adventure. She had a broodof 1000 young ones of sundry shape, and these cubs crept into theirmother's mouth when alarmed, as young kangaroos creep into theirmother's pouch. The knight was nearly killed by the stench whichissued from the foul fiend, but he succeeded in "rafting" her headoff, whereupon the brood lapped up the blood, and burst with satiety. 

 Half like a serpent horribly displayed, But th' other half did woman's shape retain. And as she lay upon the dirty ground, Her huge long tail her den all overspread, Yet was in knots and many boughts [_folds_] up-wound, Pointed with mortal sting. 

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 1 (1590). 

ERROR OF ARTISTS, (See ANACHRONISMS). 

ANGELO (_Michel_), in his great picture of the "Last Judgment" hasintroduced Charon's bark. 

BREUGHEL, the Dutch painter, in a picture of the "Wise Men of theEast" making their offerings to the infant Jesus, has representedone of them dressed in a large white surplice, booted and spurred, offering the model of a Dutch seventy-four to the infant. 

ETTY has placed by the bedside of Holofernes a helmet of the period ofthe seventeenth century. 

MAZZOCHI (_Paulo_), in his "Symbolical Painting of the Four Elements, "represents the sea by _fishes_, the earth by _moles_, fire by a_salamander_, and air by a _camel_! Evidently he mistook the chameleon(which traditionally lives on air) for a camel. 

TINTORET, in a picture which represents the "Israelites GatheringManna in the Wilderness, " has armed the men with guns. 

VERONESE (_Paul_), in his "Marriage Feast of Cana of Galilee, " hasintroduced among the guests several Benedictines. 

WEST, president of the Royal Academy, has represented Paris thePhrygian in Roman costume. 

WESTMINSTER HALL is full of absurdities. Witness the following asspecimens:--

Sir Cloudesley Shovel is dressed in a Roman cuirass and sandals, buton his head is a full-bottomed wig of the eighteenth century. 

The Duke of Buckingham is arrayed in the costume of a Roman emperor, and his duchess in the court dress of George I. Period. 

ERRORS OF AUTHORS, (See ANACHRONISMS. )

AKENSIDE. He views the Ganges from _Alpine_ heights. --_Pleasures ofImagination_. 

ALLISON (_Sir Archibald_), says: "_Sir Peregine Pickle_ was one of thepall-bearers of the Duke of Wellington. "--_Life of Lord Castlereagh_. 

In his _History of Europe_, the phrase _droit de timbre_ ("stampduty") he translates "timber duties. "

ARTICLES OF WAR FOR THE ARMY. It is ordered "that every recruit shallhave the 40th and 46th of the articles read to him. " (art. Iii. ). 

The 40th article relates wholly to the misconduct of _chaplains_, andhas no sort of concern with recruits. Probably the 41st is meant, which is about mutiny and insubordination. 

BROWNE (_William_) _Apellês' Curtain_. W. Browne says:

 If ... I set my pencil to Appellês table [painting] Or dare to _draw his curtain_. 

_Britannia's Pastorals_, ii. 2. 

This curtain was not drawn by Apelles, but by Parrhasius, who liveda full century before Apelles. The contest was between Zeuxis andParrhasius. The former exhibited a bunch of grapes which deceived thebirds, and the latter a curtain which deceived the competitor. 

BRUYSSEL (_E. Von_) says: "According to Homer, Achillês had avulnerable heel. " It is a vulgar error to attribute this myth toHomer. The blind old bard nowhere says a word about it. The story ofdipping Achillês in the river Styx is altogether post-Homeric. 

BYRON. _Xerxes' Ships_. Byron says that Xerxes looked on his "ships bythousands" off the coast of Sal'amis. The entire number of sails were1200; of these 400 were wrecked before the battle off the coast ofSêpias, so that even supposing the whole of the rest were engaged, thenumber could not exceed 800. --_Isles of Greece_. 

_The Isle Teos_. In the same poem he refers to "Teos" as one of theisles of Greece, but Teos is a maritime town on the coast of Ionia, inAsia Minor. 

CERVANTES. _Dorothea's Father_. Dorothea represents herself as Queenof Micomicon, because both her father and mother were _dead_, but DonQuixote speaks of him to her as _alive_. --Pt. I. Iv. 8. 

_Mambrino's Helmet_. In pt. I. Iii. 8 we are told that thegalley-slaves set free by Don Quixote assaulted him with stones, and"snatching the basin from his head, _broke it to pieces_. " In bk. Iv. 15 we find this basin quite whole and sound, the subject of a judicialinquiry, the question being whether it was a helmet or a barber'sbasin. Sancho (ch. 11) says, he "picked it up, bruised and battered, intending to get it mended;" but he says, "I broke it to pieces, " or, according to one translator, "broke it into a thousand pieces. " Inbk. Iv. 8 we are told that Don Quixote "came from his chamber armed_cap-à-pie_, with the barber's basin on his head. "

_Sancho's Ass_. We are told (pt. I. Iii. 9) that Gines de Passamonte"stole Sancho's ass. " Sancho laments the loss with true pathos, andthe knight condoles with him. But soon afterwards Cervantes says: "He_[Sancho]_ jogged on leisurely upon his ass after his master. "

_Sancho's Great-coat_. Sancho Panza, we are told, left his walletbehind in the Crescent Moon tavern, where he was tossed in a blanket, and put the provisions left by the priests in his great-coat (ch. 5). The galley-slaves robbed him of "his _great-coat_, leaving only hisdoublet" (ch. 8), but in the next chapter (9) we find "the victualshad not been touched, " though the rascals "searched diligently forbooty. " Now, if the food was in the great-coat, and the great-coat wasstolen, how is it that the victuals remained in Sancho's possessionuntouched?

_Sancho's Wallet_. We are told that Sancho left his wallet by mistakeat the tavern where he was blanket-tossed (ch. 5), but in ch. 9, whenhe found the portmanteau, "he crammed the gold and linen into hiswallet. "--Pt. I. Iii. 

To make these oversights more striking, the author says, when Sanchofound the portmanteau, "he entirely forgot the loss of his _wallet_, his _great-coat_, and of his faithful companion and servant Dapple"(_the ass_). 

_Supper_. Cervantes makes the party at the Crescent tavern eat twosuppers in one evening. In ch. 5 the curate orders in supper, and"after supper" they read the story of _Fatal Curiosity_. In ch. 12 weare told "the cloth was laid [_again_] for supper, " and the companysat down to it, quite forgetting that they had already supped. --Pt. I. Iv. 

CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA states that "the fame of Beaumarchais restson his two operas, _Le Barbier de Seville_ (1755) and _Le Mariage deFigaro_. " Every one knows that Mozart composed the opera of _Figaro_(1786), and that Casti wrote the libretto. The opera of _Le Barbierde Seville_, or rather _Il Barbiere di Siviglia_, was composed byRossini, in 1816. What Beaumarchais wrote was two comedies, one infour acts and the other in five acts. --Art. "Beaumarchais. "

CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL. We are told, in a paper entitled "Coincidences, "that Thursday has proved a fatal day with the Tudors, for on that daydied Henry VIII. , Edward VI. , Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. If thishad been the case it would, indeed, have been startling; but whatare the facts? Henry VIII. Died on _Friday_, January 28, 1547, andElizabeth died on _Monday_, March 24, 1603. --Rymer, _Foedera_, xv. 

In the same paper we are told with equal inaccuracy that _Saturday_has been fatal to the present dynasty, "for William IV. And everyone of the Georges died on a Saturday. " What, however, says historyproper? William IV. Died on _Tuesday_, June 20, 1837; George I. Died_Wednesday_, June 11, 1727; George III. Died _Monday_, January 29, 1820; George IV. Died _Sunday_, June 26, 1830; and only George II. Died on a _Saturday_, "the day [_so_] fatal to the present dynasty. "

CHAUCER says: The throstle-cock sings so sweet a tone that Tubalhimself, the first musican, could not equal it. --_The Court of Love_. Of course he means Jubal. 

CIBBER (_Colley_), in his _Love Makes a Man_, i. , makes Carlos thestudent say, "For the cure of herds [_Virgil's_] _bucolicks_ are amaster-piece; but when his art describes the commonwealth of bees ... I'm ravished. " He means _Georgics_. The _Bucolics_ are eclogues, andnever touch upon either of these subjects. The diseases and cures ofcattle are in _Georgic_ iii. , and the habits, etc. , of bees, _Georgic_iv. 

CID (_The_). When Alfonso succeeded his brother Sancho and banishedthe Cid, Rodrigo is made to say:

 Prithee say where were these gallants (Bold enough when far from blows)? Where were they when I, unaided, Rescued thee from thirteen foes?

The historic fact is, not that Rodrigo rescued Alfonso from thirteenfoes, but that the Cid rescued Sancho from thirteen of Alfonso's foes. Eleven he slew, and two he put to flight. --_The Cid_, xvi. 78. 

COLMAN. Job Thornberry says to Peregrine, who offers to assist him inhis difficulties, "Desist, young man, in time. " But Peregrine was atleast 45 years old when so addressed. He was 15 when Job first knewhim, and had been absent thirty years in Calcutta. Job Thornberryhimself was not above five or six years older. 

COWPER calls the rose "the glory of April and May, " but June is thegreat rose month. In the south of England they begin to bloom in thelatter half of May, and go on to the middle of July. April roses wouldbe horticultural curiosities. 

CRITICS at fault. The licentiate tells Don Quixote that some criticsfound fault with him for defective memory, and instanced it in this;"We are told that Sancho's ass is stolen, but the author has forgottento mention who the thief was. " This is not the case, as we aredistinctly informed that it was stolen by Gines de Passamonte, one ofthe galley slaves. --_Don Quixote_, II. I. 3. 

DICKENS, in _Edwin Drood_, puts "rooks and rooks' nests" (instead ofdaws) "in the tower of Cloisterham. "

In _Nicholas Nickleby_ he presents Mr. Squeers as setting his boys "tohoe turnips" in midwinter. 

In _The Tale of Two Cities_, iii. 4, he says: "The name of the strongman of Old Scripture descended to the chief functionary who worked theguillotine. " But the name of this functionary was Sanson, not Samson. 

GALEN says that man has seven bones in the sternum (instead of three);and Sylvius, in reply to Vesalius, contends that "in days of yore therobust chests of heroes had more bones than men now have. "

GREENE (_Robert_) speaks of Delphos as an _island_; But Delphos, orrather Delphi, was a city of Phocis, and no island. "Six noblemen weresent to the isle of Delphos. "--_Donastus and Faunia_. Probably heconfounded the city of Delphi with the isle of Delos. 

