AUTHORISED GUIDE TO THE TOWER OF LONDON. BY W. J. LOFTIE, B. A. , F. S. A. REVISED EDITION. WITH TWELVE VIEWS AND TWO PLANS, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY, BY THE VISCOUNT DILLON, P. S. A. (_Curator of the Tower Armouries. _) [Illustration] LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. _AND SOLD AT THE TOWER_. 1904 _Reprinted_ 1907. * * * * * PRICE ONE PENNY. [Illustration: PLAN OF THE TOWER. ] THE TOWER OF LONDON. * * * * * GENERAL SKETCH. The Tower of London was founded in 1078, by William the Conqueror, forthe purpose of protecting and controlling the city. To make room for hischief buildings he removed two bastions of the old wall of London, andencroached slightly upon the civic boundaries. Part therefore of theTower is in London, and part in Middlesex, but it forms, with itssurrounding fortifications, a precinct in itself which belongs neitherto the city nor the county. It covers an area of 18 acres within theGarden rails. The present buildings are partly of the Norman period; but architectureof almost all the styles which have flourished in England may be foundwithin the walls. It is well to remember that though the Tower is nolonger a place of great military strength it has in time past been afortress, a palace, and a prison, and to view it rightly we must regardit in this threefold aspect. It was first built as a fortress, and has a central Keep, called the"White Tower. " The Inner Ward is defended by a wall, flanked by thirteentowers, the entrance to it being on the south side under the BloodyTower. The Outer Ward is defended by a second wall, flanked by sixtowers on the river face (_see_ Pl. IX, X and XI), and by threesemicircular bastions on the north face. A Ditch or "Moat, " now dry, encircles the whole, crossed at the south-western angle by a stonebridge, leading to the "Byward Tower" from the "Middle Tower, " a gatewaywhich had formerly an outwork, called the "Lion Tower. " The Tower was occupied as a palace by all our Kings and Queens down toCharles II. It was the custom for each monarch to lodge in the Towerbefore his coronation, and to ride in procession to Westminster throughthe city. The Palace buildings stood eastward of the "Bloody Tower. " The security of the walls made it convenient as a State prison, thefirst known prisoner being Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, who had beenactive under William Rufus in pushing on the buildings. From that timethe Tower was seldom without some captive, English or foreign, of rankand importance. In the Tudor period the "Green" within the Tower was used on very rareoccasions for executions. [1] Condemned prisoners were usually beheadedon [Footnote 1: See page 32. ] _Tower Hill_. Emerging from the Mark Lane railway station, the visitor obtains anexcellent view of the great fortress. Within the railed space of TrinitySquare, the first permanent scaffold on Tower Hill was set up in thereign of Edward III, but the first execution recorded here was that ofSir Simon Burley in 1388. Here also were beheaded, among others, Dudley, the minister of Henry VII (1510), his son the Duke of Northumberland(1553), his grandson, Lord Guildford Dudley (1554), Cromwell, Earl ofEssex (1540), More and Fisher (1535), Surrey (1547), and his son, Norfolk (1572), Strafford (1641), and Archbishop Laud (1645), and theScotch lords in 1716, 1746, and 1747, the last being Simon, Lord Lovat. The Tower moat is immediately before us. It is drained and used as aparade ground. Beyond it, as we approach the entrance, we have a goodview of the fortifications. On the extreme left are the Brass Mount andNorth Bastions. In the middle is Legge's Mount. To the right is theentrance gateway. The highest building behind is the White Tower, easilydistinguished by its four turrets. In front of it are the Devereux, Beauchamp, and Bell Towers, the residences of the Lieutenant of theTower and of the Yeoman Gaoler being in the gabled and red tiled housesbetween the last two. From one of these windows Lady Jane Grey saw herhusband's headless body brought in from Tower Hill, by the route we nowtraverse; and the leads are still called Queen Elizabeth's Walk, as sheused them during her captivity in 1554. _The Lion Tower_ stood where the Ticket Office and Refreshment Room are now. Here thevisitor obtains a pass which admits him to see the Regalia, or CrownJewels, and another for the Armoury. In the Middle Ages and down to 1834the Royal Menagerie was lodged in a number of small buildings near theLion Tower, whence its name was derived and the saying arose, "seeingthe lions, " for a visit to the Tower. Where the wooden gate now stands, there was a small work called the Conning Gate. It marked the boundariesof Middlesex and the Tower Precinct. Here prisoners were handed over tothe Sheriff. _The Middle Tower_ (Pl. I) was originally built by Henry III, but has been entirely refaced. Through its archway we reach the stone bridge, which had formerly in thecentre a drawbridge of wood. We next reach _The Byward Tower_ (Pl. II), the great Gatehouse of the Outer Ward. It is in part the work of HenryIII, and in part that of Richard II. Observe the vaulting and the darkrecesses on the southern side. We pass on the left _The Bell Tower_ (Pl. IX), which may safely be attributed to the reign of King John. Here Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was imprisoned by Henry VIII, and the PrincessElizabeth by her sister, Queen Mary. The "Curtain Wall, " of greatantiquity, is pierced by the windows of the Lieutenant's Lodgings, nowcalled "The King's House, " and one of these windows lights the CouncilChamber, where Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators were tried andcondemned, 1605. _The Traitors' Gate_ (Pl. IV), with St. Thomas's Tower, is now on our right. Observe the masonry whichsupports the wide span of the arch. This gate, when the Thames was moreof a highway than it is at present, was often used as an entrance to theTower. St. Thomas' Tower was built by Henry III, and contains a smallchapel or oratory dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury. In later timesit was found convenient as a landing place for prisoners who had beentried at Westminster; and here successively Edward Duke of Buckingham(1521), Sir Thomas More, Queen Anne Boleyn, Cromwell Earl of Essex, Queen Katharine Howard (1542) Seymour Duke of Somerset (1551), Lady JaneGrey, the Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth, Devereux Earl of Essex(1601), and James Duke of Monmouth, passed under the arch on their wayto a prison or the scaffold. Opposite is _The Bloody Tower_ (Pl. VIII), which is believed to derive its name from the suicide in it of HenryPercy, eighth Earl of Northumberland, in 1585. Under this Tower we enterthe Inner Ward. It dates from the reigns of Edward III and Richard II, and was called by its present name