HALLIWELL, in his _Archaic Dictionary_, says: "Crouchmas meansChristmas, " and adds that Tusser is his authority. But this isaltogether a mistake. Tusser, in his "_May_ Remembrances, " says: "Frombull cow fast, till Crouchmas be past, " _i. E. _ St. Helen's Day. Tusserevidently means from May 3 (the invention of the Cross) to August 18(St. Helen's Day or the Cross-mas), not Christmas. 

HIGGONS (_Bevil_) says:

 The Cyprian queen, drawn by Apellês hand. Of perfect beauty did the pattern stand! But then bright nymphs from every part of Greece Did all contribute to adorn the piece. 

_To Sir Godfrey Kneller_ (1780). 

Tradition says that Apellês model was either Phyrne, or Campaspê, afterwards his wife. Campbell has borrowed these lines, but ascribesthe painting to Protog'enês the Rhodian. 

 When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, The happy master mingled in the piece Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 

_Pleasures of Hope_, ii. 

JOHNSON (_Dr_. ) makes Addison speak of Steele as "Little Dicky"whereas the person so called by Addison was not Richard Steele, but adwarfish actor who played "Gomez" in Dryden's _Spanish Fryar_. 

LONDON NEWSPAPER (_A_), one of the leading journals of the day, hasspoken three times within two years of "passing _under_ the CaudineForks, " evidently supposing them to be a "yoke" instead of a valley ormountain pass. 

LONGFELLOW calls Erig'ena a _Scotchman_, whereas the very word meansan Irishman. 

 Done into Latin by that Scottish beast. Erigena Johannes. 

_Golden Legend_. 

"Without doubt, the poet mistook John Duns _[Scottus]_, who diedin 1308, for John Scottus _[Erigena]_, who died in 875. Erigenatranslated into Latin, _St. Dionysius. _ He was latitudinarian in hisviews, and anything but 'a Scottish beast or Calvinist. '"

_The Two Angels_. Longfellow crowns the _death-angel_ with amaranth, with which Milton says, "the spirits elect bind their resplendentlocks;" and his angel of _life_ he crowns with asphodels, the flowersof Pluto or the grave. 

MELVILLE (_Whyte_) makes a very prominent part of his story called_Holmby House_ turn on the death of a favorite hawk named Diamond, which Mary Cave tossed off, and saw "fall lifeless at the king's feet"(ch. Xxix. ). In ch. Xlvi. This very hawk is represented to be alive;"proud, beautiful, and cruel, like a _Venus Victrix_ it perched on hermistress's wrist, unhooded. "

MILTON. "Colkitto or Macdonnel or Galasp. " In this line of Sonnet XI, Milton seems to speak of three different persons, but in reality theyare one and the same; i. E. , Macdonnel, son of Colkittoch, son ofGillespie (Galasp). Colkittoch means left-handed. 

In _Comus_ (ver. 880) he makes the siren Ligea sleek her hair with agolden comb, as if she were a Scandinavian mermaid. 

MOORE (_Thom_. ) says:

 The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets, The same look which she turned when he rose. 

_Irish Melodies_, ii. ("Believe Me, if all those Endearing YoungCharms"). 

The sunflower does not turn either to the rising or setting sun. Itreceives its name solely because it resembles a picture sun. It is nota turn-sun or heliotrope at all. 

MORRIS (_W_. ), in his _Atalanta's Race_, renders the Greek word_Saophron_ "safron, " and says:

 She the saffron gown will never wear, And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid;

_i. E. _ she will never be a bride. Nonnius (bk. Xii. ) tells us thatvirtuous women wore a girdled gown called _Saophron_ ("chaste"), toindicate their purity and to prevent indecorous liberties. The gownwas not yellow at all, but it was girded with a girdle. 

MURPHY, in the _Grecian Daughter_, says (act i. 1):

 Have you forgot the elder Dionysius, Surnamed the Tyrant?... Evander came from Greece, And sent the tyrant to his humble rank, Once more reduced to roam for vile subsistence, A wandering sophist thro' the realms of Greece. 

It was not Dionysius the _Elder_, but Dionysius the _Younger_, who wasthe "wandering sophist;" and it was not Evander, but Timoleon, whodethroned him. The elder Dionysius was not dethroned at all, noreven reduced "to humble rank. " He reigned thirty-eight years withoutinterruption, and died a king, in the plentitude of his glory, at theage of 63. 

In the same play (act iv. 1) Euphrasia says to Dionysius the Younger:

 Think of thy father's fate at Corinth, Dionysius. 

It was not the father, but the son, (Dionysius the Younger) who livedin exile at Corinth. 

In the same play he makes Timo'leon victorious over the Syracusans(that is historically correct); and he makes Euphrasia stab Dionysiusthe Younger, whereas he retreated to Corinth, and spent his time indebauchery, but supported himself by keeping a school. Of his deathnothing is known, but certainly he was not stabbed to death byEuphrasia. --See Plutarch. 

RYMER, in his _Foedera_, ascribes to Henry I. (who died in 1135) apreaching expedition for the restoration of Rochester Church, injuredby fire in 1177 (vol. I i. 9). 

In the previous page Rymer ascribes to Henry I. A deed of gift from"Henry, king of England and _lord of Ireland_;" but every one knowsthat Ireland was conquered by Henry II. , and the deed referred to wasthe act of Henry III. 

On p. 71 of the same vol. Odo is made, in 1298, to swear "in no wiseto confederate with Richard I. "; whereas Richard I. Died in 1199. 

SABINE MAID (_The_). G. Gilfillan, in his introductory essay toLongfellow, says: "His ornaments, unlike those of the Sabine maid, have not crushed him. " Tarpeia, who opened the gates of Rome to theSabines, and was crushed to death by their shields, was not a _Sabine_maid, but a Roman. 

SCOTT (_Sir Walter_). In the _Heart of Midlothian_ we read;:

She _[Effie Deans_] amused herself with visiting the dairy ... And wasso near discovering herself to Mary Hetly by betraying her aquaintancewith the celebrated receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she comparedherself to Bedredeen Hassan, whom the vizier his father in-lawdiscovered by his superlative skill in composing cream-tarts withpepper in them. 

In these few lines are several gross errors: (1) cream-tarts shouldbe _cheese-cakes_; (2) the charge was "that he made cheese-cakes_without_ putting pepper in them, " and not that he made "cream-tarts_with_ pepper;" (3) it was not the vizier, his father-in-law anduncle, but his mother, the widow of Nouredeen, who made the discovery, and why? for the best of all reasons--because she herself had taughther son the receipt. The party were at Damascus at the time. --_ArabianNights_ ("Nouredeen Ali, " etc. ). (See page 389, "Thackeray. ")

 "What!" said Bedredeen, "was everything in my house to be broken and destroyed ... Only because I did not put pepper in a cheese-cake!"

_Arabian Nights_ ("Nouredeen Ali, " etc. ). 

Again, Sir Walter Scott speaks of "the philosopher who appealedfrom Philip inflamed with wine to Philip in his hours of sobriety"(_Antiquary_, x. ). This "philosopher" was a poor old woman. 

SHAKESPEARE. _Althaea and the Fire-brand_. Shakespeare says, (_HenryIV_. Act ii. Sc. 2) that "Althaea dreamt that she was delivered of afire-brand. " It was not Althaea, but Hecuba, who dreamed, a littlebefore Paris was born, that her offspring was a brand that consumedthe kingdom. The tale of Althaea is, that the Fates laid a log of woodon a fire, and told her that her son would live till that log wasconsumed; whereupon she snatched up the log and kept it from the fire, till one day her son Melea'ger offended her, when she flung the log onthe fire, and her son died, as the Fates predicted. 

_Bohemia's Coast_. In the _Winter's Tale_ the vessel bearing theinfant Perdita is "driven by storm on the coast of Bohemia;" butBohemia has no seaboard at all. 

In _Coriolanus_, Shakespeare makes Volumnia the mother, and Virgiliathe wife, of Coriolanus; but his _wife_ was Volumnia, and his _mother_Veturia. 

_Delphi an Island_. In the same drama (act iii. Sc. 1) Delphi isspoken of as an island; but Delphi is a city of Phocis, containing atemple to Apollo. It is no island at all. 

_Duncan's Murder_. Macbeth did not murder Duncan in the castle ofInverness, as stated in the play, but at "the smith's house, " nearElgin (1039). 

_Elsinore_. Shakespeare speaks of the beetling cliff of Elsinore, whereas Elsinore has no cliffs at all. 

 What if it [_the ghost_] tempt you toward the flood. Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er its base into the sea?

_Hamlet_, act i. Sc. 4. 

_The Ghost_, in _Hamlet_, is evidently a Roman Catholic; he talks ofpurgatory, absolution, and other Catholic dogmas; but the Danes at thetime were pagans. 

_St. Louis_. Shakespeare, in _Henry V_. Act i. Sc. 2, calls Louis X. "St. Louis, " but "St. Louis" was Louis IX. It was Louis IX. Whose"grandmother was Isabel, " issue of Charles de Lorraine, the last ofthe Carlovingians. Louis X. Was the son of Philippe IV. (_le Bel_) andgrandson of Philippe III. And "Isabel of Aragon, " not Isabel, "heir ofCapet of the line of Charles the duke of Lorain. "

_Macbeth_ was no tyrant, as Shakespeare makes him out to be, but afirm and equitable prince, whose title to the throne was better thanthat of Duncan. 

Again, _Macbeth_ was not slain by Macduff at Dunsin'ane, but made hisescape from the battle, and was slain in 1056, at Lumphanan. --Lardner, _Cabinet Cyc_. , 17-19. 

In _The Winter's Tale_, act v. Sc. 2, one of the gentlemen refers toJulio Romano, the Italian artist and architect (1492-1546), certainlysome 1800 years or more before Romano was born. 

In _Twelfth Night_, the Illyrian clown speaks of St. Bennet's Church, London. "The triplex, sir, is a good tripping measure, or the bells ofSt. Bennet's sure may put you in mind: one, two, three" (act v. Sc. 1); as if the duke was a Londoner. 

SPENSER. _Bacchus_ or _Saturn_? In the _Faëry Queen_, iii. 11, Britomart saw in the castle of Bu'sirane (_3 syl_. ), a picturedescriptive of the love of Saturn, who had changed himself into acentaur out of love for Erig'onê. It was not Saturn, but Bacchus wholoved Erig'onê, and he was not tranformed into a centaur, but to ahorse. 

_Beonê_ or _Oenonê_? In bk. Vi. 9 (_Faëry Queen_) the lady-love ofParis is called Benonê, which ought to be Oenonê. The poet says thatParis was "by Plexippus' brook" when the golden apple was brought tohim; but no such brook is mentioned by any classic author. 

_Critias and Socrates_. In bk. Ii. 7 _(Faëry Queen)_ Spenser says:"The wise Socrates ... Poured out his life ... To the dear Critias;his dearest bel-amie. " It was not Socratês, but Theram'enes, one ofthe thirty tyrants, who in quaffing the poison-cup, said smiling, "This I drink to the health of fair Critias. "--Cicero, _TusculanQuestions_. 

_Critias_ or _Crito_? In _Faëry Queen_, iv. (introduction), Spensersays that Socrates often discoursed of love to his friend Critias; butit was Crito, or rather Criton that the poet means. 

_Cyprus_ and _Paphos_. Spenser makes Sir Scudamore speak of a templeof Venus, far more beautiful than "that in Paphos, or that in Cyprus;"but Paphos was merely a town in the island of Cyprus, and the "two"are but one and the same temple. --_Faëry Queen_, iv. 10. 

_Hippomanês_. Spenser says the golden apples of Mammon's garden werebetter than Those with which the Eubaean young man won Swift Atalanta. _Faëry Queen_, ii. 7. 

The young man was Hippom'anês. He was not a "Eubaean, " but a native ofOnchestos, in Boeo'tia. 

TENNYSON, in the _Last Tournament_, says (ver. I), Dagonet wasknighted in mockery by Sir Gaw'ain; but in the _History of PrinceArthur_ we are distinctly told that King Arthur knighted him with hisown hand (pt. Ii. 91). 

In _Gareth and Lynette_ the same poet says that Grareth was the sonof Lot and Bellicent; but we are told a score times and more in the_History of Prince Arthur_, that he was the son of Margawse (Arthur'ssister and Lot's wife, pt. I. 36). 

King Lot ... Wedded Margawse; Nentres ... Wedded Elain. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 35, 36. 

In the same _Idyll_ Tennyson has changed Lionês to Lyonors; but, according to the collection of romances edited by Sir T. Malory, thesewere quite different persons. Lionês, daughter of Sir Persaunt, andsister of Linet of Castle Perilous, married Sir Gareth (pt. I. 153);but Lyonors was the daughter of Earl Sanam, and was the unweddedmother of Sir Borre by King Arthur (pt. I. 15). 

Again, Tennyson makes Gareth marry Lynette, and leaves the trueheroine, Lyonors, in the cold; but the _History_ makes Grareth marryLionês _(Lyonors)_, and Gaheris his brother marries Linet. 

Thus endeth the history of Sir Gareth, that wedded Dame Liones of theCastle Perilous; and also of Sir Gaheris, who wedded her sister DameLinet. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (end of pt. I. ). 

Again, in _Gareth and Lynette_, by erroneously beginning day withsunrise instead of the previous eve, Tennyson reverses the order ofthe knights, and makes the _fresh green morn_ represent the decline ofday, or, as he calls it, "Hesperus" or "Evening Star;" and the bluestar of evening he makes "Phosphorus" or the "Morning Star. "

Once more, in _Gareth and Lynette_, the poet-laureate makes thecombat between Gareth and Death finished at a single blow, but in the_History_, Gareth fights from dawn to dewy eve. 

Thus they fought [_from sunrise_] till it was past noon, and would notstint, till, at last both lacked wind, and then stood they wagging, staggering, panting, blowing, and bleeding ... And when they hadrested them awhile, they went to battle again, trasing, rasing, and foyning, as two boars ... Thus they endured till evening-songtime. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 136. 

In _the Last Tournament_, Tennyson makes Sir Tristram stabbed todeath, by Sir Mark in Tintag'il Castle, Cornwall, while toying withhis aunt, Isolt _the Fair_, but in the _History_ he was in bed inBrittany, severely wounded, and dies of a shock, because his wifetells him the ship in which he expected his aunt to come was sailinginto port with a _black_ sail instead of a white one. 

The poet-laureate has deviated so often from the collection of talesedited by Sir Thomas Malory, that it would occupy too much space topoint out his deviations even in the briefest manner. 

THACKERAY, in _Vanity Fair_, has taken from Sir Walter Scott hisallusion to Bedredeen, and not from the _Arabian Nights. _ He has, therefore, fallen into the same error, and added two more. He says: "Iought to have remembered the pepper which the Princess of Persia putsinto the cream-tarts in India, sir" (ch. Iii. ). The charge was thatBedredeen made his _cheese-cakes without_ putting pepper into them. But Thackeray has committed in this allusion other blunders. It wasnot a "princess" at all, but Bedredeen Hassan, who for the nonce hadbecome a confectioner. He learned the art of making cheese-cakes fromhis mother (a widow). Again, it was not a "princess of Persia, " forBedredeen's mother was the widow of the vizier of Balsora, at thattime quite independent of Persia. 

VICTOR HUGO, in _Les Travailleurs de la Mer_, renders "the Frith ofForth" by the phrase _Premier des quatre_, mistaking "Frith" _forfirst_, and "Forth" _for fourth_ or four. 

In his _Marie Tudor_ he refers to the _History and Annals of HenryVII_. Par Franc Baronum, "meaning" _Historia, etc_. 

_Henrici Septimi_, per Franciscum Baconum. 

VIEGIL has placed Æneas in a harbor which did not exist at the time. "Portusque require Velinos" _(Æneid_, vi. 366). It was Curius Dentatuswho cut a gorge through the rocks to let the waters of the Velinusinto the Nar. Before this was done, the Velinus was merely a number ofstagnant lakes, and the blunder is about the same as if a modern poetwere to make Columbus pass through the Suez Canal. 

In _Æneid_, in. 171 Virgil makes Æneas speak of "Ausonia;" but asItaly was so called from Auson, son of Ulysses and Calypso, of courseÆneas could not have known the name. 

Again, in _Æneid_ ix. 571, he represents Chorinseus as slain byAsy'las; but in bk. Xii. 298 he is alive again. Thus:

Chorinaeum sternit Asylas

Bk. Ix. 571. 

Then:

 Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinseus ab ara Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque ferenti Occupat os flammis, etc. 

 Bk. Xii. 298, etc. 

Again in bk. Ix. Numa is slain by Nisus, (ver. 554); but in bk. X. 562Numa is alive, and Æneas kills him. 

Once more, in bk. X. Æneas slays Camertês (ver. 562); but in bk. Xii. 224 Jaturna, the sister of Turnus, assumes his shape. But if he wasdead, no one would have been deluded into supposing the figure to bethe living man. 

[Illustration] Of course, every intelligent reader will be able to addto this list; but no more space can be allowed for the subject in thisdictionary. 

ER'RUA ("_the mad-cap_"), a young man whose wit defeated the strengthof the giant Tartaro (a sort of one-eyed Polypheme). Thus the firstcompetition was in throwing a stone. The giant threw his stone, butErrua threw a _bird_, which the giant supposed to be a stone, and asit flew out of sight, Errua won the wager. The next wager was a barof iron. After the giant had thrown, Errua said, "From here toSalamanca;" whereupon the giant bade him not to throw, lest the bar ofiron should kill his father and mother, who lived there; so the giantlost the second wager. The third was to pull a tree up by the roots;and the giant gave in because Errua had run a cord around a host oftrees, and said, "You pull up one, but I pull up all these. " The nextexploit was at bed-time; Errua was to sleep in a certain bed; buthe placed a dead man in the bed, while he himself got under it. Atmidnight Tartaro took his club and belabored the dead body mostunmercifully. When Errua stood before Tartaro next morning, the giantwas dumbfounded. He asked Errua how he had slept. "Excellently well, "said Errua, "but somewhat troubled by fleas. " Other trials were made, but always in favor of Errua. At length a race was proposed, and Erruasewed into a bag the bowels of a pig. When he started, he cut the bag, strewing the bowels on the road. When Tartaro was told that his rivalhad done this to make himself more fleet, he cut his belly, and ofcourse killed himself. --Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_ (1877). 

ERS'KINE _(The. Rev. Dr_. ), minister of Grayfriar's Church, Edinburgh. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

ER'TANAX, a fish common in the Euphratês. The bones of this fishimpart courage and strength. 

 A fish ... Haunteth the flood of Eufratês ... It is called an ertanax, and his bones be of such a manner of kind that whoso handleth them he shall have so much courage that he shall never be weary, and he shall not think on joy nor sorrow that he hath had, but only on the thing he beholdeth before him. --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 84, (1470). 

ERUDITE (_Most_). Marcus Terentius Varro is called "the most eruditeof the Romans" (B. C. 116-27). 

ER'YTHRE, modesty personified, the virgin page of Parthen'ia or maidenof chastity, in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fullydescribed in canto x. (Greek, _cruthros_, "red, " from _eruthriao_, "toblush. ")

ERYSICHTHON [_Erri. Sik'. Thon_], a grandson of Neptune, who waspunished by Cerês with insatiable hunger, for cutting down some treesin a grove sacred to that goddess. (See ERISICHTHON. )

ES'CALUS, an ancient, kind-hearted lord in the deputation of the dukeof Vienna. --Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603). 

_Es'calus_, Prince of Vero'na. --Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_(1598). 

ES'CANES (_3 syl_. ), one of the lords of Tyre. --Shakespeare, _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_ (1608). 

ESCOBAR (_Mons. L_') the French, name for a fox, so called from M. Escobar the probabilist, whence also the verb _escobarder_, "to playthe fox, " "to play fast and loose. "

The French have a capital name for the fox, namely, M. L'Escobar, which may be translated the "shuffler, " or more freely, "slyboots. "--_The Daily News_, March 25, 1878. 

ESCOTILLO (_i. E. Little Michael Scott_), considered by the commonpeople as a magician, because he possessed more knowledge of naturaland experimental philosophy than his contemporaries. 

ES'DALE (_Mr_. ), a surgeon at Madras. --Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon'sDaughter_ (time, George II. ). 

ES'INGS, the king of Kent. So called from Eisc, the father of Hengist, as the Tuscans receive their name from Tuscus, the Romans fromRomulus, the Cecrop'idae from Cecrops, the Britons from Brutus, and soon. --Ethelwerd, _Chron_. , ii. 