as early as 1597, being popularlybelieved to be the scene of the murder of Edward V and his brother theDuke of York, as well as of Henry VI. It was originally known as theGarden Tower, as its upper storey opens on that part of the paradeground which was formerly the Constable's Garden. Here Sir WalterRaleigh was allowed to walk during his long imprisonment, and couldsometimes converse over the wall with the passers-by. Observe thegrooves for working the massive portcullis, which was raised by chainsand a windlass. These still exist on the upper floor. Immediatelyadjoining the gateway on the east is the _Wakefield Tower_ (Pl. III). Its lower storey is the oldest building next to the Keep; it was, withthe Lanthorn (rebuilt on the old foundation in 1884-5) and Cold HarbourTowers, part of the original Norman plan. The upper storey was rebuiltby Henry III, who made it the entrance to his palace on the east. TheGreat Hall, memorable as the scene of Anne Boleyn's trial, adjoined it, but was pulled down during the Commonwealth. In 1360 the records of thekingdom, which had previously been kept in the White Tower, were removedhere, and this is called in ancient surveys sometimes the Record, andsometimes the Hall Tower. The present name is said to be derived fromthe imprisonment of Yorkists after the Lancastrian victory at Wakefieldin 1460. It is used now for the safe keeping and exhibition of _The Crown Jewels_. The visitor who has obtained a ticket passes up a short stair and findshimself in a well-lighted circular apartment in the Wakefield Tower. The deep window recess opposite the door was fitted up as a small chapel, with Aumbry, Piscina, and Sedilia. Tradition says that Henry VI used itfor his devotions when a prisoner in the Tower, and was here murdered. In the centre, in a large double case, are arranged the splendid objectswhich form the English Regalia. The following are the most remarkable:-- The King's Crown. It occupies the highest place in the case. It wasconstructed in 1838 for her late Majesty's coronation, the principaljewels being taken from older crowns and the royal collection. Amongthem, observe the large ruby given to the Black Prince in Spain in 1367. Henry V wore it in his helmet at Agincourt. With seventy-five largebrilliants it forms a Maltese cross on the front of the diadem. Immediately below it is a splendid sapphire, purchased by George IV. Seven other sapphires and eight emeralds, all of large size, with manyhundred diamonds, decorate the band and arches, and the cross on thesummit is formed of a rose cut sapphire and four very fine brilliants. The whole contains 2818 diamonds, 297 pearls, and many other jewels, andweighs thirty-nine ounces and five pennyweights. The Crown was enlargedfor His Majesty Edward VII. The Crown made for the coronation of Mary of Modena, the second wife ofJames II. This is probably one of the oldest of the crowns, and containssome fine jewels. The Crown made for Queen Mary II, for her coronation with William III. St. Edward's Crown, which appears to be the model by which all the latercrowns have been fashioned. It was made for the coronation of CharlesII. The Prince of Wales's coronet, with a single arch. The Orb, of gold, with a cross and bands of jewels. St. Edward's Staff, a sceptre of gold, 4 feet 7 inches in length, surmounted by an orb which is supposed to contain a fragment of the truecross. The Royal Sceptre. The Sceptre of Equity, surmounted by a dove. Small sceptres, one of ivory. Besides these magnificent regal emblems, which chiefly date from theRestoration, when the places of the ancient objects, destroyed duringthe Commonwealth, were supplied as nearly as possible, observe, also-- The Anointing Spoon, the sole relic of the ancient regalia, of silvergilt. The Eagle, for the anointing oil. The Golden Salt-cellar, a model of the White Tower. The Baptismal Font, used at the christening of the Sovereign's children, of silver, double gilt. The Sacramental Plate used at the coronation. A large silver-gilt wine-fountain, of good workmanship, presented toCharles II by the Corporation of Plymouth. In a case in the large recess, _Curtana_, the Sword of Mercy, pointless, the blade 40 inches long. Two Swords of Justice, Ecclesiastical and Civil. Also the State Sword offered at the coronation of His Majesty EdwardVII, with richly jewelled hilt and scabbard. In the central case is a model of the Koh-i-noor in its originalsetting. In the cases in the recesses are also exhibited the insignia of theBritish and Indian orders of Knighthood, their collars, stars, andbadges, and the Victoria Cross. Leaving the Wakefield Tower, we descend the slope and turn to the leftnear the site of what was the Cold Harbour Tower, a name the exactmeaning of which is unknown. The original Jewel House was behind it tothe east, forming with the south side of the White Tower, and portionsof the palace, a small courtyard, in which some remains of the ancientbuildings may still be traced. On a raised platform is the gun-carriageand limber on which the body of Her Majesty the late Queen Victoriawas conveyed on the occasion of her funeral, 2nd February, 1901, fromWindsor Railway Station to St. George's Chapel. This was placed here byorder of the Houses of Parliament. We now reach a doorway made in thesouth wall of the _White Tower_ (Pl. VII), or Keep, the oldest part of the whole fortress. [Illustration: WHITE TOWER. Plan of Middle Floor. ] The Conqueror, before he entered London, formed a camp, eastward ofthe city, and probably on part of the ground now occupied by the Tower. Immediately after his coronation he commenced the works here. At first, no doubt, they consisted of a ditch and palisade, and were formed partlyon the lower bastions of the old City Wall, first built by the Romans, and rebuilt in 885 by King Alfred. The work of building the Keep wasentrusted to Gundulf, a monk of Bec, in Normandy, who was shortlyafterwards made Bishop of Rochester, and who probably commencedoperations in 1078. In 1097, under William Rufus, the works were stillgoing on and the inner ward was enclosed. A great storm in 1091 damagedthe outworks. Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, being imprisoned in theTower by Henry I, contrived to escape, 1101. During the wars betweenStephen and Matilda, the Earl of Essex was Constable of the Tower, andobtained a grant even of the City of London from the Empress. When hefell into Stephen's hands the Tower formed his ransom, and the citizensregained their ancient liberty. When Richard I was absent on theCrusade, his regent, Longchamp, resided in the Tower, of which hegreatly enlarged the precincts by trespasses on the land of the city andof St. Katharine's Hospital. He surrendered the Tower to the citizens, led by John, in 1191. The church of St. Peter was in existence before1210, and the whole Tower was held in pledge for the completion of MagnaCharta in 1215 and 1216. In 1240 Henry III had the chapel of St. Johndecorated with painting and stained glass, and the royal apartments inthe Keep were whitewashed, as well as the whole exterior. In the reignof Edward III it begins to assume its modern name, as "La Blanche Tour. "During the wars with France many illustrious prisoners were lodged here, as David, King of Scots; John, King of France; Charles of Blois, andJohn de Vienne, governor of Calais, and his twelve brave burgesses. Inthe Tower Richard II signed his abdication, 1399. The Duke of Orleans, taken at Agincourt, was lodged by Henry V in the White Tower. From thattime the Beauchamp Tower was more used as a prison, but it is probablethat some of the Kentish rebels, taken with Wyatt in 1554, slept in therecesses of the crypt of the Chapel, long known as Queen Elizabeth'sArmoury. In 1663, and later years down to 1709, structural repairswere carried out under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, who replaced the Norman window openings with others of a classicalcharacter. Remains of four old windows are visible on the river side. A few years ago some disfiguring annexes and sheds were removed, aswell as an external staircase of wood, which led up from the old HorseArmoury and entered the crypt by a window. The White Tower is somewhat irregular in plan, for though it looks sosquare from the river its four sides are all of different lengths, andthree of its corners are not right angles. The side towards which weapproach is 107 feet from north to south. The south side measures118 feet. It has four turrets at the corners, three of them square, the fourth, that on the north-east, being circular. From floor tobattlements it is 90 feet in height. The original entrance was probablyon the south side, and high above the ground, being reached as usual inNorman castles by an external stair which could be easily removed intime of danger. Another or the same entrance led from an upper storeyof the palace. The interior is of the plainest and sternest character. Every consideration is postponed to that of obtaining the greateststrength and security. The outer walls vary in thickness from 15 feetin the lower to 11 in the upper storey. The whole building is crossedby one wall, which rises from base to summit and divides it into alarge western and a smaller eastern portion. The eastern part is furthersubdivided by a wall which cuts off St. John's Chapel, its crypt, andits subcrypt, each roof of which is massively vaulted. There is novaulting but a wooden floor between the storeys of the other part. There are several comparatively modern entrances. A short external stair leads to a staircase in the thickness of the wallon the south side, by which we approach the Chapel. A brass plate on theright refers to some children's bones found in the reign of Charles II. They were identified, somewhat conjecturally, with the remains of EdwardV and his brother who disappeared so mysteriously at the accession ofRichard III, and were removed to Westminster Abbey in 1678. Ascendingthe stair we come to the passage which led from the palace to _The Chapel of St. John_ (Pl. VIII). The chapel is the largest and most complete now remaining in any Normancastle, and must have seen the devotions of William the Conqueror andhis family. It is 55 feet 6 inches long by 31 feet wide, and 32 feethigh, and is vaulted with a plain arch. There are four massive columnson either side and four in the apse. The south aisle, as we have seen, communicated with the palace, and an upper aisle, or gallery, similarlyopened into the _State Apartments_ of the White Tower, which we reach by a circuitous route through apassage round the walls, only wide enough for one person at a time, anda circular, or newel, stair in the north-east turret, gaining at everyturn glimpses of the extensive stores of small arms. The second flooris divided into two large apartments, not reckoning the chapel; in theeastern wall of the smaller or Banqueting Chamber, is a fire-place, theonly one till recently discovered in any Norman Keep. A second and thirdhave of late years been found in the floor below, but the whole buildingwas designed for security, not for comfort and in spite of the use ofwooden partitions and tapestry must have been miserable as a place ofresidence. On leaving St. John's Chapel we enter _The Armoury_. In connection with the Armouries, it should be noted that the presentcollection of arms and armour had its origin in that formed at Greenwichby King Henry VIII, who received many presents of this nature from theEmperor Maximilian and others. He also obtained from the Emperor severalskilled armourers, who worked in his pay and wore his livery. Englishiron in former days was so inferior, or the art of working it was solittle known, that even as far back as the days of Richard II Germanand Italian armourers were the chief workmen in Europe. It should beremembered that the earlier kind of armour chiefly consisted of quiltedgarments, further fortified by small pieces of leather, horn, or metal. So far from the invention of gunpowder having driven out armour, if wemay credit the story of the earliest employment of that explosive, itwas at a date when plate armour was hardly in use, certainly not inlarge pieces. What actually did cause the disuse of armour was thechange in ideas as to the movement of troops and the large quantity ofarmour which was made in the sixteenth century, and consequently theinferior make. In England the disuse of armour seems to have begunearlier than on the Continent, but at no time were the ordinary soldierscovered with metal as seen in Armouries and other places. The weight, and what was more important, the cost, prevented such a thing. It wasonly the rich who could afford to pay for and had horses to carryarmour, who wore much of what we see now. Again, armour for war wasmuch lighter and less complete than that used for the tilt yard, whereprotection to the wearer was more considered than his ability to hurthis opponent. The greater substance of such armour and its frequentenrichment with engraving and gilding no doubt led to the preservationof this class of defence. Chain mail suffered extremely by rust andneglect, and even plate armour was subject to the same deterioration. It is consequently not to be wondered at that little or no armour of adate previous to the fifteenth century is to be seen in this collection. On Henry VIII's death the first inventory of the Royal collection wasmade, and this includes the armour and arms at Greenwich, and arms andartillery at the Tower of London which, from the time of Henry VIII, wasone of the sights for foreigners of distinction. In the troubles of theCivil War the arms were drawn out, and there is no doubt much, both ofarms and armour, was used and lost. The Protector took one suit, and