ESMERALDA, a beautiful gypsy-girl, who, with tambourine and goat, dances in the _place_ before Notre Dame de Paris, and is looked on asa witch. Quasimodo conceals her for a time in the church, but aftervarious adventures she is gibbeted. --Victor Hugo, _Notre Dame deParis_. 

_Esmeralda_; humbly-born heroine of Frances Hodgson Burnett's work ofsame name. The story has been dramatized and played with great effect. 

ESMOND (_Henry_), a chivalrous cavalier in the reign of Queen Anne;the hero of Thackeray's novel called _Henry Esmond_ (1852). 

ESPLAN'DIAN, son of Am'adis and Oria'na. Montalvo has made him thesubject of a fifth book to the four original books of _Amadis of Gaul_(1460). 

The description of the most furious battles, carried on with all thebloody-mindedness of an Esplandian or a Bobadil [Ben Jonson, _EveryMan in his Humor_]. --_Encyc. Brit_. , Art. "Romance. "

ESPRIEL'LA (_Manuel Alvarez_), the apocryphal name of Robert Southey. The poet-laureate pretends that certain "letters from England, "written by this Spaniard, were translated by him from the originalSpanish (three vols. , 1807). 

ESSEX (_The earl of_), a tragedy by Henry Jones (1745. ) Lord Burleighand Sir Walter Raleigh entertained a mortal hatred of the earl ofEssex, and accused him to the queen of treason. Elizabeth disbelievedthe charge; but at this juncture the earl left Ireland, whither thequeen had sent him, and presented himself before her. She was veryangry, and struck him, and Essex rushed into open rebellion, wastaken, and condemned to death. The queen had given him a ring beforethe trial, telling him whatever petition he asked should be granted, if he sent to her this ring. When the time of execution drew nigh, thequeen sent the countess of Nottingham to the Tower, to ask Essex if hehad any plea to make. The earl entreated her to present the ringto her majesty, and petition her to spare the life of his friendSouthampton. The countess purposely neglected this charge, and Essexwas executed. The queen, it is true, sent a reprieve, but LordBurleigh took care it should arrive too late. The poet says that Essexhad recently married the countess of Rutland, that both the queen andthe countess of Nottingham were jealous, and that this jealousy wasthe chief cause of the earl's death. 

The Abbè Boyer, La Calprènede, and Th. Corneille have tragedies on thesome subject. 

_Essex_ (_The earl of_), lord high constable of England, introduced bySir W. Scott in his novel called _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

ESTEL'LA, a haughty beauty, adopted by Miss Havisham. She wasaffianced by her wish to Pip, but married Bentley Drummle. --C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860). 

ESTHER, housekeeper to Muhldenau, minister of Mariendorpt. She lovesHans, a servant to the minister, but Hans is shy, and Esther has toteach him how to woo and win her. Esther and Hans are similar to Helenand Modus, only in lower social grade. --S. Knowles, _The Maid ofMariendorpt_ (1838). 

ESTHER HAWDON, better known through the tale as Esther Summerson, natural daughter of Captain Hawdon and Lady Dedlock (before hermarriage with Sir Leicester Dedlock). Esther is a most lovable, gentlecreature, called by those who know and love her, "Dame Durden" or"Dame Trot. " She is the heroine of the tale, and a ward in Chancery. Eventually she marries Allan Woodcourt, a surgeon. --C. Dickens, _BleakHouse_ (1852). 

ESTHER _Bush_: Wife of the squatter Ishmael Bush. Loud-voiced, sharpof temper and hard of hand, yet loyal in her way to husband andchildren. --James Fennimore Cooper, _The Prairie_, (1827). 

_Esther_ (_Queen_), Indian monarch who, during the Wyoming massacre, dashes out the brains of sixteen prisoners with her own hands, as asacrifice to the manes of her son. Queen Esther's Rock is still shownto travelers. --Ann Sophia Stevens, _Mary Derwent_ (1845). 

ESTIFA'NIA, an intriguing woman, servant of donna Margaritta, theSpanish heiress. She palms herself off on Don Michael Perez (thecopper captain) as an heiress, and the mistress of Margaritta'smansion. The captain marries her, and finds out that all her swansare only geese. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_(1640). 

EST-IL-POSSSIBLE? A nickname given to George of Denmark (QueenAnne's husband), because his general remark to the most startlingannouncement was, _Est-il possible?_ With this exclamation heexhausted the vials of his wrath. It was James II. Who gave him thesobriquet. 

EST'MERE (_2 syl_. ), king of England. He went with his younger brotherAdler to the court of King Adlands, to crave his daughter in marriage;but King Adlands replied that Bremor, the sowdan, or sultan of Spain, had forestalled him. However, the lady, being consulted, gave hervoice in favor of the king of England. While Estmere and his brotherwent to make preparations for the wedding, the "sowdan" arrived, anddemanded the lady to wife. A messenger was immediately despatched toinform Estmere, and the two brothers returned, disguised as a _harperand his boy_. They gained entrance into the palace, and Adler sang, saying, "O ladye, this is thy owne true love; no harper, but a king;"and then drawing his sword he slew the "sowdan, " Estmere at the sametime chasing from the hall the "kempery men. " Being now master ofthe position, Estmere took "the ladye faire, " made her his wife, andbrought her home to England. --Percy, _Reliques_, 1. I. 5. 

ESTRILDIS OR ELSTRED, daughter of the Emperor of Germany. She wastaken captive in war by Locrin (king of Britain), by whom she becamethe mother of Sabrin or Sabre. Gwendolen, the wife of Locrin, feelinginsulted by this liaison, slew her husband, and had Estrildis andher daughter thrown into a river, since called the Sabri'na orSevern. --Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 2, etc. 

ESTWICKE (_John_), hero of Charles Egbert Craddock's book, _Where theBattle was Fought_ (1884). His real name was John Fortescue. 

ETE'OCLES AND POLYNI'CES, the two sons Oe'dipos. After the expulsionof their father, these two young princes agreed to reign alternateyears in Thebes. Eteoclês, being the elder, took the first turn, butat the close of the year refused to resign the sceptre to his brother;whereupon Polynicês, aided by six other chiefs, laid seige to thecity. The two brothers met in combat, and each was slain by theother's hand. 

[Illustration] A similar fratricidal struggle is told of Don Pedro ofCastile and his half-brother Don Henry. When Don Pedro had estrangedthe Castilians by his cruelty, Don Henry invaded Castile with a bodyof French auxiliaries, and took his brother prisoner. Don Henryvisited him in prison, and the two brothers fell on each other likelions. Henry wounded Pedro in the face, but fell over a bench, whenPedro seized him. At that moment a Frenchman seized Pedro by theleg, tossed him over, and Henry slew him. --Menard, _History of DuGueselin. _

ETHAN (_Allen_). He gives under his own hand the history of thecapture of Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775, and corroborates the popularstory that he demanded the surrender of the fortress, "_In the name ofthe Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!_" _Allen's Narrativeof Captivity_ (1779). 

ETH'ELBERT, king of Kent, and the first of the Anglo-Saxon kingswho was a Christian. He persuaded Gregory to send over Augustine toconvert the English to "the true faith" (596), and built St. Paul's, London. --Ethelwerd's _Chronicle_, ii. 

 Good Ethelbert of Kent, first christened English king. To preach the faith of Christ was first did hither bring Wise Au'gustine the monk, from holy Gregory sent... That mighty fane to Paul in London did erect. 

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xi. (1613). 

ETH'ERINGTON (_The late earl of_) father of Tyrrel and Bulmer. 

_The titular earl of Etherington_, his successor to the title andestates. 

_Marie de Martigny_ (_La comtesse_), wife of the titular earl ofEtherington. --Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III. ). 

ETHIOPIANS, the same as Abassinians. The Arabians call these peopleEl-habasen or Al-habasen, whence our Abassins, but they callthemselves Ithiopians or Ethiopians. --Seldon, _Titles of Honor_, vi. 64. 

 Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, Mount Amara. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 280 (1665). 

ETHIOP'S QUEEN, referred to by Milton in his _Il Penseroso_, wasCassiope'a, wife of Ce'pheus (_2 syl_. ) king of Ethiopia. Boastingthat she was fairer than the sea-nymphs, she offended the Nereids, whocomplained to Neptune. Old father Earth-Shaker sent a huge sea-monsterto ravage her kingdom for her insolence. At death Cassiopea was made aconstellation of thirteen stars. 

 ... That starred Ethiop queen that strove To set her beauty's praise above The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 

Milton, _Il Penseroso_, 19 (1638). 

ETHNIC PLOT. The "Popish Plot" is so called in Dryden's satire of_Absalom and Achitophel. _ As Dryden calls the royalists "Jews, "and calls Charles II. "David, king of the Jews, " the papists were"Gentiles" (or _Ethnoi_), whence the "Ethnic Plot" means the plot ofthe Ethnoi against the people of God. --Pt. I. (1681). 

ETIQUETTE (_Madame_), the Duchesse de Noailles, grand mistress of theceremonies in the court of Marie Antoinette; so called from her rigidenforcement of all the formalities and ceremonies of the _ancienrégime. _

ETNA. Zens buried under this mountain Enkel'ados, one of thehundred-handed giants. 

 The whole land weighed him down, as Etna does The giant of mythology. 

Tennyson, _The Golden Supper_. 

ETTEILLA, the pseudonym of Alliette (spelt backwards), a perruquierand diviner of the eighteenth century. He became a professed cabalist, and was visited in his studio in the Hôtel de Crillon (Rue de laVerrerie) by all those who desired to unroll the Book of Fate. In 1783he published _Manière de se Récréer avec le Jeu de Cartes nomméesTarots_. In the British Museum are some divination cards publishedin Paris in the first half of the nineteenth century, called _GrandEtteilla_ and _Petit Etteilla_, each pack being accompanied with abook of explication and instruction. 

ETTERCAP, an ill-tempered person, who mars sociability. Theettercap is the poison-spider, and should be spelt "Attercop. " (TheAnglo-Saxon, _atter-cop_, poison-spider. )

 O sirs, was sic difference seen As 'twix wee Will and Tam, The ane's a perfect ettercap, The ither's just a lamb. W. Miller, _Nursery Songs_. 

ETTRICK SHEPHERD _(The)_, James Hogg, the Scotch Poet. , who was bornin the forest of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, and was in early life ashepherd (1772-1835). 