itwas not till 1660 that the armour, which had meanwhile been brought toLondon, was collected, and, with the weapons still in the store, wereformed into a kind of museum. It is to that period that may be tracedmost of the grotesque stories associated with the collection. At varioussubsequent periods additions were made to the collection, and it wasarranged in such manner as suited the knowledge of the day. Series offigures of kings of England and famous persons were made and added to orchanged on the death of the sovereign. In later times the whole has beenarranged by Sir Samuel Meyrick. Mr. Hewitt, and Mr. Planché, and in 1859Mr. Hewitt drew up the first catalogue of the contents. The mounted figures from 1826 till 1883 stood in a long galleryadjoining the south side of the Tower, but at the latter date this waspulled down, and the figures removed to the top floor. Within the lastfew years the floor below has been used for the later arms, but thelighting of the rooms and their shape, with various other causes, prevent any strictly chronological arrangements of the collection, many objects of which also belong to long periods of time. The arms and armour are now placed on the two upper floors of the WhiteTower, the earlier weapons and all the armour, being on the top floor, while the later weapons and the Indian arms and armour, with variouspersonal relics, are placed on what is the third stage or second floor. To this the visitor ascends by a circular staircase in the south frontof the Tower. At the foot observe a brass plate recording the finding in1674 of the supposed remains of the "Princes in the Tower, " Edward V andhis brother Richard Duke of York. The visitor then enters the Chapel ofSt. John, and on leaving passes into the smaller of the two rooms onthis floor. At the end of the room is a Persian horse armour of brass scalesconnected by chain mail. Near this is the quilted armour of the BurmeseGeneral Maha Bundoola, killed in 1824. At the other end of the room is alarge bell from Burmah, presented by the late General Sir William Gomme, G. C. B. , and near it are two figures with Japanese armour, one of thempresented to Charles II when prince by the Mogul. It is interesting asbeing one of the earliest examples of Eastern armour which has anauthentic record of its presence in this country, and it also exhibitsthe persistence in early forms so common in the East. The cases oneither hand contain weapons, helmets, and armour from most parts of ourIndian Empire, as well as weapons from Cabul, Persia, Africa, America, and the South Seas. Some of these were presented by the Honourable EastIndia Company, some were acquired by purchase after the Great Exhibitionof 1851, and others have been added at various times. In the centre ofthe room are models showing the Tower buildings in the years 1842 and1866. The Large Room is now entered, and on the left is a case containingfirearms, hand grenades, and a series of the _rifled_ arms in usein the British Army since 1801. These include the two Baker rifles of1801 and 1807; the Brunswick rifle, 1836; the Minie rifle, 1851; theEnfield rifle musket, 1855; the Snider, 1865; the Martini-Henry, 1871;and the Lee-Metford magazine rifle. On the right, between two grotesquefigures, called Gin and Beer, from the entrance to the Buttery of theold Palace of Greenwich, is a case containing executioners' swords(foreign), thumb-screws, the Scavenger's Daughter for confining theneck, hands, and feet, bilboes for ship use, and thumb-screws. Observealso the so-called "Collar taken from the Spanish Armada, " which howeverwas here in 1547, and has been in later times filled with lead to makeit more terrible. It was only a collar for detention of ordinaryprisoners. A conjectural model of the rack is also shown, but the onlypictorial authority for this instrument (at no time a legal punishment)is a woodcut in Foxe's Martyrs, the illustrations for which were drawnfrom German sources. On the left hand are cases of European firearms of the first half ofthe present century, and two cannon made for the Duke of Gloucester, the son of Queen Anne. In the S. E. Corner, on a platform, are severalearly cannon, including one, and part of another, from the wreck ofthe _Mary Rose_, sunk in action with the French off Spithead in 1545. These display the early mode of construction of such weapons, namely;bars of iron longitudinally welded together and encircled by hoops ofthe same metal. On the window side in the recesses are wall pieces, which belonged to the Honourable East India Company. The figure of QueenElizabeth is supposed to represent her as on her way to St. Paul'sCathedral after the destruction of the Spanish Armada. Near the lift arepartizans carried by the Yeomen of the Guard, and round the pillars arethe sergeants' halberds used in the Army till about 1830. Observe thekettledrums captured at the battle of Blenheim, 1704. On the left hand observe the beheading axe, which has been here since1687, also the block on which Lord Lovat, in 1747, lost his head at onestroke for the share he took in the attempt of the Pretender in 1745. Beyond this, against the wall, is a model by John Bell of a monument forthe Great Duke of Wellington. It was presented by the late Sir DanielLysons, Constable of the Tower, 1890-1898. Still on the left hand, in aglass case, is the soldier's cloak on which General Wolfe expired in themoment of victory, at Quebec, 1759. Beyond, in another case, is the uniform worn as Constable of the Towerby the Great Duke of Wellington from 1826 until his death, in 1852. Near this is a portion of the wooden pump of the _Mary Rose_, sunkin action off the Isle of Wight in 1545. In a case at the end of the room is a mass of fused gun flints, a relicof the fire which in 1841 destroyed the Great Store in the Tower andmany thousand stand of arms, cannon, &c. The staircase in the S. W. Corner is now ascended leading to the greatupper chamber, generally known as the Council Chamber, 95 feet by 40feet, and, like the smaller room, 21 feet high. Round this top floorruns a passage cut in the thickness of the walls, with numerous openingsinwards opposite the windows, and widening somewhat when forming asit does the triforium of St. John's Chapel. At the entrance are casescontaining velvet-covered brigandines and canvas-covered jacks, garmentswhich were much used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as givingprotection by means of numerous small plates of metal disposed betweenthe thicknesses of the material covering and lining them, and also greatflexibility. In the cases on the right hand are specimens of chain mailin form of hoods, coats, sleeves, &c, mostly, if not all, of Easternorigin. Observe also some bronze swords and other very early weapons. Round the walls of the two rooms are arranged the various staff weaponsused in England and the continent. In the first enclosure on the leftare cases in which are ancient bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments fromvarious localities, stone implements and weapons, and a suit of bronzearmour from Cumæ, an ancient Greek settlement near Naples. In the centreof the enclosure are grouped many varieties of staff weapons of thefifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. Among them are boarspears for the chase and for war, halberds, partizans, bills, glaives, holy water sprinkles (a staff with a ball with spikes at its extremity), and the 18 foot pikes of the Civil War period. The first case on the left contains a fine archer's salade with itsoriginal lining, from the de Cosson collection. A Venetian salade, withthe stamp of the maker of the Missaglia family, a heavy salade forjousting, a combed morion and the tilting helmet of Sir Henry Lee, K. G. , Master of the Armouries to Queen Elizabeth and James I. In the lowercase are finely engraved and parcel gilt chamfrons for horses' heads, agilt vamplate for the tilting lance belonging to Lord Chancellor Hatton, an officer's gorget of the time of Queen Anne, and various pieces ofrich armour. In the window recess behind are shields and horns. In the next enclosureare three foot figures of the end of the fifteenth century andcommencement of the sixteenth century; the first holds a long-handledaxe as used for encounters on foot in _champ clos_. The secondholds a two-handled sword. The third suit is enriched with engraving, and was formerly parcel gilt, but the helmet does not belong to thesuit. In the centre of the room is an equestrian figure (III), the man wearinga fine early sixteenth-century suit of armour, bearing the Nurembergstamp, and the horse protected by a barb richly repoussé, engraved, andformerly silvered. The designs on this display the Burgundian crossragulé and the flint and steel. The steel or briquet is to be seen alsoin the hinges and in the metal coverings for the reins. It will beremembered that this design forms the _motif_ of the collar of theGolden Fleece. The next equestrian figure (IV) shows the fluted, or as it was calledcrested, armour, of about 1500. The horse armour is also fluted. On theright, in the centre of the room, are two armours which belonged toHenry VIII. Of these the first (XXVIII) is that formerly described as"rough from the hammer, " though it has been milled or _glazed_ andno hammer marks are visible. It is a complete suit for fighting onfoot in the lists, and comfort and ability to move about, have beensacrificed to perfect protection. The suit weighs about 93 lbs. , andis composed of no less than 235 separate pieces of metal. Some detailsof construction point to a Spanish influence in the style. The secondfigure (XXIX), which wants the leg armour, is of the kind known as atonlet, and has a skirt of horizontal lames engraved. The helmet bearsthe well-known stamp of the Missaglia family of armourers, and is verycurious and massive. This armour is also for fighting on foot in_champ clos_ or the lists. The next suit (VI) on the left is one of Henry VIII, and has been parcelgilt; the weight of the man's armour is 81 lbs. The two foot figures arethose of a horseman and an officer of foot, both of Henry's time. Thefirst bears on it Nuremberg marks; the second has an engraving of theCrucifixion on the left breast. The next equestrian figure (VII), alsoof Henry VIII, much resembles the last, and has at its feet extra piecesfor the tilt yard. Other extra pieces which might be worn with these twosuits are in the Royal Armoury at Windsor Castle. The suit (V) on the equestrian figure in the middle of the room isone of the finest in existence. It was made by Conrad Seusenhofer, one of a family of Augsburg armourers, and given in 1514 to Henry VIIIby the Emperor Maximilian. The man's armour is engraved with roses, pomegranates, portcullises, and other badges of Henry VIII and hisfirst queen Katharine of Arragon, and has on the metal skirt whichimitates the cloth _bases_ of the time the letters H and K. The horsearmour, probably made afterwards in England by one of Henry's Germanarmourers, is also covered with engraving, and has panels on which aredepicted scenes from the life and death of St. George and St. Barbara, both military saints. The whole armour was formerly washed with silver, of which some traces still remain. In the enclosure on the left is a mounted figure (XI) of about 1550, and in front are a pistol shield, one of 80 made for Henry VIII, anda helmet with grotesque mask formerly attributed to Will Somers, theking's jester, but since identified as a present from the EmperorMaximilian. In the next cases are portions of armour of Henry VIII; alsoof a puffed and engraved suit of the same time, and of a richly workedrusset and gilt suit of George Earl of Cumberland, who in Elizabeth'stime fitted out at his own cost eleven expeditions against Spain. In thearchway are some combined weapons having gun barrels in the staff andpole-axe heads; also the three-barrelled weapon formerly called HenryVIII's walking staff. In the corner of the room are an old Germantilting saddle, which protected the legs of the rider, who stood up inhis stirrups, a large tilting lance shown as far back as the days ofElizabeth as that of Charles Brandon Duke of Suffolk. At the end of theroom are five suits of the second third of the sixteenth century. Thecentre one, which is damascened, has in front of it an extra gorget, anda placcate to strengthen the breast. The next figure (XXX) is a largesuit of armour 6 feet 10-1/2 inches in height of the time of Henry VIII, though formerly incorrectly called that of John of Gaunt, of whom, ofcourse, no armour exists. This suit weighs about 66 lbs. Descending the room in the first enclosure is the armour (IX) of theEarl of Worcester, who died 1589. This suit is very massive, the breastand back plates together weighing 40 lbs. 3 oz. In the same enclosureare two figures made up of Maximilian armour, and a bowman and amusketeer of the Earl of Worcester's time. In the archways will be seenearly forms of guns and pistols of various types and swords and otherweapons. The next mounted figure (VIII) (formerly called Sir Henry Lee) is of themiddle of the sixteenth century, and the two foot figures are made up ofearly sixteenth-century armour. At the side is a cuir bouilli crupper as worn by the English heavycavalry in the sixteenth century. The next enclosure contains an equestrian figure (X) of Robert DudleyEarl of Leicester, the favourite of Elizabeth. This fine suit bears allover it the badge of the Ragged Staff, and is engraved with the badgesand collars of the Garter and of the Order of St. Michael of France. Thesuit was made between 1566 and 1588, and is of very great interest asone of the very few known which also possesses the extra pieces for thetilt yard, viz. : the