ETTY'S NINE PICTURES, "the Combat, " the three "Judith" pictures, "Benaiah, " "Ulysses and the Syrens, " and the three pictures of "Joanof Arc. "

 "My aim, " says Etty, "in all my great pictures has been to paint some great moral on the heart. 'The Combat' represents _the beauty of mercy_; the three 'Judith' pictures, _patriotism_ [1, _self-devotion to God; 2, self-devotion to man_; 3, _self-devotion to country_;] 'Benaiah, David's chief captain, ' represents _valor_; 'Ulysses and the Syrens, ' _sensual delights_ or _the wages of sin is death_; and the three pictures of 'Joan of Arc' depict _religion, loyalty_ and _patriotism_. In all, nine in number, as it was my desire to paint three. "--William Etty, of York (1787-1849). 

ET'ZEL or EZZEL _(i. E. Attila_), king of the Huns, in the songs ofthe German minnesingers. A ruler over three kingdoms and thirtyprincipalities. His second wife was Kriemhild, the widow of Siegfried. In pt ii. Of the _Niebelungen Lied_, he sees his sons and liegemenstruck down without making the least effort to save them, and is asunlike the Attila of history as a "hector" is to the noble Trojan "theprotector of mankind. "

EU'CHARIS, one of the nymphs of Calypso, with whom Telemachos wasdeeply smitten. Mentor, knowing his love was sensual love, hurried himaway from the island. He afterwards fell in love with Anti'ope, andMentor approved his choice. --Fenelon, _Télémaque_, vii. (1700). 

Eucharis is meant for Mdlle. De Fontange, maid of honor to Mde. DeMontespan. For a few months she was a favorite with Louis XIV. , butlosing her good looks she was discarded, and died at the age of 20. She used to dress her hair with streaming ribbons, and hence thisstyle of head-gear was called _à la Fontange_. 

EU'CLIO, a penurious old hunks. --Plautus, _Aulularia_. 

 Now you must explain all this to me, unless you would have me use you as ill as Euclio does Staphy'la--Sir W. Scott. 

EU'CRATES (3 _syl_. ), the miller, and one of the archons of Athens. Ashuffling fellow, always evading his duty and breaking his promise;hence the Latin proverb:

 Vias novit quibus effugiat Eucrates ("He has more shifts than Eucrates"). 

EUDO'CIA (_4 syl_. ), daughter of Eu'menês, governor of Damascus. Pho'cyas, general of the Syrian forces, being in love with her, asksthe consent of Eumenês, and is refused. In revenge, he goes over tothe Arabs, who are beseiging Damascus. Eudocia is taken captive, butrefuses to wed a traitor. At the end, Pho'cyas dies, and Eudociaretires into a nunnery. --John Hughes, _The Siege of Damascus_ (1720). 

EUDON (_Count_) of Catabria. A baron favorable to the Moors, "tooweak-minded to be independent. " When the Spaniards rose up againstthe Moors, the first order of the Moorish chief was this: "Strike offCount Eudon's head: the fear which brought him to our camp will bringhim else in arms against us now" (ch. Xxv. ). Southey, _Roderick, etc_. , xiii. (1814). 

EUDOX'IA, wife of the Emperor Valentin'ian. Petro'nius Max'imus"poisoned" the emperor, and the empress killed Maximus. --Beaumont andFletcher, _Valentinian_ (1617). 

EUGENE _(Aram). _ Scholarly man of high ideals, who has committed amurder, and hides the knowledge of it from all. He is finally hunteddown. --Lord Lytton, _Eugene Aram_. 

EUGE'NIA, called "Silence" and the "Unknown. " She was the wife ofCount de Valmont, and mother of Florian, "the foundling of theforest. " In order to come into the property, Baron Longueville usedevery endeavor to kill Eugenia and Florian, but all his attemps wereabortive, and his villainy at length was brought to light. --W. Dimond, _The Foundling of the Forest. _

EUGÉNIE _(Lalande). _ The marvellously well-preserved great-grandmotherof a near-sighted youth who addresses and marries her. She reveals thetrick that has been played on him by presenting him with a pair ofeye-glasses. --Edgar Allan Poe, _The Spectacles_. 

EUGENIO, a young gentleman who turned goat-herd, because Leandrajilted him and eloped with a heartless adventurer named Vincent de laRosa. --Cervantes, _Don Quixote, I_. Iv. 20 ("The Goatherd's Story, "1605). 

EUGENIUS, the friend and wise counsellor of Yorick. John HallStevenson was the original of this character. --Sterne, _TristramShandy_ (1759). 

EUHE'MEROS a Sicilian Greek, who wrote a _Sacred History_ to explainthe historical or allegorical character of the Greek and Latinmythologies. 

One could wish Euhêmeros had never been born. It was he that spoilt[_the old myths_] first. --Ouidà, _Ariadnê_, i. 1. 

EULENSPIEGEL _(Tyll), i. E. _ "Tyll Owl-glass, " of Brunswick. A manwho runs through the world as charlatan, fool, lansquenet, domesticservant, artist, and Jack-of-all-trades. He undertakes anything, butrejoices in cheating those who employ him; he parodies proverbs, rejoices in mischief, and is brimful of pranks and drolleries. WhetherUulenspiegel was a real character or not is a matter of dispute, butby many the authorship of the book recording his jokes is attributedto the famous German satirist, Thomas Murner. 

In the English versions of the story he is called _Howle-glass. _

To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a place in universalhistory as Tyll Eulenspiegel. Now, after five centuries, his nativevillage is pointed out with pride to the traveller. --Carlyle. 

EUMÆOS (in Latin, _Eumoes_), the slave and swine-herd of Ulysses, hence any swine-herd. 

EU'MENES (_3 syl. _), Governor of Damascus, and father ofEudo'cia. --John Hughes, _Siege of Damascus_ (1720). 

EUMNES'TES, Memory personified. Spenser says he is an old man, decrepit and half blind. He was waited on by a boy named Anamnestês. [Greek, _eumnêstis_, "good memory, " _anamnêstis_, "research. "--_FaëryQueen_, ii. 9 (1590). ]

EUNICE (_Alias "Nixey_"). A friendless, ignorant girl, who bears anillegitimate child, while almost a child herself. She is taken fromthe street by a Christian woman and taught true purity and virtue. 

In her horror at the discovery of the foulness of the sin, shevows herself to the life of an uncloistered nun. Her death in athunderstorm is translation rather than dissolution. --Elizabeth StuartPhelps _Hedged In_ (1870). 

EUPHRA'SIA, daughter of Lord Dion, a character resembling "Viola" inShakespeare's _Twelfth Night_. Being in love with Prince Philaster, she assumes boy's attire, calls herself "Bellario, " and enters theprince's service. Philaster transfers Bellario to the PrincessArethusa, and then grows jealous of the lady's love for her tenderpage. The sex of Bellario being discovered, shows the groundlessnessof this jealousy. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _Philaster_ or _Love LiesA-bleeding_ (1608). 

_Euphra'sia_, "the Grecian daughter, " was daughter of Evander, theold king of Syracuse (dethroned by Dionysius, and kept prisoner in adungeon on the summit of a rock). She was the wife of Phocion, who hadfled from Syracuse to save their infant son. Euphrasia, havinggained admission to the dungeon where her aged father was dying fromstarvation, "fostered him at her breast by the milk designed for herown babe, and thus the father found a parent in the child. " WhenTimoleon took Syracuse, Dionysius was about to stab Evander, butEuphrasia, rushing forward, struck the tyrant dead upon the spot. --A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_ (1772). 

[Illustration] The same tale is told-of Xantippê, who preserved thelife of her father Cimo'nos in prison. The guard, astonished that theold man held out so long, set a watch and discovered the secret. 

 There is a dungeon, in whose dim drear light What do I gaze on!... An old man, and a female young and fair, Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose veins

 The blood is nectar ... Here youth offers to old age the food, The milk of his own gift.... It is her sire, To whom she renders back the debt of blood. 

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 148 (1817). 

EU'PHRASY, the herb eye-bright; so called because it was once supposedto be efficacious in clearing the organs of sight. Hence the archangelMichael purged the eyes of Adam with it, to enable him to see into thedistant future. --See Milton, _Paradise Lost_, xi. 414-421 (1665). 

EU'PHUES (3 _syll_), the chief character in John Lilly's _Euphuês orThe Anatomy of Wit_, and _Euphues and his England_. He is an Atheniangentleman, distinguished for his elegance, wit, love-making, androving habits. Shakespeare borrowed his "government of the bees"_(Henry V_. Act i. Sc. 2) from Lilly. Euphuês was designed to exhibitthe style affected by the gallants of England in the reign of QueenElizabeth. Thomas Lodge wrote a novel in a similar style, called_Euphues' Golden Legacy_ (1590). 

 "The commonwealth of your bees, " replied Euphuês, "did so delight me that I was not a little sorry that either their estates have not been longer, or your leisure more; for, in my simple judgment, there was such an orderly government that men may not be ashamed to imitate it. "

J. Lilly, _Euphues_ (1581). 

(The romances of Calprenéde and Scudéri bear the same relation tothe jargon of Louis XIV. , as the _Euphues_ of Lilly to that of QueenElizabeth. )

EURE'KA! or rather HEUKE'KA! ("I have discovered it!") The exclamationof Archime'des, the Syracusan philosopher, when he found out how totest the purity of Hi'ero's crown. 

The tale is, that Hiero suspected that a craftsman to whom he hadgiven a certain weight of gold to make into a crown had alloyed themetal, and he asked Archimedês to ascertain if his suspicion was wellfounded. The philosopher, getting into his bath, observed that thewater ran over, and it flashed into his mind that his body displacedits own bulk of water. Now, suppose Hiero gave the goldsmith 1 lb. Ofgold, and the crown weighed 1 lb. , it is manifest that if the crownwas pure gold, both ought to displace the same quantity of water; butthey did not do so, and therefore the gold had been tampered with. Archimedes next immersed in water 1 lb. Of silver, and the differenceof water displaced soon gave the clue to the amount of alloyintroduced by the artificer. 

 Vitruvius says: "When the idea occurred to the philosopher, he jumped out of his bath, and without waiting to put on his clothes, he ran home, exclaiming, '_Heureka! heureka!_'"

EURO'PA. _The Fight at Dame Europa's School_, written by the Rev. H. W. Pullen, minor canon of Salisbury Cathedral. A skit on theFranco-Prussian war (1870-1871). 