Grandguard and the Passguard, ornamented like thesuit, which with them weighs about 83-1/2 lbs. It will be seen that theextra pieces are for the left side, and the helmet has no air holes onthat side, as the tilters passed left arm to left arm on either side ofthe tilt or barrier. The two foot figures are of about the same date. The next mounted figure (XII) is one still showing the gilt enrichmentso many of these suits for the tilt yard originally had. It wasattributed to Robert Earl of Essex, another favourite of his Queen, buthas now been identified as the armour made by Jacobe Topf, for Sir JohnSmith, cousin german to Edward VI, and a great military writer of thesixteenth century. Many other pieces of this suit are in the Royalcollection in Windsor Castle. The two foot figures came from the GreatArmoury at Malta. Beyond the passage are a mounted figure showing howthe lance was held when jousting at the tilt or barrier in the sixteenthcentury and later, and inferior suits for horsemen, and some other suitsfrom Malta. On leaving the large room, in the case in the archway will be seen axes, horsemen's hammers and maces, all designed for breaking and rendingarmour. Observe also various forms of the bayonet, from the early plugbayonet to the later socketed type of that weapon. The first case on the right contains crossbows of various types. This weapon, at no time our national arm, was used for the defence offortresses, and later on for sport. The heavy kind were bent by means ofarrangements of pulleys, the windlass, or a kind of lifting jack calledthe Cranequin or Cric. The lighter forms were bent by an attached levercalled the Goat's Foot. Specimens of these are in the case, as also twobowstaves from the wreck of the _Mary Rose_, 1545, and some leadensling bullets from the battle field of Marathon. In the next case arefirearms of early types. Among these observe two guns which belonged toHenry VIII, both of them breechloaders on a system resembling the modernSnider rifle. Note also the German Reiter wheel-lock pistols, with ballpommel; the William III match-lock, with plug bayonet stuck in themuzzle; the bandoliers, each containing twelve charges of powder and abullet bag; the Vauban lock, combining the flint and match; also a stillearlier form of this lock of English make. Montecucuh says he hadsimilar locks made, having seen them used still earlier by the Turks. The next case contains rapiers and swords and bucklers. Observe theraised bars on the latter, to entangle and break the sword-point. Themounted figure in brown armour shows the equipment of the cavalry in theearly part of the seventeenth century, the armour being browned orblacked to prevent rust and to avoid detection at a distance. The figure (XXIV) in the first enclosure is that of James II. It will beseen that it only consists of a headpiece, breast and back plates, and along gauntlet to protect the bridle arm. All the pieces bear the King'sinitials, and the face guard is pierced with the design of the RoyalArms. The next equestrian figure is a gilt suit of Charles I (XIX), said to have been given to him by the City of London. It is the latestcomplete suit in the collection, and was probably never worn by him. Inthe centre of the room is a case containing gun locks, powder flasks, and other pieces for the furnishing of a soldier's equipment. The cannonwere made for the instruction of Charles II when a prince. In the wallcase observe with other objects two swine feathers, or feather staffs, having one long and two short blades which can be concealed in theshaft, also a German Calendar sword with the saints' days marked ingold, and other swords. Below are two _waistcoat_ cuirasses openingdown the front. In the next enclosure on the right is a mounted figure (XVIII) ofCharles I when young. The armour is apparently of French make, andis very interesting as being a double suit--that is, it representsthe equipment of the cuirassier or cavalryman of about 1610, andthen by removing the helmet and the armour for the arms and legs, andsubstituting the pott and the short thigh defences (in the small glasscase) we have the equipment of the foot soldier as seen in the figuresof pikemen on the other side of the room. The small silvered cap andbreast and back in another glass case was made for Charles II whenprince. In a table case are a gun and pistol dated respectively 1614 and 1619, made for Charles I when Prince of Wales. The gun is not quite perfect, but the two weapons are the earliest examples of _flint locks_ inthe collection. Note also a fine wheel lock of about 1600. The gunner'saxe was used for laying cannon, and has on its shaft scales showing thesize of cannon balls of stone, iron, lead, and slag. It belonged to theDuke of Brunswick Luneburg. The last enclosure contains a suit (XVII) ofrichly decorated armour given to Henry Prince of Wales by the Prince deJoinville. This suit, though rich, is of late and inelegant form, as maybe seen by observing the breast and the treatment of the feet. In thesuit of his brother Prince Charles also will be seen an instance of thedecay of the armourer's art, namely, the thigh-pieces, which are markedas though of several pieces of metal whilst being of one rigid piece. In a small case are unfinished portions of a helmet and gorget, and agilt and engraved vamplate belonging to a suit of Henry Prince of Wales. The figures on the opposite side of the room are horsemen and pikemenof the seventeenth century, after which time armour may be said to haveceased to be worn, till at the coronation of George IV in 1820, when theHousehold Cavalry appeared in cuirasses. In the table cases in this roomare odd portions of armour: gorgets, gauntlets, cuisshes, &c. , daggers, knives, and swords, including good examples of the Cinquedea, or shortbroad-bladed sword peculiar to Northern Italy. In the series of wall cases at the end of both rooms will be foundseveral varieties of helmets, including salades, close helmets, tiltinghelmets; also morions and cabassets and breasts and backs. Among theseobserve the fine painted archers' salade, with vizor; two fine Venetiansalades, like the ancient Greek helmets, and bearing armourers' stamps;sixteenth-century tilting helmets, with side doors for air; spiderhelmets, &c. Those on the upper shelves are either false or imitationsof real examples. In the case by the door is a helmet made for and wornby the late Emperor Napoleon III (when prince) at the EglintonTournament, in 1839. On the walls are portions of horse armour, bucklers for foot soldiers, and several shields simulating the embossed ornamentation of thesixteenth century. _The Parade_. The Waterloo Barracks are opposite, built in 1845 on the site ofstorehouses burnt in 1841. The building of similar character to theright is the Officers' Quarters: between the two a glimpse is obtainedof the Martin or Brick