EUROPE'S LIBERATOR. So Wellington was called after the overthrow ofBonaparte (1769-1852). 

 Oh, Wellington ... Called "Saviour of the Nations" And "Europe's Liberator. "

Byron, _Don Juan_, ix. 5 (1824). 

EU'RUS, the east wind; Zephyr, the west wind; No'tus, the south wind;Bo'reas, the north wind. Eurus, in Italian, is called the Lev'ant("rising of the sun"), and Zephyr is called Po'nent, ("setting of thesun "). 

 Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds-- Eurus and Zephyr. 

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, x. 705 (1665). 

EURYD'ICE (_4 syl_. ), the wife of Orpheus, killed by a serpent on herwedding night. 

Orpheus went down to Hadês to crave for her restoration to life, andPluto said she should follow him to earth provided he did not lookback. When the poet was stepping on the confines of our earth, heturned to see if Eurydicê´ was following, and just caught a glance ofher as she was snatched back into the shades below. 

(Pope tells the tale in his Pindaric poem, called _Ode on St. Cecilia's Day_, 1709. )

EURYT'ION, the herdsman of Grer'yon. He never slept day nor night, butwalked unceasingly among his herds with his two-headed dog Orthros. "Herculês them all did overcome. "--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 10(1696). 

EUS'TACE, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (afollower of Prince John). --Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I. ). 

_Eustace, (Father)_, or "Father Eustatius, " the superior andafterwards abbot of St. Mary's. He was formerly William Allan, and thefriend of Henry Warden (afterwards the Protestant preacher). --Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth). 

_Eustace (Charles)_, a pupil of Ignatius Polyglot. He has beenclandestinely married for four years, and has a little son namedFrederick. Charles Eustace confides his scrape to Polyglot, andconceals his young wife in the tutor's private room. Polyglot isthought to be a libertine, but the truth comes out, and all partiesare reconciled. --J. Poole, _The Scapegoat. _

_Eus'tace (Jack)_, the lover of Lucinda, and "a very worthy youngfellow, " of good character and family. As Justice Woodcock was averseto the marriage, Jack introduced himself as a music-master, and SirWilliam Meadows, who recognized him, persuaded the justice to consentto the marriage of the young couple. This he was the more ready todo as his sister Deborah said positively he "should not do it. "--Is. Bickerstaff, _Love in a Village_. 

EVA (_St. Clair_). Lovely child, the daughter of Uncle Tom's master, and Uncle Tom's warm friend. --H. B. Stowe, _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ (1851). 

E'VA, daughter of Torquil of the Oak. She is betrothed to FerquhardDay. --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

EVAD'NE (3 _syl. _), wife of Kap'aneus (_3 syl_. ). She threw herself onthe funeral pile of her husband, and was consumed with him. 

_Evad'ne_ (3 _syl_. ), sister of Melantius. Amintor was compelled bythe king to marry her, although he was betrothed to Aspasia (the"maid" whose death forms the tragical event of the drama). --Beaumontand Fletcher, _The Maid's Tragedy_ (1610). 

The purity of female virtue in Aspasia is well contrasted with theguilty boldness of Evadnê, and the rough soldier-like bearing andmanly feeling of Melantius render the selfish sensuality of the kingmore hateful and disgusting. --R. Chambers, _English Literature_, i. 204. 

_Evad'ne_ or The Statue, a drama by Sheil (1820). Ludov'ico, the chiefminister of Naples, heads a conspiracy to murder the king and seizethe crown; his great stumbling-block is the marquis of Colonna, ahigh-minded nobleman, who cannot be corrupted. The sister of themarquis is Evadnê (3 _syl_. ), plighted to Vicentio. Ludovico's schemeis to get Colonna to murder Vicentio and the king, and then to debauchEvadnê. With this in view, he persuades Vicentio that Evadnê is theking's _fille d'amour_, and that she marries him merely as a flimsycloak, but he adds "Never mind, it will make your fortune. " The proudNeapolitan is disgusted, and flings off Evadnê as a viper. Her brotheris indignant, challenges the troth-plight lover to a duel, andVicentio falls. Ludovico now irritates Colonna by talking of theking's amour, and induces him to invite the king to a banquet and thenmurder him. The king goes to the banquet, and Evadnê shows him thestatues of the Colonna family, and amongst them one of her own father, who at the battle of Milan had saved the king's life by his own. Theking is struck with remorse, but at this moment Ludovico enters andthe king conceals himself behind the statue. Colonna tells the traitorminister the deed is done, and Ludovico orders his instant arrest, gibes him as his dupe, and exclaims, "Now I am king indeed!" At thismoment the king comes forward, releases Colonna, and orders Ludovicoto be arrested. The traitor draws his sword, and Colonna kills him. Vicentio now enters, tells how his ear has been abused, and marriesEvadnê. 

EVAN DHU OF LOCHIEL, a Highland chief in the army of Montrose. --Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I. ). 

EVAN DHU M'COMBICH, the foster-brother of M'Ivor. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II. ). 

EVANDALE (_The Right Hon. W. Maxwell, lord_), in the royal armyunder the duke of Monmouth. He is a suitor of Edith Bellenden, the granddaughter of Lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower ofTillietudlem. --Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II. ). 

EVAN'DER, the "good old king of Syracuse, " dethroned by Dionysius theYounger. Evander had dethroned the elder Dionysius "and sent him forvile subsistence, a wandering sophist through the realms of Greece. "He was the father of Euphrasia, and was kept in a dungeon on the topof a rock, where he would have been starved to death, if Euphrasiahad not nourished him with "the milk designed for her own babe. "When Syracuse was taken by Timoleon, Dionysius by accident came uponEvander, and would have killed him, but Euphrasia rushed forward andstabbed the tryant to the heart. --A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_(1772). See ERRORS OF AUTHORS, "Dionysius. "

Mr. Bently, May 6, 1796, took leave of the stage in the character of"Evander. "--W. C. Russell, _Representative Actors_, 426. 

EVANGELIC DOCTOR _(The)_, John Wycliffe, "the Morning Star of theReformation" (1324-1384). 

EVANGELINE, the heroine and title of a tale in hexameter verse byLongfellow, in two parts. Evangeline was the daughter of BenedictBellefontaine, the richest farmer of Acadia (now _Nova Scotia_). At the age of 17 she was legally betrothed by the notary-public toGabriel, son of Basil the blacksmith, but next day all the colony wasexiled by the order of George II. , and their houses, cattle, and landswere confiscated. Gabriel and Evangeline were parted, and now beganthe troubles of her life. She wandered from place to place to find herbetrothed. Basil had settled at Louisiana, but when Evangeline reachedthe place, Gabriel had just left; she then went to the prairies, toMichigan, and so on, but at every place she was just too late tomeet him. At length, grown old in this hopeless search, she went toPhiladelphia and became a sister of mercy. The plague broke out in thecity, and as she visited the almshouse she saw an old man smitten downwith the pestilence. It was Gabriel. He tried to whisper her name, butdeath closed his lips. He was buried, and Evangeline lies beside himin the grave. 

(Longfellow's _Evangeline_ (1849) has many points of close similitudewith Campbell's tale of _Gertrude of Wyoming_, 1809). 

EVANS (_Sir Hugh_), a pedantic Welsh parson and schoolmaster ofextraordinary simplicity and native shrewdness. --Shakespeare, _TheMerry Wives of Windsor_ (1601). 

The reader may cry out with honest Sir Hugh Evans, "I like not when a'ooman has a great peard. "--Macaulay. 

Henderson says: "I have seen John Edwin, in 'Sir Hugh Evans, ' whenpreparing for the duel, keep the house in an ecstasy of merriment formany minutes together without speaking a word" (1750-1790). 

_Evans_ (_William_), the giant porter of Charles I. He carried SirGeoffrey Hudson about in his pocket. Evans was eight feet in height, and Hudson only eighteen inches. Fuller mentions this giant amongsthis _Worthies_. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, CharlesII. ). 

EVAN'THE (3 _syl_. ), sister of Sora'no, the wicked instrument ofFrederick, duke of Naples, and the chaste wife of Valerio. 

The duke tried to seduce her, but failing in this scandalous attempt, offered to give her to any one for a month, at the end of which timethe libertine was to suffer death. No one would accept the offer, and ultimately Evanthê was restored to her husband. --Beaumont andFletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624). 

EVE (_1 syl_), or Havah, the "mother of all living" (_Gen_. Iii. 20). Before the expulsion from paradise her name was Ishah, because she wastaken out of _ish, i. E. _ "man" (_Gen_. Ii. 23). 

Eve was of such gigantic stature that when she laid her head on onehill near Mecca, her knees rested on two other hills in theplain, about two gun-shots asunder. Adam was as tall as a palmtree. --Moncony, _Voyage_, i. 372, etc. 

EV'ELI'NA (_4 syl_. ), the heroine of a novel so called by Miss Burney(afterwards Mme. D'Arblay). Evelina marries Lord Orville (1778). 

EVELYN (_Alfred_), the secretary and relative of Sir John Vesey. Hemade Sir John's speeches, wrote his pamphlets, got together his facts, mended his pens, and received no salary. Evelyn loved Clara Douglas, a dependent of Lady Franklin, but she was poor also, and declined tomarry him. Scarcely had she refused him, when he was left an immensefortune and proposed to Georgina Vesey. What little heart Georgina hadwas given to Sir Frederick Blount, but the great fortune of Evelynmade her waver; however, being told that Evelyn's property wasinsecure, she married Frederick, and left Evelyn free to marryClara. --Lord E. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840). 

_Evelyn_ (_Sir George_) a man of fortune, family, and character, inlove with Dorrillon, whom he marries. --Mrs. Inchbald, _Wives asthey Were and Maids as they Are_ (1795). 

EVERARD (_Colonel Markham_), of the Commonwealth party. 

_Master Everard_, the colonel's father. --Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_(time, commonwealth). 

EV'ERETT (_Master_), a hired witness of the "Popish Plot. "--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

EVERY MAN IN HIS HUMOR, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1598). The originalplay was altered by David Garrick. The persons to whom the title ofthe drama apply are: "Captain Bobadil, " whose humor is bragging ofhis brave deeds and military courage--he is thrashed as a cowardby Downright; "Kitely, " whose humor is jealousy of his wife--he isbefooled and cured by a trick played on him by Brain-worm; "Stephen, "whose humor is verdant stupidity--he is played on by every one;"Kno'well, " whose humor is suspicion of his son Edward, which turnsout to be all moonshine; "Dame Kitely, " whose humor is jealousy of herhusband, but she (like her husband) is cured by a trick devised byBrain worm. Every man in his humor is liable to be duped thereby, forhis humor is the "Achilles' heel" of his character. 