Tower, whence Blood stole the crown in 1671. Observe, on the left, the extensive collection of cannons of all agesand countries, including triple guns taken from the French, of the timeof Louis XIV, and some curious and grotesque mortars from India. Observe, on the right, almost adjoining the Barrack, the Chapel of St. Peter "ad Vincula, " so called from having been consecrated on thatwell-known festival of the Latin Church, the 1st of August, probably inthe reign of Henry I (1100-1135). The old chapel was burnt in 1512, andthe present building erected only in time to receive the bodies of thefirst victims of the tyranny of Henry VIII. It was considered a RoyalChapel before 1550; the interior is not shown to the public. Here it is, in the memorable words of Stow, writing in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, that there lie before the high altar, "two dukes between two queens, towit, the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, between QueenAnne and Queen Katharine, all four beheaded. " Here also are buried LadyJane (Grey) and Lord Guildford Dudley, the Duke of Monmouth, and theScotch lords, Kilmarnock, Balmerino, and Lovat, beheaded for their sharein the rebellion of 1745. The last burial in the chapel was that of SirJohn Fox Burgoyne, Constable of the Tower, in 1871. The space in front of the chapel is called Tower Green, and was used asa burial ground; in the middle is a small square plot, paved withgranite, showing the site on which stood at rare intervals the scaffoldon which private executions took place. It has been specially paved bythe orders of Her late Majesty. The following persons are known to havebeen executed on this spot:-- 1. Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII, 19th May, 1536. 2. Margaret Countess of Salisbury, the last of the old Angevin orPlantagenet family, 27th May, 1541. 3. Queen Katharine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII, 13th February, 1542. 4. Jane Viscountess Rochford, 13th February, 1542. 5. Lady Jane (Grey), wife of Lord Guildford Dudley, 12th February, 1554. 6. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, 25th February, 1601. They were all beheaded with an axe except Queen Anne Boleyn, whose headwas cut off with a sword by the executioner of St. Omer, brought overfor the purpose. The executioner of the Earl of Essex was not able to dohis work with less than three strokes, and was mobbed and beaten by thepopulace on his way home. The bodies of all six were buried in theChapel of St. Peter. Lord Hastings was also beheaded on Tower Green by order of the Duke ofGloucester in 1483. _The Beauchamp Tower_ is on the west side of Tower Green, facing the White Tower, and is onthe inner wall between the Bell Tower on the south and the DevereuxTower on the north, being connected with both by a walk along theparapet. Its present name probably refers to the residence in it as aprisoner of Thomas, third Earl of Warwick, of the Beauchamp family, whowas attainted under Richard II in 1397, but restored to his honours andliberty two years later under Henry IV. It is curious that the mostinteresting associations of the place should be connected with hissuccessors in the earldom. Although built entirely for defensivepurposes, we find it thus early used as a prison, and during the twofollowing centuries it seems to have been regarded as one of themost convenient places in which to lodge prisoners of rank, and inconsequence many of the most interesting mural inscriptions are tobe found in its chambers. In plan the Beauchamp Tower is semicircular, and it projects eighteenfeet beyond the face of the wall. It consists of three storeys, of whichthe middle one is on a level with the rampart, on which it formerlyopened. The whole building dates from the reign of Edward III. We enterat the south-east corner and ascend by a circular staircase to themiddle chamber, which is spacious and has a large window, with afire-place. Here are to be found most of the inscriptions, some havingbeen brought from other chambers. A few are in the entrance passage andon the stair. All are numbered and catalogued. The following--to whichthe numbers are appended--will be found the most interesting:-- 2. On the ground-floor, near the entrance, ROBART DVDLEY. This was thefifth son of John, Duke of Northumberland, and next brother to GuildfordDudley, the husband of Lady Jane Grey. When his father was brought tothe block in 1553 he and his brothers remained in prison here, Robertbeing condemned to death in 1554. In the following year he was liberatedwith his elder brother Ambrose, afterwards created Earl of Warwick, andhis younger brother Henry. In the first year of Queen Elizabeth he wasmade Master of the House and elected a Knight of the Garter. In 1563 hewas created Earl of Leicester. He died at Cornbury, in Oxfordshire, in1588. 8. On the left, at the entrance of the great chamber, is a carved cross, with other religious emblems, with the name and arms of PEVEREL, and thedate 1570. It is supposed to have been cut by a Roman Catholic prisonerconfined during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 13. Over the fire-place this inscription in Latin:--"The more sufferingfor Christ in this world the more glory with Christ in the next, " &c. This is signed "Arundel, June 22, 1587. " This was Philip Howard, son ofThomas, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in 1573. Philip inherited from hismaternal grandfather the earldom of Arundel in 1580. He was a staunchRoman Catholic and was constantly under suspicion of the Government, bywhich in 1584 he was confined in his own house for a short time. On hisliberation he determined to quit the country, but was committed to theTower in 1585, and died in custody ten years later, having refusedrelease on condition of forsaking his religion. His body was buried inhis father's grave in the Chapel of St. Peter, but was eventuallyremoved to Arundel. He left other inscriptions, one in the window (79), and one on the staircase (91), dated 1587. 14. On the right of the fire-place is an elaborate piece of sculpture(Pl. XII), which will be examined with peculiar interest as a memorialof the four brothers Dudley: Ambrose (created Earl of Warwick 1561), Guildford (beheaded 1554), Robert (created Earl of Leicester 1563), andHenry (killed at the siege of St. Quintin, 1558), carved by the eldest, John (called Earl of Warwick), who died in 1554. Under a bear and a lionsupporting a ragged staff is the name "JOHN DVDLE, " and surroundingthem is a wreath of roses (for Ambrose), oak leaves (for Robert, _robur_, an oak), gillyflowers (for Guildford), and honeysuckle(for Henry). Below are four lines, one of them incomplete, alludingto the device and its meaning. It is on record that the Lieutenantof the Tower was allowed 6_s. _ 8_d. _ a day each for the diet of thesecaptive brothers. 33. This is one of several inscriptions relating to the Poole or Polefamily (see also Nos. 45, 47, 52, 56, 57). They were the sons of theCountess of Salisbury, by Sir Richard Pole, K. G. No. 45 contains thename of "GEFFRYE POOLE 1562. " He was the second son and gave evidenceagainst his elder brother, Lord Montagu, who was beheaded in 1539. 48. "IANE. " This interesting inscription, repeated also in the window(85), has always been supposed to refer to the Lady Jane Grey, daughterof the Duke of Suffolk, and wife of Guildford Dudley, fourth son of theDuke of Northumberland. A second repetition in another part of the roomwas unfortunately obliterated in the last century when a new windowwas made to fit this chamber for a mess-room. It is sometimes, buterroneously, supposed that the name was carved by this Queen of tendays herself, but it is improbable that she was ever imprisoned in theBeauchamp Tower. She is known to have lived in the house of Partridge, the Gaoler. It is much more probable that the two inscriptions wereplaced on the wall either by Lord Guildford Dudley, her husband, orby his brother, whose large device has been described above. 66. In the window is the rebus, or monogram, of Thomas Abel: upona bell is the letter A. This was Dr. Abel, a faithful servant to QueenKatharine of Arragon, first wife of King Henry VIII. He acted as herchaplain during the progress of the divorce, and by his determinedadvocacy offended the King. For denying the supremacy he was condemnedand executed in 1540. The visitor who has time to spare will find many other records of thiskind in the Beauchamp Tower, the oldest of all being the name of "ThomasTalbot 1462" (89), supposed to have been concerned in the Wars of theRoses. Emerging again upon Tower Green we see on the right the _Lieutenant's Lodgings_ (Pl. VI), now called the King's House. The Hall door, where a sentry stands, isthe same through which Lord Nithisdale escaped in female dress, thenight before he was to have been beheaded, 1716. Some parts of the houseare of great antiquity, among them the rooms in the Bell Tower, those onthe upper storey which open on the leads and the rampart known as ThePrisoners' Walk, and the Council Room, a handsome apartment containing acurious monument of the Gunpowder Plot. In this room Guy Fawkes and hisassociates were examined, 1605. The interior of the King's House is notshown to the public. Next to it is the house of the Gentleman Gaoler, or Chief Warder. It was in this house that Lady Jane Grey lived whena prisoner, and from its windows saw her husband go forth from theadjoining Beauchamp Tower to his execution on Tower Hill, and hisheadless body brought to the chapel "in a carre, " while the scaffold wasbeing prepared for her own death on the Green in front, which took placeon the same day, Monday, 12th February, 1554. * * * * * NOTE. --Visitors who wish to know more about the Tower are referred tothe works of Bayley, of Brayley and Britton, of Doyne C. Bell, of G. T. Clark, and of Hepworth Dixon. THE END. DRILL AND TRAINING (Number of days in each year). ---------------+----------------------------------------+----------- | | In | In first year. | subsequent | | years. ARM OF THE +---------+----------+----------+--------+----------- SERVICE | | Musketry | | Total | | Recruit | or | Usual | during | Usual | Drill. | Gunnery | Annual | the | Annual | | Drill. | Training | year. | Training---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------+-----------Artillery } | | | | |Infantry } | 49 | 14 | 27 | 90 | 27Medical } | | | | | | | | | |Engineers | | | | | { Fortress | 63 | 14 | 41 | 118 | 41 { Submarine | | | | | { Miners | 63 | 14 | 55 | 132 | 55---------------+---------+----------+----------+--------+----------- BOUNTY, PAY, EXTRA DUTY PAY, AND ENGINEER PAY, &c. During the first year of service the rate of Bounty of a Militiamanvaries from 10s. To £2. A Training Bounty of £1 10s. Is issued on the completion of each AnnualTraining. Ex-Army N. C. O. 's, who are appointed Sergeants, receive atraining bounty of £3. Non-training bounty of £3 is issued in sums of£1 on each of the following dates--1st October, 1st December, and 1stFebruary, to men who have completed two trainings or the equivalentthereof. A Special bounty of £1 is also given on the completion ofan authorised course of instruction other than during the 28 daysimmediately preceding the training of the unit. During Drill and training, N. C. O. 's and men receive Army rates of pay oftheir rank, also rations; and provided they are 19 years of age and haveattended one training, or the equivalent thereof, messing allowance at3d. A day. In addition to the ordinary pay, extra-duty pay varying from 2_d. _to 6_d. _ per day will be issued during the annual training to noncommissioned officers and men of the Militia for the performance ofcertain specified duties. Engineer Pay varying from 4d. To 2s. A day, will also beallowed to non commissioned officers and men of the Militia Engineersaccording to their qualifications. Corps pay, varying from 4d. To 1s. A day, is granted toN. C. O. 's and men of the Royal Army Medical Corps, who are reported asduly qualified. GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MILITIA. A Pamphlet containing detailed information as to the Conditions ofService in the Militia and in the Reserve Division of the Militia can beobtained free of charge at any Post Office in the United Kingdom, fromany Sergeant Instructor of Volunteers, or other Recruiter. * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE I. MIDDLE TOWER. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE II. Legge's Mount. Devereux Tower. Beauchamp Tower. Yeoman Gaoler's House. Site of Drawbridge. Gateway of Byward Tower. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE III. Bloody Tower and Gateway. Wakefield Tower. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE IV. ST. THOMAS'S TOWER AND TRAITORS' GATE. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE V. Cradle Tower and Wall of Outer Ward. LanthornTower restored. Curtain Wall of Inner Ward. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE VI. Tower Green. Queen's House. Yeoman Gaoler'sLodgings. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE VII. WHITE TOWER FROM THE NORTH-WEST. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE VIII. ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL--INTERIOR. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE IX. Middle Tower and Gate. Byward Tower. BellTower. Queen's House. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE X. Lieutenant's Lodging or Queen's House. BloodyTower. Constable's Garden. St. Thomas's Tower and Traitors' Gate. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE XI. New Lanthorn Tower. Old Armoury. Salt Tower. Cradle Tower. Well Tower. Irongate Tower. ] * * * * * [Illustration: PLATE XII. ]