EVERY MAN OUT OF HIS HUMOR, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1599). 

EVERY ONE HAS HIS FAULT, a comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1794). By thefault of rigid pride, Lord Norland discarded his daughter, LadyEleanor, because she married against his consent. By the fault ofgallantry and defect of due courtesy to his wife, Sir Robert Rambledrove Lady Ramble into a divorce. By the fault of irresolution, "ShallI marry or shall I not!" Solus remained a miserable bachelor, piningfor a wife and domestic joys. By the fault of deficient spirit andmanliness, Mr. Placid was a hen-pecked husband. By the fault ofmarrying without the consent of his wife's friends, Mr. Irwin wasreduced to poverty and even crime. Harmony healed these faults; LordNorland received his daughter into favor; Sir Robert Ramble took backhis wife; Solus married Miss Spinster; Mr. Placid assumed the rightsof the head of the family; and Mr. Irwin, being accepted as theson-in-law of Lord Norland, was raised from indigence to domesticcomfort. 

EVIOT, page to Sir John Ramorny (master of the horse to Prince Robertof Scotland). --Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV. ). 

EVIR-ALLEN, the white-armed daughter of Branno, an Irishman. "Athousand heroes sought the maid; she refused her love to a thousand. The sons of the sword were despised, for graceful in her eyes wasOssian. " This Evir-Allen was the mother of Oscar, Fingal's grandson, but she was not alive when Fingal went to Ireland to assist Cormacagainst the invading Norsemen, which forms the subject of the poemcalled _Fingal_, in six books. --Ossian, _Fingal_, iv. 

EW'AIN _(Sir)_, son of King Vrience and Morgan le Fay (Arthur'shalf-sister). --Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 72(1470). 

EWAN OF BRIGGLANDS, a horse soldier in the army of Montrose. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I. ). 

EWART (_Nanty i. E. _ Anthony), captain of the smuggler's brig. Sir W. Scott _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

EXCAL'IBUR, King Arthur's famous swords. There seems to have been twoof his swords so called. One was the sword sheathed in stone, which noone could draw thence, save he who was to be king of the land. Above200 knights tried to release it, but failed; Arthur alone could drawit with ease, and thus proved his right of succession (pt. I. 3). Inch. 7 this sword is called Excalibur, and is said to have been sobright "that it gave light like thirty torches. " After his fight withPellinore, the king said to Merlin he had no sword, and Merlin tookhim to a lake, and Arthur saw an arm "clothed in white samite, thatheld a fair sword in the hand. " Presently the Lady of the Lakeappeared, and Arthur begged that he might have the sword, and the ladytold him to go and fetch it. When he came to it he took it, "and thearm and hand went under the water again. " This is the sword generallycalled Excalibur. When about to die, King Arthur sent an attendant tocast the sword back again into the lake, and again the hand "clothedin white samite" appeared, caught it, and disappeared (ch. 23). --SirT. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 3, 23 (1470). 

 King Arthur's sword, Excalibur, Wrought by the lonely maiden of the lake; Nine years she wrought it, sitting in the deeps, Upon the hidden bases of the hills. 

Tennyson, _Morte d'Arthur_. 

_Excalibur's Sheath_. "Sir, " said Merlin, "look that ye keep well thescabbard of Excalibur, for ye shall lose no blood as long as ye havethe scabbard upon you, though ye have never so many wounds. "--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 36 (1470). 

EXECUTIONER (_No_). When Francis, viscount d'Aspremont, governorof Bayonne, was commanded by Charles IX. Of France to massacre theHuguenots, he replied, "Sire, there are many under my governmentdevoted to your majesty, but not a single executioner. "

EXHAUSTED WORLDS ... Dr. Johnson, in the prologue spoken by Garrick atthe opening of Drury Lane, in 1747, says of Shakespeare:

 Each change of many-colored life he drew? Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new. 

EXTERMINATOR (_The_), Montbars, chief of a set of filibusters in theseventeenth century. He was a native of Languedoc, and conceived anintense hatred against the Spaniards on reading of their crueltiesin the New World. Embarking at Havre, in 1667, Montbars attacked theSpaniards in the Antilles and in Honduras, took from them Vera Cruzand Carthagena, and slew them most mercilessly wherever he encounteredthem (1645-1707). 

EYE. _Terrible as the eye of Vathek_. One of the eyes of this caliphwas so terrible in anger that those died who ventured to look thereon, and had he given way to his wrath, he would have depopulated his wholedominion. --W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784). 

EYED _(One-)_ people. The Arimaspians of Scythia were a one-eyedpeople. 

The Cyclops were giants with only one eye, and that in the middle ofthe forehead. 

Tartaro, in Basque legends, was a one-eyed giant. Sindbad the sailor, in his third voyage, was cast on an island inhabited by one-eyedgiants. 

EYRE _(Jane)_, a governess, who stoutly copes with adversecircumstances, and ultimately marries a used-up man of fortune, inwhom the germs of good feeling and sound sense were only exhausted, and not destroyed. --Charlotte Bronté, _Jane Eyre_ (1847). 

EZ'ZELIN _(Sir)_, the gentleman who recognizes Lara at the table ofLord Otho, and charges him with being Conrad the Corsair. A duelensues, and Ezzelin is never heard of more. A serf used to say thathe saw a huntsman one evening cast a dead body into the river whichdivided the lands of Otho and Lara, and that there was a star ofknighthood on the breast of the corpse. --Byron, _Lara_ (1814). 

FAA _(Gabriel)_, nephew of Meg Merrilees. One of the huntsman atLiddesdale. --Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II. ). 

FAB'ILA, a king devoted to the chase. One day he encountered a wildboar, and commanded those who rode with him not to interfere, butthe boar overthrew him and gored him to death. --_Chronica Antiqua deEspaña_, 121. 

FA'BIUS _(The American)_, George Washington (1732-1799). 

_Fa'bius (The French)_, Anne, duc de Montmorency, grand-constable ofFrance (1493-1567). 

FABRICIUS [_Fa. Brish'. E. Us_], an old Roman, like Cincinnatus andCurius Dentatus, a type of the rigid purity, frugality, and honestyof the "good old times. " Pyrrhus used every effort to corrupt him bybribes, or to terrify him, but in vain. "Excellent Fabricius, " criedthe Greek, "one might hope to turn the sun from its course as soon asturn Fabricius from the path of duty. "

_Fabric'ius_, an author, whose composition was so obscure thatGil Blas could not comprehend the meaning of a single line of hiswritings. His poetry was verbose fustian, and his prose a maze offar-fetched expressions and perplexed phrases. 

FABRIT'IO, a merry soldier, the friend of Captain Jac'omo thewoman-hater. --Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Captain_ (1613). 

FACE (1 _syl. _), _alias_ "Jeremy, " house-servant of Lovewit. Duringthe absence of his master, Face leagues with Subtle (the alchemist)and Dol Common to turn a penny by alchemy, fortune-telling, and magic. Subtle (a beggar who knew something about alchemy) was discovered byFace near Pye Corner. Assuming the philosopher's garb and wand, hecalled himself "doctor;" Face, arrogating the title of "captain, "touted for dupes; while Dol Common kept the house, and aided the othertwo in their general scheme of deception. On the unexpected return ofLovewit, the whole thing blew up, but Face was forgiven, and continuedin his place as house-servant. --Ben Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1619). 

FACTO'TUM (_Johannes_), one employed to do all sorts of work foranother; one in whom another confides for all the odds and ends of hishousehold management or business. 

He is an absolute Johannes Factotum, at least in his ownconceit. --Greene, _Groat's-worth of Wit_ (1692). 

FADDLE _(William)_, a "fellow made up of knavery and noise, withscandal for wit and impudence for raillery. He was so needy that thevery devil might have bought him for a guinea. " Sir Charles Raymondsays to him:

"Thy life is a disgrace to humanity. A foolish prodigality makes theeneedy; need makes thee vicious; and both make thee contemptible. Thywit is prostituted to slander and buffoonery; and thy judgment, ifthou hast any, to meanness and villainy. Thy betters, that laugh withthee, laugh at thee; and all the varieties of thy life are but pitifulrewards and painful abuses. "--Ed. Moore, _The Foundling_, iv. 2(1748). 

FA'DHA _(Ah)_, Mahomet's silver cuirass. 

FAD'LADEEN, the great nazir' or chamberlain of Aurungze'bê's harem. Hecriticises the tales told to Lalla Rookh by a young poet on her way toDelhi, and great was his mortification to find that the poet was theyoung king his master. 

Fadladeen was a judge of everything, from the pencilling of aCircassian's eyelids to the deepest questions of science andliterature; from the mixture of a conserve of rose leaves to thecomposition of an epic poem. --T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (1817). 

FADLADIN'IDA, wife of King Chrononhotonthologos. While the king isalive she falls in love with the captive king of the Antip'odês, andat the death of the king, when two suitors arise, she says, "Well, gentlemen, to make matters easy, I'll take you both. "--H. Cary, _Chrononhotonthologos_ (a burlesque). 

FAËRY QUEEN, a metrical romance, in six books, of twelve cantos each, by Edmund Spenser _(incomplete). _

Book I. THE RED CROSS KNIGHT, _the spirit of Christianity_, or thevictory of holiness over sin (1590). 

II. THE LEGEND OF SIB GUYON, _the golden mean_ (1590). 

III. THE LEGEND or BRITOMARTIS, _chaste love. _ Britomartis is Diana orQueen Elizabeth (1590). 

IV. CAMBEL AND TRIAMOND, _fidelity_ (1596). 

V. THE LEGEND OF SIR AR'TEGAL, _justice_' (1596). 

VI. THE LEGEND OF SIR CALIDORE, _courtesy_ (1596). 

[Illustration] Sometimes bk. Vii. , called. _Mutability_, is added; butonly fragments of this book exist. 

FAFNIS, the dragon with which Sigurd fights. --_Sigurd the Horny_ (aGerman romance based on a Norse legend). 

FAG, the lying servant of Captain Absolute. He "wears his master'swit, as he does his lace, at second hand. "--Sheridan, _The Rivals_(1775). 

FAGGOT _(Nicholas)_, clerk to Matthew Foxley, the magistrate whoexamined Darsie Latimer _(i. E_. Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet) afterhe had been attacked by rioters. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

FAGGOTS AND FAGGOTS _(II y a fagots et fagots)_, all things of thesame sort are not equal in quality. In Molière's _Le Médecin MalgréLui_, Sganarelle wants to show that his faggots are better than thoseof other persons, and cries out "Ay! but those faggots are not equalto mine. "

II est vrai, messieurs, que je suis le premier homme du monde pourfaire des fagots ... 

Je n'y épargne aucune chose, et les fais d'une facon qu'il n'y a riena dire ... Il y a fagots, et fagots. --Act i. 6 (1666). 

FAGIN, an old Jew, who employs a gang of thieves, chiefly boys. Theseboys he teaches to pick pockets and pilfer adroitly. Fagin assumes amost suave and fawning manner, but is malicious, grasping, and full ofcruelty. --C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837). 

FAINALL, cousin by marriage to Sir Wilful Witwould. He married ayoung, wealthy, and handsome widow, but the two were cat and dog toeach other. The great aim of Fainall was to get into his possessionthe estates of his wife (settled on herself "in trust to EdwardMirabell"), but in this he failed. In outward semblance, Fainall wasplausible enough, but he was a goodly apple rotten at the core, falseto his friends, faithless to his wife, overreaching, and deceitful. 

_Mrs. Fainall_. Her first husband was Languish, son of Lady Wishford. Her second husband she both despised and detested. --W. Congreve, _TheWay of the World_ (1700). 

FAINASO'LIS, daughter of Craca's king (_the Shetland Isles_). WhenFingal was quite a young man, she fled to him for protection againstSora, but scarcely had he promised to take up her cause, when Soralanded, drew the bow, and she fell. Fingal said to Sora, "Unerringis thy hand, O Sora, but feeble was the foe. " He then attacked theinvader, and Sora fell. --Ossian, _Fingal_, iii. 

FAINT HEART NEVER WON FAIR LADY, a line in a ballad written to the"Berkshire Lady, " a Miss Frances Kendrick, daughter of Sir WilliamKendrick, second baronet. Sir William's father was created baronet byCharles II. The wooer was a Mr. Child, son of a brewer at Abingdon, towhom the lady sent a challenge. 

 Having read this strange relation, He was in a consternation; But, advising with a friend, He persuades him to attend: "Be of courage and make ready, Faint heart never won fair lady. "

_Quarterly Review_, cvi. 205-245. 

_Faint Heart never Won Fair Lady_, name of a _petit comédie_ broughtout by Mde. Vestris at the Olympic. Mde. Vestris herself performed thepart of the "fair lady. "

FAIR PENITENT (_The_) a tragedy by Rowe (1703). Calista was daughterof Lord Sciol'to (3 _syl_. ), and bride of Lord Al'tamont. It wasdiscovered on the wedding-day that she had been seduced by Lotha'rio. This led to a duel between the bridegroom and the libertine, in whichLothario was killed; a street riot ensued, in which Sciolto receiveshis death-wound; and Calista, "the fair penitent, " stabbed herself. The drama is a mere _réchauffé_ of Massinger's _Fatal Dowry_. 

FAIRBROTHER (_Mr_. ), counsel of Effie Deans at the trial. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

FAIRFAX (_Thomas, lord_), father of the duchess of Buckingham. --Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II. ). 

_Fairfax (Rutherford). _ Young man born of a line of brave men, whois conscious that early petting at home and a foreign education havedeveloped physical cowardice. On his way home from England he fallsinto the hands of desperadoes who force him to fire a pistol at abound man. The lad is almost fainting, and swoons with pain and horrorwhen the deed is, as he thinks, done. His father believes him acoward, and the sense of this and a loving woman's trust in him, nerve him to deeds of endurance and valor that clear his recordtriumphantly. --Octave Thanet, _Expiation_ (1890). 

FAIRFIELD, the miller, and father of Patty "the maid of the mill. " Anhonest, straightforward man, grateful and modest. --Bickerstaff, _TheMaid of the Mill_ (1647). 

FAIRFORD (_Mr. Alexander_ or _Saunders_), a lawyer. 

_Allan Fairford_, a young barrister, son of Saunders, and a friend ofDarsie Latimer. He marries Lilias Redgauntlet, sister of Sir ArthurDarsie Redgauntlet, called "Darsie Latimer. "

_Peter Fairford_, Allan's cousin. --Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III. ). 

FAIRLEIGH (_Frank_), the pseudonym of F. E. Smedley, editor of Sharpe's_London Magazine_ (1848, 1849). It was in this magazine that Smedley'stwo novels, _Frank Fairleigh_ and _Louis Arundel_ were firstpublished. 

FAIRLIMB, sister of Bitelas, and daughter of Rukenaw the ape, in thebeast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). 

FAIR MAID OF PERTH. Heroine of Scott's novel of same name. 

FAIR'SCRIEVE (2 _syl_. ), clerk of Mr. James Middleburgh, a magistrateof Edinburgh. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

FAIRSERVICE (_Mr. _), a magistrate's clerk. --Sir W. Scott, _Heart ofMidlothian_ (time, George II. ). 

_Fairservice (Andrew)_, the humorous Scotch gardener of Sir HildebrandOsbaldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall. --Sir W. Scott, _Rob Boy_ (time, George I. ). 

Overflowing with a humor as peculiar in its way as the humors ofAndrew Fairservice. --_London Athenæum_. 

FAIRSTAR _(Princess)_, daughter of Queen Blon'dina (who had at onebirth two boys and a girl, all "with stars on their foreheads, and achain of gold about their necks"). On the same day, Blondina's sisterBrunetta (wife of the king's brother) had a son, afterwards calledCherry. The queen-mother, wishing to destroy these four children, ordered Fein'tisa to strangle them, but Feintisa sent them adrift ina boat, and told the queen-mother they were gone. It so happened thatthe boat was seen by a corsair, who brought the children to his wifeCor'sina to bring up. The corsair soon grew immensely rich, becauseevery time the hair of these children was combed, jewels fell fromtheir heads. When grown up, these castaways went to the land of theirroyal father and his brother, but Cherry was for a while employed ingetting for Fairstar (1) _The dancing water_, which had the gift ofimparting beauty; (2) _The singing apple_, which had the gift ofimparting wit; and (3) _The green bird_, which could reveal allsecrets. By this bird the story of their birth was made known, andFairstar married her cousin Cherry. --Comtesse D'Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_("Princess Fair-star, " 1682). 

[Illustration] This tale is borrowed from the fairy tales ofStraparola, the Milanese (1550). 

FAITH _(Brown)_, wife of Goodman Brown. He sees her in his fantasyof the witches' revel in the forest, and calls to her to "look up toheaven. "--Hawthorne, _Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1854). 

_Faith_ (_Derrick_). A beautiful, unsophisticated girl, whoseaccomplished tutor instructs her in belles lettres, naturalphilosophy, religion and love. He becomes a clergyman and she marrieshim. --Susan Warner, _Say and Seal_ (1860). 

_Faith Gartney_. A city girl whose parents remove to the countrybefore she has an opportunity to enter society. She is partiallybetrothed to Paul Rushleigh, but under the influence of nature, andassociation with an older and nobler man, outgrows her early lover, and marries Roger Armstrong. --A. D. T. Whitney, _Faith Gartney'sGirlhood_ (1863). 

FAITHFUL, a companion of Christian in his walk to the Celestial City. Both were seized at Vanity Fair, and Faithful, being burnt to death, was taken to heaven, in a chariot of fire. --Bunyan, _Pilgrim'sProgress_, i. (1678). 

_Faithful_ (_Jacob_), the title and hero of a sea tale, by CaptainMarryat (1835). 

_Faithful_ (_Father of the_), Abraham. --_Rom_. Iv. ; _Gal_. Iii. 6-9. 

FAITHFUL SHEPHERDESS _(The)_, a pastoral drama by John Fletcher(1610). The "faithful shepherdess" is Clorin, whose lover was dead. Faithful to his memory, Clorin retired from the busy world, employingher time in works of humanity, such as healing the sick, exorcisingthe bewitched, and comforting the afflicted. 

(A part of Milton's _Comus_ is almost a verbal transcript of thepastoral. )

FAKAR (_Dhu'l_), Mahomet's scimitar. 

FAKENHAM GHOST _(The). _ An old woman, walking to Fakenham, had tocross the churchyard after nightfall. She heard a short, quick stepbehind, and looking round saw what she fancied to be a four-footedmonster. On she ran, faster and faster, and on came the patteringfootfalls behind. She gained the churchyard gate and pushed it open, but, ah! "the monster" also passed through. Every moment she expectedit would leap upon her back. She reached her cottage door and fainted. Out came her husband with a lantern, saw the "sprite, " which was noother than the foal of a donkey, that had strayed into the park andfollowed the ancient dame to her cottage door. 

 And many a laugh went through the vale. And some conviction, too; Each thought some other goblin tale Perhaps was just as true. 

R. Bloomfield, _The Fakenham Ghost_ (a fact). 

FALCON. Wm. Morris tells us that whoso watched a certain falcon forseven days and seven nights without sleeping, should have his firstwish granted by a fay. A certain king accomplished the watching, andwished to have the fay's love. His wish was granted, but it proved hisruin. --_The Earthly Paradise_ ("July")

FALCONER (Mr. ), laird of Balmawhapple, friend of the old baron ofBradwardine. --Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ time, George _Falconer_(_Major_), brother of Lady Bothwell. --Sir W. Scott, _Aunt Margaret'sMirror_ (time, William III. ). 

_Falconer_ (_Edmund_), the _nom de plume_ of Edmund O'Rourke, authorof _Extremes or Men of the day_ (a comedy, 1859). 

FALIE'RO (_Marino_), the doge of Venice, an old man who married ayoung wife named Angioli'na (3 _syl_. ). At a banquet, Michel Steno, ayoung patrician, grossly insulted some of the ladies, and was, bythe order of the doge, turned out of the house. In revenge, Stenoplacarded the doge's chair with some scurrilous verses upon the youngdogaressa, and Faliero referred the matter to "the Forty. " The councilsentenced Steno to two months' imprisonment, and the doge deemed thispunishment so inadequate to the offence, that he looked upon it as apersonal insult, and headed a conspiracy to cut off, root and branch, the whole Venetian nobility. The project being discovered, Faliero wasput to death (1355), at the age of 76, and his picture removed fromthe gallery of his brother doges. --Byron, _Marino Faliero. _